GRAMMAR & USAGE

The classroom teacher may reproduce materials in this book for classroom use only. The reproduction of any part for an entire school or school system is strictly prohibited. No part of this publication may be transmitted, stored, or recorded in any form without written permission from the publisher.

4 5 6 7 ISBN 0-8251-6055-3

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Copyright 2006 J. Weston Walch, Publisher P.O. Box 658 Portland, Maine 04104-0658 www.walch.com
Printed in the United States of America

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Table of Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv Parts of Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Phrases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Clauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 Usage Verb Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 Pronoun Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Adjective/Adverb Usage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 Mechanics Capitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 Punctuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 Answer Key . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

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The Daily Warm-Ups series is a wonderful way to turn extra classroom minutes into valuable learning time. The 180 quick activitiesone for each day of the school yearpractice language arts skills. These daily activities may be used at the very beginning of class to get students into learning mode, near the end of class to make good educational use of that transitional time, in the middle of class to shift gears between lessonsor whenever else you have minutes that now go unused.
Daily Warm-Ups are easy-to-use reproduciblessimply photocopy the days activity and distribute it. Or make a transparency of the activity and project it on the board. You may want to use the activities for extra-credit points or as a check on the language arts skills that are built and acquired over time. However you choose to use them, Daily Warm-Ups are a convenient and useful supplement to your regular lesson plans. Make every minute of your class time count!

Daily Warm-Ups: Grammar & Usage

Parts of Speech

Concrete and Abstract Nouns

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A noun is a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea. Examples: musician, studio, guitar, hope Nouns can be concrete or abstract. The examples listed above are all concrete except the noun hope.

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Based on the examples listed above, explain the difference between a concrete and an abstract noun.

Think about some concrete and abstract nouns in your daily life. Make a list below. Concrete Abstract

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Parts of Speech

Concrete or Abstract?
Remember that a concrete noun names a person, place, or thing that can be sensed with one of the five senses. An abstract noun names an idea or quality and cannot be sensed with one of the five senses.
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For each of the following nouns, write C on the line if it is a concrete noun or A if it is an abstract noun. ___ 1. ocean ___ 2. aviary ___ 7. grandmother ___ 8. justice ___ 9. ability ___ 10. Miami ___ 11. bracelet ___ 12. belief

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___ 3. sorrow ___ 4. communication ___ 5. Earth ___ 6. beauty

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Parts of Speech

Common and Proper Nouns

A common noun names a person, place, or thing. A proper noun names a particular person, place, or thing. Common nouns: teacher, school, calendar Proper nouns: Mrs. Ramirez, Riverdale High School, September
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Read the following sentences. Underline the common nouns once. Underline the proper nouns twice.

1. My grandmother came to the United States from Ireland before the Great Depression. 2. My brother usually drives us to school in his Toyota Camry. 3. Ryan works nights and weekends at Parkers Restaurant. 4. Aunt Hilda bought me an iPod for my birthday. 5. When I graduate from high school, Im going to college at Boston University.

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Parts of Speech

Making Proper Nouns

Remember that a common noun names a person, place, or thing. A proper noun names a particular person, place, or thing.
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Make each of the common nouns below into proper nouns. The first one has been done for you.

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Baker Road 1. road ______________________

2. river ______________________

6. park ______________________ 7. month ____________________ 8. school _____________________ 9. car _______________________ 10. holiday ____________________

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3. store ______________________ 4. teacher ____________________ 5. aunt ______________________

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Parts of Speech

Compound or Collective?
A compound noun is a noun that includes more than one word. Compound nouns may contain two or more words, hyphenated words, or two words that are combined as one. Examples: dining room, babysitter, turtleneck
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A collective noun names a group of people or things. ra G Examples: team, class, flock : ps U arm Below is a list of compound and collective nouns. Create a two-column chart, W y l i Da labeling one column Compound and one column Collective. Write the words in the appropriate columns. crew league paperback crowd tribe fish tank family bystander orchestra greenhouse herd motorcycle software committee

first aid gang home run post office group washing machine sleeping bag

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Parts of Speech

Pronouns
A pronoun is a word that takes the place of one or more nouns. Pronouns are used to eliminate repetition in speaking and writing. Example: Rachel and Joey ran around the track until they got too tired. (They replaces the repetition of Rachel and Joey.) The following sentences do not use pronouns. Rewrite the sentences using pronouns to avoid repetition.
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1. Bianca and Erin went to the mall to shop for Bianca and Erins prom dresses.

2. Bianca found the exact dress that Bianca was looking for.

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3. Erin found a dress that Erin loved, but the dress wasnt Erins size.

4. The salesperson helped Erin look for Erins dress in another color.
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Parts of Speech

Personal Pronouns
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First Person Singular Plural Second Person Singular Plural Third Person Singular Plural

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Complete the personal pronoun chart below.

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Parts of Speech

Pronouns and Antecedents

Recall that a pronoun is used to replace a noun to avoid unnecessary repetition. The word that the pronoun replaces is called its antecedent. Example: Veronica loves her new MP3 player. She uses it at the gym every day. (Veronica is the antecedent for her and She. MP3 player is the antecedent for it.)
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As you can see in the example above, the antecedent can be in the same sentence as the pronoun, or it can be in the previous sentence.

Read the following sentences. Underline the pronouns, and circle their antecedents. 1. Mrs. Edwards always writes her comments at the end of the essays.

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2. Jorge and Derek said they need a ride to school in the morning. 3. The gym was decorated more than it had been in previous years. 4. The mother woke up her children before they could wake up on their own. 5. Miranda failed her math test, so she will retake it next week.

Parts of Speech

Reflexive and Intensive Pronouns

Reflexive and intensive pronouns are formed by adding -self or -selves to personal pronouns. Examples: I usually make myself dinner if my parents work late. (reflexive) I myself do not enjoy biking. (intensive)
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Read the following sentences. Underline each reflexive and intensive pronoun. Then decide if each one is reflexive (R) or intensive (I). Write the correct letter on the line before each sentence.

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___ 1. The girl I babysit for finally learned to tie her shoes herself. ___ 2. You yourself can come to the benefit dance tomorrow night. ___ 3. Andrei bought himself new soccer cleats. ___ 4. The officer herself wrestled the criminal to the ground. ___ 5. I couldnt find myself in our class picture.

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Parts of Speech

Indefinite Pronouns
Indefinite pronouns refer to unnamed people or things. They do not usually have definite antecedents. Examples: Everyone I invited is coming to the party. Have you seen anybody from class? List as many indefinite pronouns as you can below. Then use three of them in sentences of your own.
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Parts of Speech

Demonstrative or Interrogative?
Demonstrative pronouns are used to point out specific people, places, or things. This, that, these, and those are all demonstrative pronouns. Interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions. What, which, who, whom, and whose are all interrogative pronouns.
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1. Who is sitting on that bench? 2. Whose book is this? 3. Will you please pick up these papers? 4. Which one of you broke that lamp? 5. We bought those lamps on our trip to Europe. 6. What can I get for you?

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Read the following sentences. Circle the demonstrative pronouns, and underline the interrogative pronouns.

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Parts of Speech

Reviewing Pronouns
Remember that there are several different types of pronouns: personal, reflexive, intensive, indefinite, demonstrative, and interrogative. Read each of the pronouns below. Write the type of each pronoun on the line provided.
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1. himself ____________________ 2. which ____________________

7. them _____________________ 8. that ______________________ 9. what _____________________ 10. another ___________________ 11. yours _____________________ 12. myself ____________________

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3. everyone __________________ 4. these _____________________ 5. mine _____________________ 6. someone __________________

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Parts of Speech

Take Action
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An action verb tells what the subject of the sentence is doing. Example: The baby crawled across the room to her mother.

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1. Jordan raised his hand and asked for help.

2. Mom popped a bag of popcorn in the microwave. 3. Josh flew on an airplane to Minneapolis. 4. Yukiko applied to six different colleges across the country. 5. The class rode the bus to the museum for a field trip. 6. Hector ate his dinner and then watched a movie.

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Read each of the following sentences. Underline the action verbs. There may be more than one action verb in each sentence.

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Parts of Speech

Action or Being?
A verb is a word that expresses action or being. A sentence cannot exist without a verb. Examples: Taylor ran to the end of the street and back. (action) Now Taylor is exhausted. (being)
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Read each of the following sentences. Decide whether each sentence contains a verb that expresses action or being. Write A on the line if it contains an action verb. Write B on the line if it contains a verb that expresses being. ___ 1. Kwame took his drivers test last week.

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___ 2. He made a mistake parallel parking. ___ 3. Kwame was upset that he didnt pass his test. ___ 4. He plans on taking his test again next month. ___ 5. He is excited to try one more time.

Parts of Speech

Transitive and Intransitive Verbs

A transitive verb is a verb that has an object. An intransitive verb does not have an object. To find out if a verb has an object, ask the question what? or whom? after reading the verb. Examples: I walked my dog around the block. (Dog is the object, so the verb is transitive.) I walked around the block. (Walked what? Walked whom? There is no object, so the verb is intransitive.)
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Decide if the verb is transitive (T) or intransitive (I). Write the correct letter on the line. ___ 1. Holly rocked her baby to sleep. ___ 2. Omar ran down the football field. ___ 3. He scored a touchdown just in time. ___ 4. Lindsay raised her hand to ask a question. ___ 5. John drove to the store to buy milk. ___ 6. Juanita swam across the lake and back.

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Parts of Speech

Verb Phrases
A verb phrase is a group of words that contains a main verb and one or more helping verbs. Example: We are going to the supermarket on the way home. (Going is the main verb, and are is the helping verb.)
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Helping verbs are often helpful to memorize. List as many helping verbs as you can below. Try to think of at least twenty.

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Parts of Speech

More Verb Phrases

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Remember that a verb phrase is a group of words that contains a main verb and one or more helping verbs.

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Read the following sentences. Underline the verb phrases.

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2. You should write a letter to the editor.

3. We are giving you a ride to practice, right? 4. Jennifer is going to visit her grandparents for the holidays. 5. We might take a vacation next year. 6. You have been running for over an hour! 7. I was rushing to my appointment this morning. 8. They were looking for a place to stay.

1. I will be finished in an hour.

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Parts of Speech

Linking Verbs
A linking verb is a verb or verb phrase that links the subject with another word in the sentence. The other word in the sentence names or describes the subject. Examples: Cecile was a freshman last year. (Was links freshman and Cecile.) You must have been proud of your students. (Must have been links proud and you.)
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Linking verbs can be tricky. Remember that verbs are only linking verbs if they link the subject with another word that renames or describes the subject.

Read the following sentences. Write Y on the line if a sentence contains a linking verb and N on the line if it does not.

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___ 1. This trip has been long and tiring. ___ 2. She was at the game until it ended. ___ 3. You are late again. ___ 4. I am tired of your excuses.
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___ 5. You should have been here four hours ago!

Parts of Speech

Using Linking Verbs

Recall that a linking verb links the subject with another word in the sentence. The other word in the sentence names or describes the subject.
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When you have finished writing your paragraph, circle the verb or verb phrase in each sentence. Then underline the two words or phrases that the verb links.

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Write a paragraph about the outdoors using the following linking verbs: was have been might be seem become

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Parts of Speech

More Linking Verbs

The following verbs may also be used as linking verbs: appear become feel grow look remain seem smell sound stay taste turn
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Use six of the linking verbs from the box above in sentences of your own. Circle the words that rename or describe the subjects.

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Parts of Speech

Verb Review
Remember that verbs can take many formsaction (A), transitive (T), intransitive (I), linking (L), helping (H). Keeping all of these forms in mind, underline the verbs in an essay or paper you have written recently. Label each verb or verb phrase with the correct letters listed above.
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Parts of Speech

Adjectives
An adjective is a word that describes a noun or a pronoun. Most adjectives come before the nouns or pronouns they modify. Others come after the nouns or pronouns. Some come after linking verbs. Examples: The soft, cuddly puppy fell asleep in my lap. (before a noun) The puppy, soft and cuddly, fell asleep in my lap. (after a noun) The puppy is soft and cuddly. (after a linking verb)
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Read the following sentences. All the adjectives come before the noun. Rewrite each sentence so the adjectives come after the noun or after a linking verb. 1. The tall green grass needs to be mowed.

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_____________________________________________________________ 2. The heavy rain washed away all the pollen. _____________________________________________________________ 3. The child was afraid of the big, scary grizzly bear.
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_____________________________________________________________

Parts of Speech

More Adjectives
Recall that adjectives are words that describe nouns and pronouns. Adjectives answer questions such as What kind? Which one(s)? How many? and How much?
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Below is a list of several nouns. Write an adjective on the line before each noun. Use the questions above to help you think of adjectives.

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1. _______________ textbooks 2. _______________ kitten 3. _______________ bedroom 4. _______________ desk 5. _______________ car

6. _______________ students 7. _______________ picture 8. _______________ women 9. _______________ essay 10. _______________ lamp

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Parts of Speech

Proper and Compound Adjectives

A proper adjective begins with a capital letter and comes from a proper noun. Examples: French bread, Shakespearean sonnet A compound adjective contains more than one word. The words may be combined into one word, or they may be joined by a hyphen. Examples: brand-new car, ten-minute presentation
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Read the following sentences. Circle the proper adjectives, and underline the compound adjectives. 1. The well-dressed woman ducked into the French bistro. 2. My father gave me a fifteen-minute lecture about buying American cars. 3. The child was afraid of the three-headed monster in the movie. 4. For dessert were having Boston cream pie.
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5. The fair-skinned woman wore a long dress and high-heeled boots.

Parts of Speech

Articles
A, an, and the make up a group of adjectives called articles. Remember that a comes before words that begin with consonant sounds, and an comes before words that begin with vowel sounds.
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Decide which article (a or an) should come before each of the following words. Write the correct article on the line.

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1. _____ flower 2. _____ orange 3. _____ hour 4. _____ beverage 5. _____ performance 6. _____ igloo

7. _____ watch 8. _____ chain 9. _____ honor 10. _____ scientist 11. _____ adjective 12. _____ pineapple

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Parts of Speech

Even More Adjectives

Read the following sentences. Underline all the adjectives, including articles.
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1. My favorite contestant is the tall girl in the black dress. 2. We took a long, exhausting walk around the city. 3. The hurricane caused excessive damage to our home. 4. I received a gorgeous bouquet of flowers today.

5. My parents gave me a stunning gold bracelet for graduation. 6. The narrow street made it difficult to walk with traffic.

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7. We had two delicious appetizers at the Italian restaurant. 8. The little girl wore a pink helmet to match her new bicycle.

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Parts of Speech

Comparatives and Superlatives

Adjectives can be used to compare two or more things. The comparative compares two things and adds -er to the adjective. The comparative may also be formed by placing the word more in front of the adjective. Examples: faster, more delicious
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The superlative compares more than two things and adds -est to the adjective. Superlatives may also be formed by placing the word most in front of the adjective. Examples: fastest, most delicious

Write five sentences about one of your favorite activities that contain comparatives and superlatives.

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Parts of Speech

Adverbs
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs tell how, when, where, how much, and why. Many adverbs end with the letters -ly. Examples: near, always, very, lovely Read the words below. Check the words that are adverbs.
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____ 1. great ____ 2. well ____ 3. too

____ 6. carefully ____ 7. bright ____ 8. often ____ 9. almost ____ 10. nor

____ 11. fast ____ 12. windy ____ 13. also ____ 14. almost ____ 15. unexpectedly

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____ 4. for ____ 5. yesterday

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Parts of Speech

More Adverbs
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Remember that an adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Many adverbs end in -ly. Change the following words into adverbs. Write the adverb on the line.

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1. careful ________________________ 2. basic _________________________ 3. easy __________________________

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7. drastic ___________________ 8. quick ____________________ 9. equal ____________________

4. comfortable ____________________ 10. variable __________________ 5. rare __________________________ 11. bare _____________________ 6. happy ________________________ 12. terrible ___________________

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Parts of Speech

Adverbs in Action
Remember that an adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs tell how, when, where, how much, and why. Many adverbs end with the letters -ly.
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Underline the adverbs in the following sentences.

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1. Youre finished already? You completed the test too quickly. 2. The children quietly watched the movie and then went outside. 3. Sometimes I walk to school, but usually I take the bus.

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4. Dont ever speak to me like that again! 5. Yesterday we took a field trip, and today well write a paper about it. 6. The students eagerly gathered near the gym. 7. I think Ill write more in my journal later.
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8. You did rather well on your exam.

Parts of Speech

Writing with Adverbs

Remember that an adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. Adverbs tell how, when, where, how much, and why. Many adverbs end with the letters -ly.
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Use the following adverbs in sentences of your own. Underline any additional adverbs in your sentences.

1. brightly, so 2. too, well 3. extremely, still 4. hard, today 5. sometimes, never

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Parts of Speech

Adjectives and Adverbs

Remember that an adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun, and an adverb modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
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Read each of the following sentences. Underline the adjectives and circle the adverbs.

1. We awoke to a blanket of fluffy white snow on the ground. 2. We patiently waited to see if we had a snow day.

3. When we got the news, I breathed a sigh of relief. I had an extra day to finish my ten-minute presentation.

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4. I eagerly crawled back into my warm, cozy bed. 5. Fortunately, I could sleep for another three hours. I had stayed awake much too late the previous night.

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Parts of Speech

Prepositions
A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence. In order to be a preposition, the word must have an object. To determine if a word is a preposition, insert the word what or whom after the preposition. This will tell you if the preposition has an object. If a a r noun or pronoun answers the question of what or whom, then the word G s: p is a preposition. U rma W Daily Read the following sentences. Underline each preposition. 1. The dog jumped onto the couch. 2. Im going to the movies with Emily tonight. 3. Please dont wait until Sunday to start your paper. 4. There will be no talking during the presentations. 5. Will you sit beside me at the assembly? 6. We went inside when it started raining.

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Parts of Speech

Listing Prepositions
A preposition is a word that shows the relationship between a noun or a pronoun and another word in the sentence. Example: The skier came out of the gate and raced down the hill.
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List as many prepositions as you can in the space below. You should be able to think of at least twenty.

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Parts of Speech

Conjunctions
A conjunction is a word that joins other words or groups of words. A coordinating conjunction is made up of one connecting word. A correlative conjunction is made up of two connecting words. Examples: and, but, or (coordinating) either/or, neither/nor (correlative)
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1. Bring either your sneakers or your boots.

2. Whether we go to the fair or we stay home will depend on the weather. 3. I want to finish my homework, but Id rather go to the mall. 4. Please run and get your book out of your locker. 5. I forgot not only my uniform but also my glove for the game today. 6. First we will review the material, and then we will have the quiz.

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Underline the conjunctions in the following sentences.

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Combining with Conjunctions

Remember that a conjunction is a word that joins other words or groups of words. Use conjunctions to combine each of the following pairs of sentences into one. Try to vary the conjunctions that you use. 1. I remembered my book. I forgot my homework. _______________________________________________________ 2. I got home from school early. I watched television for an hour. ___________________________________________________ 3. I want to visit the art museum. I want to visit the museum of natural history.
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________________________________________________________________ 4. I fell skiing down the mountain. I broke my wrist. _______________________________________________________________ 5. I got eleven hours of sleep last night. I still feel tired.
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______________________________________________________________

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Parts of Speech

Interjections
An interjection is a word or group of words that shows feeling. An interjection is separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma or an exclamation point. Examples: Well, I have to start my homework. Wow! You finished your homework already?
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1. excitement ____________________________________________________ 2. disappointment ________________________________________________ 3. fear __________________________________________________________ 4. surprise ______________________________________________________ 5. disbelief ______________________________________________________

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Write a sentence with an interjection to express each of the feelings listed below.

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Parts of Speech

Review I
Write two examples for each part of speech listed below. Noun ____________________ ____________________ Pronoun ____________________ ____________________ Verb Adverb
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____________________ ____________________ Preposition ____________________ ____________________ Conjunction ____________________ ____________________ Interjection ____________________ ____________________

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____________________ ____________________ Adjective ____________________

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Parts of Speech

Review II
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Define and describe each of the eight parts of speech listed below. 1. noun _______________________________________________ 2. pronoun _____________________________________________

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3. verb ___________________________________________________ 4. adjective ___________________________________________________

5. adverb __________________________________________________________

6. preposition ________________________________________________________ 7. conjunction ____________________________________________________ 8. interjection ___________________________________________________

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Parts of Speech

Review III
Take a paragraph you have written recently and label each word with the correct part of speech. Use the following abbreviations to label the words: noun (n.) pronoun (pn.) verb (v.) adjective (adj.) adverb (adv.) preposition (prep.) conjunction (c.) interjection (int.)
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Sentences

What Is a Sentence?
A sentence is a group of words that expresses a complete thought. A sentence contains a subject (noun) and a predicate (verb). If a group of words does not contain a subject and a predicate, it is not a sentence; it is a fragment.
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Examples: Ramon ran to the store. (sentence) ra G Ran to the store. (fragment) : ps U arm Read the following groups of words. Write S on the line if it is a sentence. W y l i Da Write F on the line if it is a fragment. ___ 1. Kim took her drivers test yesterday. ___ 2. She failed. ___ 3. Will take it again next month. ___ 4. She is extremely disappointed. ___ 5. Practice makes perfect. ___ 6. Making left-hand turns.

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Fragments to Sentences
Remember that a sentence contains a subject and a predicate. If it does not, then it is a fragment. Turn the following fragments into sentences. Write the sentence on the line. Make sure it includes a subject and a predicate. 1. the chicken in your salad ________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 2. from one place to another _______________________________________
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_______________________________________________________________________ 3. the soccer ball in the goal ___________________________________________

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________________________________________________________________ 4. with my mother _________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 5. to pick up some milk _____________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________

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Types of Sentences
There are four types of sentences: declarative, imperative, interrogative, and exclamatory. Declarative: makes a statement Imperative: gives a command/direction, or makes a request Interrogative: asks a question Exclamatory: expresses strong feeling or emotion
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1. Where are you going? ______________________

2. Please dont stay out too late. ______________________ 3. You look absolutely stunning in that dress! ______________________ 4. I want to go camping this summer. ______________________ 5. Will you help me with this assignment? ______________________ 6. Take your feet off the table. ______________________ 7. We are taking a vacation to Hawaii next year. ______________________ 8. Ouch! That bee sting hurts! ______________________

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Read the following sentences. Write the type of sentence on the line.

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Subjects and Predicates

Remember that a sentence is a group of words that contains a subject and a predicate. A subject is a noun or pronoun, and a predicate is a verb. Example: Brooke tiptoed down the hallway. (Brooke is the subject, and tiptoed is the predicate.) Read the following sentences. After each sentence, write the subject on the first line and the predicate on the second line. 1. The puppy played with the older dog all day. _______________ _________________ 2. Henry bought a new MP3 player with his birthday money.
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_______________ _________________ 3. Kaylee locked her keys in her car. _______________ _________________ 4. Kyle took the bus to the mall after school.
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_______________ _________________

Sentences

Complete and Simple Subjects

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A complete subject is a group of words that names what a sentence is about. Example: The tall boy out in left field made a great diving catch.

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A simple subject is the main word (noun or pronoun) in the complete subject. Example: The tall boy out in left field made a great diving catch.

Read the following sentences. Underline the complete subjects, and circle the simple subjects. 1. A slice of apple pie is my ideal dessert. 2. The little black dog chased our car down the street. 3. The lady across the street baked us cookies when we moved in. 4. My sister Tiana knows how to make jewelry. 5. Anthony was late to class today.

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Complete and Simple Predicates

A complete predicate is a group of words that tells something about the subject. Example: Juan runs on the treadmill at the gym. A simple predicate is the main word or phrase in the complete predicate. Example: Juan runs on the treadmill at the gym. Read the following sentences. Underline the complete predicates, and circle the simple predicates. 1. The little black dog chased our car down the street. 2. The lady across the street baked us cookies when we moved in.
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3. My sister Tiana knows how to make jewelry. 4. That teacher always gives tests on Mondays. Now write two sentences of your own that contain complete and simple predicates.

Sentences

Compound Subjects
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A compound subject contains two or more subjects, uses the same verb, and is joined by a conjunction such as and or or. Examples: Joaquin, Brandon, and Michael played basketball after school. Mom or Dad will pick you up after practice today.

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Complete the following sentences with compound subjects.

1. _______________________________ are my favorite foods. 2. _______________________________ helped make dinner and set the table. 3. _______________________________ decorated for the party. 4. _______________________________ are going to the dance together. 5. _______________________________ were absent from class today.

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Sentences

Compound Verbs
A compound verb contains two or more verbs, uses the same subject, and is joined by a conjunction such as and or or. Examples: Barron washed and dried the dishes after dinner. Kenya pitched a tent and built a fire. Read the following sentences. Write Y on the line if the sentence contains a compound verb, and write N if it does not.
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___ 1. Jenna and I will pick you up and take you to the play. ___ 2. Kevin is taking a nap, and Montell is reading a book.

___ 3. You should either do your homework or fill out your applications.

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___ 4. The robber put the car in drive and sped away. ___ 5. Grandma told us to rake and bag the leaves. ___ 6. Aysha and Grace visited many colleges in the Northeast.

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Direct Objects
A complement is part of a sentence that follows the subject and verb. Complements are sometimes necessary for the sentence to make sense. There are four types of complements: direct objects, indirect objects, predicate nominatives, and predicate adjectives.
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A direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of the ra G verb. The verb used with a direct object is always an action verb. Direct : ps U objects answer the question What? or Whom? arm W y l i Da Example: Jason hit a grand slam.

Complete each of the following sentences with a direct object. 1. Nadia watched ________________________________________________. 2. The doctor examined __________________________________________. 3. Mr. Gallagher teaches __________________________________________. 4. Cedric caught ________________________________________________. 5. Lily takes ____________________________________________________.

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Indirect Objects
An indirect object is part of a sentence that follows an action verb. It answers one of the following questions: To whom? For whom? To what? For what? The indirect object always comes between the verb and the direct object. Example: Rashid gave his teacher a gift.
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Underline the direct object in each of the following sentences.

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1. Mom brought me my lunch. 2. I made you a turkey sandwich.

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3. Mrs. Robinson gave her class homework for the weekend. 4. Madison told me to say hello to you. 5. Ill get you a drink when Im at the store. 6. Please save Ella a piece of cake.

Sentences

Direct or Indirect?
Remember that a direct object is a noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb. An indirect object is a noun that tells to whom or for whom something is done. The indirect object always comes between the verb and the direct object.
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1. Lila sent Mr. Hernandez an e-mail. 2. We gave my grandmother a gift certificate for Mothers Day. 3. The dentist mailed my parents a bill for my cleaning. 4. The little girl made her father a card for his birthday. 5. Mrs. Adams read her kindergartners a story before their snack. 6. The pitcher threw the batter a 95-mile-an-hour fastball.

Read the following sentences. Label the parts of each sentence. Use V for verb, D for direct object, and I for indirect object.

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Predicate Nominatives
Complements that follow linking verbs are called subject complements. A predicate nominative is a noun or pronoun that completes the linking verb. It identifies, explains, or renames the subject of the sentence. Example: Mrs. OConnor is my favorite teacher.
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Read the following sentences. Circle the predicate nominative. Then draw an arrow from the predicate nominative to the subject. 1. Emily is a fabulous dancer. 2. Dogs are the best pets.

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3. Mr. Lopez became an instructor after only one year. 4. Sanjay is the best player on the team. 5. John has been an asset to the committee.

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Sentences

Compound Predicate Nominatives

Remember that a predicate nominative is a noun or pronoun that completes the linking verb. It identifies, explains, or renames the subject of the sentence. A compound predicate nominative contains two or more predicate nominatives that follow the same linking verb. Example: Our pets names are Rocco, Phoebe, and Jester.
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Read the following sentences. Write Y on the line if it contains a compound predicate nominative. Write N if it does not.

___ 1. Raquel and Rosa are not twins. ___ 2. My favorite foods are pizza, scrambled eggs, and chicken fingers. ___ 3. The students who scored highest on the test were Jack and Marcia. ___ 4. The next class president will be either Juan or Greg. ___ 5. The next class president should be Ana. ___ 6. Mrs. Nguyen is the best teacher in the school.

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Making Predicate Nominatives

Remember that a predicate nominative is a noun or pronoun that completes the linking verb. It identifies, explains, or renames the subject of the sentence. Predicate nominatives can be compound. Use the following words to write sentences that contain predicate nominatives. The words listed below should be part of the predicate nominative.
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1. Dan, Matt, and David ________________________________________

_________________________________________________________________ 2. the best snack ______________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

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3. soccer, basketball, and baseball _____________________________________ _______________________________________________________________ 4. our substitute teacher today _______________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

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Predicate Adjectives
Remember that complements that follow linking verbs are called subject complements. A predicate adjective is an adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject. Example: The dog was afraid of its own shadow. Afraid describes the dog.
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Read the following sentences. Circle the predicate adjective in each sentence. Then draw an arrow from the predicate adjective to the subject.

1. The new teacher was very shy on her first day of school. 2. Those flowers are absolutely beautiful! 3. It will be too hot to play the softball game today. 4. That dog is old and tired. 5. My biology teacher is so smart.

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Predicate Adjectives vs. Regular Adjectives

Be sure not to confuse predicate adjectives with regular adjectives. Remember that predicate adjectives follow linking verbs and describe the subject. Examples: Dogs make great pets. (regular adjective) Dogs are great. (predicate adjective)

Read the following sentences. Write PA on the line if the sentence contains a predicate adjective. Write RA on the line if it contains a regular adjective. ___ 1. Mr. Davis is a wonderful teacher.

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___ 2. Vinnie is always cordial to people he meets. ___ 3. This test will be easy. ___ 4. This test will be an easy one. ___ 5. Florida is nice this time of year.
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___ 6. Florida is a nice place to visit.

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Reviewing Subject Complements

Remember that predicate nominatives and predicate adjectives are types of subject complements. These are complements that follow linking verbs.
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Read the following sentences. Decide if the words in bold are predicate nominatives (PN) or predicate adjectives (PA). Write the appropriate letters on the line before each statement. ___ 1. Sammy was the best dog. ___ 2. He was so playful and fun. ___ 3. Tomorrow will be rainy. ___ 4. Luisa is excited to see her son. ___ 5. Janice is a student at the local university. ___ 6. Jonathan will become a doctor someday. ___ 7. You are an inspiration to all of us. ___ 8. Clarence is good at crossword puzzles.

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Reviewing Sentences I
Write a definition for each of the sentence parts below. If you have trouble defining each part, write an example. 1. compound subject __________________________________ ___________________________________________________ 2. compound verb ________________________________________ _________________________________________________________
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3. direct object ___________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________ 4. indirect object ___________________________________________________

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________________________________________________________________ 5. predicate nominative _____________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ 6. predicate adjective _______________________________________________

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______________________________________________________________

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Reviewing Sentences II
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Write a sentence that contains each of the following parts. 1. compound subject ____________________________________ ___________________________________________________

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2. compound verb ________________________________________ ______________________________________________________

3. direct object __________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________

4. indirect object __________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 5. predicate nominative ___________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 6. predicate adjective _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

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Reviewing Sentences III

Write a paragraph about what you did last night. Label the parts of each sentence. Use the abbreviations below as labels.
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complete subject (CS) simple subject (SS) complete predicate (CP) simple predicate (SP) compound subject (CDS)

compound verb (CV) direct object (DO) indirect object (IO) predicate nominative (PN) predicate adjective (PA)

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Phrases

Prepositional Phrases
A phrase is a group of words that functions as a single part of speech. A prepositional phrase begins with a preposition and must always end with an object. The object is always a noun or a pronoun. Example: Take your feet off the desk and put them on the floor.
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1. We took a class field trip to the museum.

2. We saw several interesting exhibits. 3. Then we ate lunch at the museum caf. 4. The ride home was long and tiresome. 5. Overall, we had a great day.

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Rewrite the following sentences, adding a prepositional phrase to each one.

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Adjective Phrases
There are two types of prepositional phrases: adjective phrases and adverb phrases. Adjective phrases are used to modify nouns or pronouns. Adjective phrases answer the following questions: Which ones? and What kind? An adjective phrase immediately follows the noun or pronoun it modifies. Example: I met the woman in the red dress last week.
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Read the following sentences. Underline the adjective phrases and circle the nouns or pronouns they modify.

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1. The little girl on the bus waved to her mother. 2. The students in the auditorium waited patiently for the guest speaker. 3. The homework for that class is always so difficult. 4. The bedroom was painted an ugly shade of pink.
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5. The baby across the hall is always crying.

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Adverb Phrases
Adverb phrases are prepositional phrases used to modify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs. Adverb phrases tell how, when, where, how much, and why. Examples: Will you please take me to school? (where) Because you were late, you missed the lesson. (why)
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Read the following sentences. Underline the adverb phrases and circle the verbs, adjectives, or adverbs they modify.

1. Are you angry with me? 2. I crossed the finish line with great satisfaction. 3. We slept during our flight. 4. Because of our hunger, we ordered an appetizer. 5. I can pass the test with your help.

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More Adverb Phrases

Remember that an adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase used to modify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs. Adverb phrases tell how, when, where, how much, and why.
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Read the following sentences, paying close attention to the adverb :G ra phrases in bold. Decide what the adverb phrase is doing in the sentence. mm ar &U On the line before each sentence, write how, when, where, how much, or why. sage
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______________ 1. Are you going to the mall later? ______________ 2. I crossed the finish line with great satisfaction.

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______________ 3. We slept during our flight. ______________ 4. Because of our hunger, we ordered an appetizer. ______________ 5. I can pass the test with your help. ______________ 6. Mrs. Leland lives down the street.

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Adjective Phrase or Adverb Phrase?

Remember that an adjective phrase is a prepositional phrase used to modify nouns or pronouns. Adjective phrases answer the following questions: Which ones? and What kind? An adverb phrase is a prepositional phrase used to modify verbs, adjectives, or adverbs. Adverb phrases tell how, when, where, how much, and why.
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Read each of the following sentences and decide if it contains an adjective phrase (ADJ) or an adverb phrase (ADV). Write the appropriate abbreviation on the line before each sentence.

___ 1. The woman by the dock will be your instructor. ___ 2. The little girl talked during the whole movie. ___ 3. Will you please pick me up at 3:30? ___ 4. All of the tickets are sold out. ___ 5. You will get a detention because of your tardiness. ___ 6. The man with Joanna is her boyfriend.

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Appositives and Appositive Phrases

An appositive is a noun or pronoun that identifies or explains another noun or pronoun in the sentence. An appositive phrase is a group of words that identifies or renames the noun or pronoun that it follows. Examples: My older sister, Sarah, works at the mall after school. (appositive) Sarah, my older sister, works at the mall after school. (appositive phrase)
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Read the following sentences. Circle the appositives, and underline the appositive phrases. 1. My brother, Tyrone, is going to college in the fall.

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2. Have you read The Bell Jar, a book by Sylvia Plath? 3. Boston, the capital city of Massachusetts, is my favorite place to visit. 4. The guitar, my favorite instrument, is easy to play. 5. My physics teacher, Mr. Manchester, is out sick today.

Phrases

Appositives and Commas

Appositives and appositive phrases may or may not need to be set off by commas. If an appositive contains information that is necessary to understand the meaning of the sentence, no commas are needed. Example: Annes friend Michael helped her with the assignment. (Anne has more than one friend, so the information is necessary.)
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If an appositive contains information that is unnecessary to understand the meaning of the sentence, commas should separate the appositive from the rest of the sentence. Example: Sashas mother, Chantal, just had an operation. (Sasha only has one mother, so the information is unnecessary.) Write five sentences of your own that contain appositives. Use commas when appropriate.

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Adding Appositives
Remember that an appositive is a noun or pronoun that identifies or explains another noun or pronoun in the sentence. An appositive phrase is a group of words that identifies or renames the noun or pronoun that it follows. Rewrite each of the following sentences with an appositive or an appositive phrase. Be sure to use commas properly.
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1. When I was much younger, my family went to Disney World on vacation. 2. Kerri plans to attend New York University in the fall.

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3. My parents grew up in Washington state. 4. Derek Jeter has been an all-star shortstop for many years. 5. I have to e-mail my chemistry teacher to ask her about our assignment.
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Making Appositives
Appositives and appositive phrases can be used to eliminate short sentences. Combine the following sentences by using appositives. Be sure to use commas properly.
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2. Sophie is my cousin. She plays the violin well.

3. I read a great book last week. It was called The Joy Luck Club. 4. Have you seen Pedro? He is my parents friend. 5. The Morins are moving next week. They are our neighbors. 6. Britney pulled a ligament in a race. She is a skier.

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1. We had brownie sundaes for dessert. They are my favorite.

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Participles
A verbal is a verb form used as another part of speech. A verbal phrase is a verbal with modifiers. There are three types of verbals: participles, gerunds, and infinitives. A participle is a verb form that is used as an adjective. This means that it describes a noun or a pronoun. A participle answers the questions Which one(s)? and What kind? Examples: broken leg, failing students
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Participles take two forms: present and past. Present participles end in -ing, and past participles usually end in -ed. Sometimes past participles have more irregular endings such as -n, -t, or -en. Read the following sentences. Underline the participles.

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1. I ate burnt toast for breakfast this morning. 2. The motorcycle came to a screeching stop. 3. The howling wolf scared the camping family. 4. His torn shirt was a result of the accident.

Phrases

Participle Fill-in
Remember that participles take two forms: present and past. Present participles end in -ing, and past participles usually end in -ed. Sometimes past participles have more irregular endings such as -n, -t, or -en.
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1. ______________ rain 2. ______________ students 3. ______________ sun 4. ______________ car 5. ______________ road 6. ______________ dog

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Add a participle to each of the following nouns.

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7. ______________ house 8. ______________ blanket 9. ______________ bird 10. ______________ ocean 11. ______________ food 12. ______________ boat

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Participial Phrases
A participial phrase is a phrase that works as an adjective. The phrase contains a participle and its complement(s) and modifies the subject of the sentence. Examples: Racing around the track, the horse moved into first place. The party, hosted by Jasmine, was a great success.
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Read the following sentences. Underline the participial phrases and circle the words they modify. 1. Driving to school, Raymond realized he forgot his homework.

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2. Reviewing her notes, Jackie felt ready for the test. 3. The test, printed on both sides of the paper, took me two hours. 4. Tired from his long day, Kasim rested on the couch. 5. Mrs. Goodman, walking up and down the aisles, lectured us on plagiarism.

Phrases

Commas in Participial Phrases

When a participial phrase comes at the beginning of a sentence, it is followed by a comma. When it comes in the middle of a sentence, it may or may not need a comma. If the information in the phrase is necessary for the sentence to make sense, no commas are needed. Example: The child swimming in the lake is my younger brother.
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If the information in the phrase is unnecessary for the sentence to make sense, then the phrase should be set off by commas. Example: My brother, swimming in the lake, turns seven next month.

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Read the following sentences. Underline the participial phrases and add any necessary commas. 1. Landing safely on the runway the plane neared the airport. 2. The children covered in mud ran through the kitchen. 3. The vegetables grown in my garden are organic. 4. The students talking during the movie had to stay after class.

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Gerunds
A gerund is a verb that is used as a noun. Gerunds are usually created by adding -ing. Read the following sentences. Put a check mark next to those that contain a gerund. ___ 1. Mia was running down the soccer field.
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___ 2. Talking on instant messenger and writing e-mails are my favorite things to do after school. ___ 3. Brian enjoys walking to work when it isnt raining. ___ 4. Dinah was caught cheating on the test. ___ 5. Malcolms favorite activity is swimming.

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Phrases

Gerund Phrases
A gerund phrase is a phrase that contains a gerund and its complements to make up a noun. Examples: Backpacking across Europe is certainly a great idea. Drawing portraits is Annas favorite thing to do.
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1. Hiking up the mountain will be difficult for my mother because she has a bad back. 2. I was doing my homework for four hours last night. 3. I found my father outside raking the lawn. 4. Flying over the Grand Canyon was an amazing experience. 5. I think smoking cigarettes is disgusting. 6. Pushing this button will turn off the computer.

Read the following sentences. Underline the gerund phrases.

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Writing Gerund Phrases

Remember that a gerund phrase is a phrase that contains a gerund and its complements to make up a noun. Examples: Backpacking across Europe is certainly a great idea. Drawing portraits is Annas favorite thing to do.
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Use the -ing words below to write sentences containing gerund phrases. 1. traveling 2. identifying

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3. working 4. writing 5. camping

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Confusing Participles and Gerunds

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Participles that end in -ing can be easily confused with gerunds. Participles are used as adjectives, and gerunds are used as nouns.

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___ 1. Talking during class is not allowed unless you are called on. ___ 2. The winding road was dangerous to drive. ___ 3. Aware of the approaching snowstorm, the students hoped school would be canceled. ___ 4. Terri enjoys kayaking during the summer. ___ 5. You spend too much time playing video games. ___ 6. The freezing rain made the roads very slick.

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Read the following sentences. Write P on the line if the sentence contains a participle, and write G on the line if the sentence contains a gerund.

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Infinitives
An infinitive is a verb form that usually begins with the word to and is used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. Infinitives are often confused with prepositional phrases because they both start with to. Examples: I love to play field hockey. (infinitive) You should come to my next field hockey game. (prepositional phrase)
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Find a paper or essay that you have recently written. Label all the infinitives with an I and all the prepositional phrases with a P.

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Phrases

Infinitive Phrases
Remember that an infinitive is a verb form that usually begins with the word to and is used as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb. An infinitive phrase contains an infinitive and its modifiers. Examples: I asked Mr. Aube to explain the worksheet. We went to see a play for our class field trip.
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Read the following sentences. Underline the infinitive phrases.

1. I asked you to speak clearly. 2. I would like to send flowers to the neighbors. 3. To pass the test requires several hours of studying. 4. I want to try surfing when we go to Hawaii. 5. To avoid getting in trouble, Claire lied about where she had been. 6. I have been known to change my mind.

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Phrases

Reviewing Verbals
Remember that verbals are verb forms that are used as another part of speech. These include participles, gerunds, and infinitives. Participles are used as adjectives; gerunds are used as nouns; and infinitives begin with to and are used as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
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Read the following sentences and decide what type of verbal each sentence contains. Write P for participle, G for gerund, and I for infinitive. ___ 1. Skiing is my favorite winter sport. ___ 2. That team will be hard to beat. ___ 3. You can walk out on the frozen lake.

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___ 4. The child was afraid of the barking dog. ___ 5. Riding my bike is something I dont do nearly enough. ___ 6. The birthday card, written in cursive, looked odd. ___ 7. That chicken has to be eaten before it spoils.
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___ 8. Will you please try to help me?

Clauses

Introduction to Clauses
A clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. A clause is different from a phrase in that it contains a subject and a verb, and a phrase does not. Like phrases, clauses can be used as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. Examples: Ill take a shower after breakfast. (phrase) Ill take a shower after I eat breakfast. (clause) (I is the subject of the clause, and eat is the verb.)
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Read the following phrases and clauses. Write P on the line for each phrase and C for each clause. ___ 1. when you finish ___ 2. to the mall ___ 3. the librarian at school ___ 4. before Carrie went to sleep ___ 5. after school ___ 6. by the stairs ___ 7. as Rico drove by ___ 8. when I wake up

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Clauses

Independent Clauses
An independent clause can stand alone as a sentence because it expresses a complete thought. It is also known as the main clause of the sentence. If an independent clause stands alone, it is called a sentence. If it is paired with another clause, it is called a clause.
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Examples: Julio went to practice, and Kara went home. (clause) Julio went to practice. Kara went home. (sentence) Combine the following sentences into independent clauses.

1. I am going to bed. You should, too. ____________________________________________________________ 2. Grants birthday is in April. Selims is in May.

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____________________________________________________________ 3. I have Mr. Lopez for English. My sister has Mrs. Thomas. ____________________________________________________________ 4. My favorite class is biology. Shannons is geometry.
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____________________________________________________________

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Subordinate Clauses
A subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence. It does not express a complete thought. Subordinate clauses are also called dependent clauses because they depend on another clause to form a complete sentence. Example: After he ran, Cameron took a shower. (After he ran does not express a complete thought.)
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1. Lian got his license. ______________________________________________________

2. We rented a movie last night. _____________________________________________________________ 3. Lena got a letter from Clemson University. _____________________________________________________________ 4. Please set the table. _____________________________________________________________

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Rewrite the following sentences with subordinate clauses.

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Clauses

Independent or Subordinate?
Remember that a clause is a group of words that contains a subject and a verb. An independent clause is the main clause of a sentence. It expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. A subordinate clause cannot stand alone. It needs to be paired with an independent clause to make a complete sentence.
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Example: After he finished his homework, Theo ate dinner. (subordinate clause) (independent clause)

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Read each of the following clauses. Write I on the line if it is an independent clause and S on the line if it is a subordinate clause. ___ 1. because we were running late

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___ 2. Devon brought his laptop to class ___ 3. after you get the directions ___ 4. he asked me to help him ___ 5. we watched television for most of the night
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___ 6. when the airplane landed

Clauses

Adverb Clauses
Subordinate clauses can be used as nouns, adjectives, and adverbs. An adverb clause is a clause that acts as a verb and modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb. It usually modifies a verb. An adverb clause answers How? When? Where? Why? How much? and Under what condition? Example: Stay away from a dog when its growling.
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Underline the adverb clauses in the following sentences.

1. We will leave whenever your mother gets home. 2. Well take the bus if it rains tomorrow. 3. I put my essay in my bag so I wouldnt forget it. 4. They got to the movie after it had started. 5. You grill the steak while I make the salad. 6. Take the cookies out of the oven before they burn.

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Clauses

Modifying Adjectives and Adverbs

Most adverb clauses modify verbs, but some modify adjectives and adverbs. Examples: My sister is older than I am. (adjective) You drove more carefully than I did. (adverb)
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Clauses

Subordinating Conjunctions
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An adverb clause begins with a subordinating conjunction. Look at the list of subordinating conjunctions below. after although as as if as though because before if since than though unless until when whenever where wherever while

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Use the list above to write five sentences that contain adverb clauses. Underline the subordinating conjunction, and circle the word that the clause modifies.

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Clauses

Adjective Clauses
An adjective clause is a type of subordinate clause that is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. The clause is used as an adjective. Adjective clauses answer Which one(s)? and What kind? Example: The person who is at the door is looking for Mom. Underline the adjective clauses in the following sentences. 1. The book, which is downstairs on the coffee table, only took a few hours to read. 2. Andy is driving a car that has a headlight out. 3. The man who got in the car accident was rushed to the hospital.
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4. This is the route that we take every day. 5. I am looking for the student who wrote this paper. 6. I like a teacher who takes a hands-on approach. 7. The shoes that I just bought are extremely uncomfortable.
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8. The teacher who gave that assignment is Mr. McDonald.

Clauses

More Adjective Clauses

Remember that an adjective clause is a type of subordinate clause that is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. Adjective clauses usually begin with relative pronouns. These include who, whom, whose, which, and that. Adjective clauses can also begin with when and where.
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Read the following sentences. Underline the adjective clauses. Circle the relative pronouns.

1. Are those the shoes that you bought last week? 2. You got the shoes when we went shopping, right? 3. Here is where we stayed for the wedding. 4. The college that Isabel attends is in New York. 5. Everyone who passed the test will not have to take the final. 6. We ate pizza, which was left over from dinner, for lunch.

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Clauses

Combining Adjective Clauses

Adjective clauses can be used to create more interesting sentences. Use adjective clauses to combine the following sentences. Use the words in the box below to begin the clauses. who whom whose which that when where
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1. The waiter brought us our breakfast. His name escapes me. _________________________________________________________ 2. The store is in the mall. I bought my jeans there.

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______________________________________________________________________ 3. My mother rented me a movie. It is about airplanes.

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_______________________________________________________________ 4. The restaurant was shut down. The customers got food poisoning. ______________________________________________________________ 5. My sister goes everywhere in her car. She bought it herself.
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______________________________________________________________

Clauses

Adjective Clauses and Commas

Adjective clauses do not need to be set off by commas if the information in the clause is necessary for the sentence to make sense. Example: The person who robbed the bank is from a neighboring town.
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Read the following sentences. Add commas where necessary. 1. Our neighbor who makes a great apple pie is Mrs. Kimball. 2. The woman who makes the apple pie is Mrs. Kimball. 3. That book which is the best book I have ever read is over there. 4. The place where she works is all the way on the other side of town. 5. The dog that bit me now has to wear a muzzle.

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Adjective clauses should be set off by commas if the clause contains information that is not necessary to make sense of the sentence. Example: The bank robber, who is from a neighboring town, got away with over $10,000.

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Clauses

Noun Clauses
A noun clause is a subordinate clause that can be used as a noun or a pronoun. It can be a subject, predicate nominative, direct object, appositive, indirect object, or object of the preposition. Example: Whatever you want to do is okay with me. Noun clauses can begin with the same words that begin adjective clauses. They may begin with any of the words in the box below. how if that what whatever when where whether which who whoever whom
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whomever whose why

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Underline the noun clauses in the following sentences.

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1. How much I weigh is none of your business. 2. The award goes to whoever writes the best essay. 3. A quick dinner is what I can handle right now. 4. Do you know where diamonds are found?
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5. Everyone wants to know how he did the trick.

Clauses

Writing Noun Clauses

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Remember that a noun clause is a subordinate clause that can be used as a noun or a pronoun.

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1. her struggle is ____________________________________________________

2. do you know _______________________________________________________ 3. is an accomplishment ____________________________________________ 4. the money will go to ____________________________________________ 5. is a mystery to us ______________________________________________

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Add a noun clause to complete each sentence below. Write the sentence on the line.

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Clauses

Subordinate Clause Review

Remember that an adverb clause is a clause that acts as a verb and modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb. An adjective clause is a clause that is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. A noun clause is a clause that can be used as a noun or a pronoun. Decide what type of subordinate clause each of the following sentences contains. Write ADV for adverb clause, ADJ for adjective clause, and N for noun clause.
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_____ 1. The man who works behind the counter is my uncle. _____ 2. How you want to pay me back is up to you. _____ 3. You can go if you finish your homework in time.

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_____ 4. I was late because I overslept. _____ 5. The man who is at the door wants to see you. _____ 6. Did you know that we can stay an extra day? _____ 7. I have a lot of homework that I have to do tonight.
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_____ 8. We left as soon as the concert ended.

Clauses

Writing Subordinate Clauses

Remember that an adverb clause is a clause that acts as a verb and modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb. An adjective clause is a clause that is used to modify a noun or a pronoun. A noun clause is a clause that can be used as a noun or a pronoun.
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In the space below, write two sentences that contain adverb clauses, two that contain adjective clauses, and two that contain noun clauses.

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Clauses

Simple and Compound Sentences

A simple sentence contains one independent clause. Example: The dog is barking. A simple sentence can have a compound subject and a compound verb. A compound sentence contains two or more independent clauses. Example: The dog is barking, and it has been all afternoon. Read the following sentences. Write S on the line if it is a simple sentence. Write C if it is a compound sentence. ___ 1. Sean and Talisha are best friends.
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___ 2. I like to snowboard in the winter, and I like to skateboard in the summer. ___ 3. Donald finished his test and handed it to his teacher. ___ 4. You drive the car, and Ill walk. ___ 5. Luis, Beatrix, and Rose all ran in the race.
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___ 6. I went to the mall first, and then I stopped at the grocery store.

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Complex and Compound-Complex

A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses. Example: Although I have been to the beach several times this week, I want to go again today.
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A compound-complex sentence contains two or more independent clauses and one or more subordinate clauses. Example: If you are late for school today, you will miss your test, and you will probably get a detention.

Read the following sentences. Write C on the line for complex or CC on the line for compound-complex. ___ 1. I like cake a lot more than I like ice cream. ___ 2. Nicole went to school, but Dave stayed home because he had the flu. ___ 3. If you go see a movie, you have to take your brother, and he has to sit with you. ___ 4. Because you stayed home from school today, you cannot go out tonight.

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Clause Fragments
A fragment is not a complete sentence. It does not express a complete thought. Turn the following fragments into complete sentences. Write the sentence on the line. 1. I forgot your birthday. Because I didnt write it on my calendar. _____________________________________________________ 2. Here is my history paper. That you wanted to read before I handed it in.
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_________________________________________________________________ 3. Grandma brought strawberry pie. Which was a big hit. _________________________________________________________________

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4. Since it is raining. We are going to the movies instead. ______________________________________________________________ 5. Where is Monica? Who was supposed to help me study. ______________________________________________________________
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Clauses

Run-on Sentences
A run-on sentence is two or more sentences that are written as one sentence. Correct the following run-on sentences. Write the sentence on the line.
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1. I broke my leg, the doctor took an X ray. _______________________________________________________

2. Kyle got a new laptop he uses it all the time. _______________________________________________________

3. Thanh went to bed early he wasnt feeling well. _____________________________________________________________ 4. Angela wrote a short story, she won an award for it. _____________________________________________________________ 5. Samantha got her license she practiced for hours the day before her test. _____________________________________________________________

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Fragments and Run-ons

Create three sentence fragments and three run-on sentences. Then exchange your sentences with a classmate and correct his or her sentences.
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Verb Usage

Principal Parts
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A verb has four principal parts: present, present participle, past, and past participle. Present Present Participle Past Past Participle walk am walking walked have walked

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Choose a verb from the list below. Write the verbs four principal parts. Then use each of the parts in a sentence. play ask stop cook bake

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Verb Usage

Regular Verbs
A regular verb is a verb that contains -ed or -d in its past and past participle forms. If you can add -ed or -d to the present form of the verb, it is a regular verb. Think of five regular verbs, and use them to complete the following chart.
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Present 1.

Present Participle

Past

Past Participle

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2. 3. 4.
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5.

Verb Usage

Irregular Verbs I
An irregular verb cannot form its past and past participle by adding -ed or -d to its present form. Some irregular verbs do not change forms in the present, past, and past participle. These include the following verbs:
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burst

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Choose an irregular verb from the list above. Write the verbs four principal parts. Then use each of the parts in a sentence.

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Verb Usage

Irregular Verbs II
Remember that an irregular verb cannot form its past and past participle by adding -ed or -d to its present form. Some irregular verbs have the same form for the past and past participle. These verbs include the following: bring feel fight find hold leave make sell win
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Think of at least five other irregular verbs that follow this form. Use them to complete the chart below. Present 1. Present Participle Past

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Past Participle

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2. 3. 4.
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5.

Verb Usage

Irregular Verbs III

Remember that an irregular verb cannot form its past and past participle by adding -ed or -d to its present form. Some irregular verbs form the past participle by adding -n to the past. Present Present Participle Past Past Participle break breaking broke broken
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Think of another irregular verb that follows this pattern. Write its principal parts in a chart like the one above. Then use each of the principal parts in a sentence.

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Verb Usage

Irregular Verbs IV
Remember that an irregular verb cannot form its past and past participle by adding -ed or -d to its present form. Some irregular verbs form the past participle by adding -n to the present. Present Present Participle Past Past Participle see seeing saw seen
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Circle the correct verb form to complete each sentence. 1. I have (grew, grown) several types of vegetables in my garden every summer. 2. The pitcher (threw, thrown) out the runner at first base. 3. She must have (know, known) that you were coming today. 4. The robbers (took, taken) all of my jewelry.
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5. Please (give, gave) me your keys.

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Verb Usage

Irregular Verbs V
Remember that an irregular verb cannot form its past and past participle by adding -ed or -d to its present form. Some irregular verbs form the past and past participle by changing a vowel. These include begin, drink, shrink, sing, sink, and swim. Complete the chart below with the principal parts of these six irregular verbs.
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Present 1. begin 2. drink 3. shrink 4. sing 5. sink 6. swim

Present Participle

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Past

Past Participle

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Verb Usage

Irregular Verbs VI
Remember that an irregular verb cannot form its past and past participle by adding -ed or -d to its present form.
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Write the correct principal part on the line for each irregular verb in parentheses.

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1. Where have they (go)? ___________ 2. The little boy (fall) out of the tree. ___________ 3. I have (ride) several of the horses at that stable. ___________

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4. We (eat) at that restaurant across the street. ___________ 5. I think I (wear) that yesterday. ___________ 6. We have (run) all over the city. ___________ 7. They (come) to the meeting a bit overdressed. ___________
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8. You have (write) one of the best essays in the class. ___________

Verb Usage

Reviewing Irregular Verbs I

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Remember that an irregular verb cannot form its past and past participle by adding -ed or -d to its present form.

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Complete the following sentences by circling the correct verb form.

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2. We are (making, made) a cake for your birthday tonight.

3. My parents (sell, sold) our house after only a week on the market. 4. Please wait until I have (spoke, spoken). 5. The students (stole, stolen) the rival mascot. 6. Will you (draw, drew) me a map so I can find it? 7. I should have (knew, known) that you wouldnt make it to practice. 8. I (saw, seen) her down by the library.

1. Damon (bring, brought) his sister to school.

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Verb Usage

Reviewing Irregular Verbs II

Remember that an irregular verb cannot form its past and past participle by adding -ed or -d to its present form.
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Read the following sentences. If the verb is used correctly, write C on the line. If the verb is used incorrectly, write I on the line. ___ 1. Tristan finally brang his book to class today. ___ 2. We begun class early today.

___ 3. My contact lens must have sunk to the bottom of the pool. ___ 4. That chair must have broke when you sat on it.

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___ 5. Have you seen Ms. Fecteau? ___ 6. Who teached the class last Monday? ___ 7. I have thought about majoring in psychology next year.
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___ 8. When did you spoke to the guidance counselor?

Verb Usage

Lay vs. Lie

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Some verbs are easily confused. This includes the verbs lay and lie. Lay means to put or set down. Lie means to rest or recline. Present lay lie Present Participle laying lying laid lay Past Past Participle laid lain

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Read the following sentences. Write C on the line if the underlined verb is used correctly. Write I on the line if it is used incorrectly.

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___ 1. I want to lie on the couch after dinner. ___ 2. Lie your books on the floor while taking the exam. ___ 3. They are lying out on the beach. ___ 4. I laid down for a nap just in time. ___ 5. Please lay your pencils down and close your books.

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Verb Usage

Sit vs. Set

Sit and set are two other verbs that are easily confused. Sit means to rest in an upright position. Set means to put or place. Present sit set Present Participle sitting setting sat set Past Past Participle sat set
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Complete the following sentences with the correct form of sit or set. 1. Please ____________ down at your desks. 2. We are ____________ the table for dinner.

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3. We are ____________ at the table for dinner. 4. The salad is ____________ over there on the counter. 5. We have ____________ here for a long time.
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6. The sun ___________ around 8:00 P.M. this time of year.

Verb Usage

Raise vs. Rise

Raise and rise are two other verbs that are easily confused. Raise means to lift up, to increase, or to grow. Rise means to get up or to move upward. Present raise rise Present Participle raising rising Past raised rose Past Participle raised risen
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Write one sentence for each form listed in the chart above.

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Verb Tenses I
The tense of a verb is the time expressed by that verb. A verb has six tenses: present, past, future, present perfect, past perfect, and future perfect. Look at the tenses of the verb play below. Present Past Future Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect play played will play have played had played will have played
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Study the chart above. Then create your own chart for the verb call.

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Verb Usage

Verb Tenses II
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Remember that the tense of a verb is the time expressed by that verb. Complete the following chart for the verb cook. Present Past Future Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect

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Now use each of the verb tenses you listed in the chart above in sentences of your own.

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Verb Usage

Verb Tenses III

Remember that the tense of a verb is the time expressed by that verb. The tenses of an irregular verb are a bit trickier to form. Knowing the four principal parts of the irregular verb will help you. Look at the four principal parts of the verb bring. Present Present Participle Past Past Participle bring bringing brought have brought
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Now look at the six tenses of bring. Present Past Future Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect
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bring brought will bring have brought had brought will have brought

Now create two charts like the ones above for the irregular verb drive.

Verb Usage

Verb Tenses IV
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Explain how each tense listed below is formed.

1. past tense ____________________________________________ _____________________________________________________

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2. future tense _______________________________________________ _________________________________________________________

3. present perfect tense ____________________________________________ _________________________________________________________ 4. past perfect tense _______________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________ 5. future perfect tense _____________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________

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Verb Tenses V
Read the following sentences. Write the tense of the bold verb form on the line after each sentence.
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1. I will have made at least twenty phone calls by the end of the day. _______________ 2. I have used the treadmill a lot this week. _______________ 3. I will do my homework later. _______________

4. I have eaten a sandwich every day for lunch this week. _______________ 5. They had taken the baby to the pediatrician. _______________

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6. I run at least three times a week. _______________

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Progressive Forms
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Progressive forms of verbs express ongoing action and usually end in -ing. Like all verbs, progressive forms have six tenses. Present Progressive Past Progressive Future Progressive Present Perfect Progressive Past Perfect Progressive Future Perfect Progressive I am running. I was running. I will be running. I have been running. I had been running. I will have been running.

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Write a sentence for each progressive tense of the verb travel.

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Emphatic Forms
Emphatic forms are used to show emphasis. They appear in two tenses: present emphatic and past emphatic. Present emphatic tenses include the word do or does before the verb. Past emphatic tenses include the word did before the verb. Examples: I do run every day. (present emphatic) I did run yesterday. (past emphatic)
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Write six sentences that express the emphatic form. Three should contain the present emphatic, and three should contain the past emphatic.

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Verb Usage

Active and Passive Voice

When a sentence is written in the active voice, it means that the subject is performing the action. When a sentence is written in the passive voice, it means that the action of the verb is being performed on the subject. Examples: Olivia wrote the essay. (active) The essay was written by Olivia. (passive)
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Read the following sentences. Write A on the line if it is written in active voice. Write P on the line if it is written in passive voice.

___ 1. The house was cleaned by the cleaning lady. ___ 2. Keiko filled out her college applications. ___ 3. The lifeguard saved the drowning toddlers life. ___ 4. The computer was fixed by Justin. ___ 5. Sam was bitten by the dog. ___ 6. The dog bit Sam.

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Verb Usage

Agreement I
A verb must agree with its subject in number. The number of the subject is either singular or plural. Nouns are made plural by adding -s or -es in most cases. Singular and plural pronouns are: Singular: I, you, he, she, it Plural: we, you, they
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Verbs are also singular and plural. A singular verb must be paired with a singular subject. A plural verb must be paired with a plural subject. Rewrite each sentence below with the correct agreement.

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1. Meghan and Leena was making cookies in the kitchen. _____________________________________________________________ 2. Cesar have a lot of homework tonight.

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_____________________________________________________________ 3. You and I am going to practice, right? _____________________________________________________________ 4. The band play downtown every weekend.
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Verb Usage

Agreement II
Remember that subjects and verbs must agree in number. Singular verbs should follow the words each, neither, everyone, everybody, nobody, and someone.
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___ 1. Everyone in the choir practice after school.

___ 2. Someone must really love me. ___ 3. Neither of us are going to the party this weekend. ___ 4. Nobody likes a cheater. ___ 5. Each of you have taken this exam. ___ 6. Everybody in the class pass in the homework on time. ___ 7. Has nobody seen the new reality show on Channel 6? ___ 8. Neither of you were at the assembly this morning.

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Read the following sentences. Write a check mark next to those that are in agreement.

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Verb Usage

Agreement III
Remember that subjects and verbs must agree in number. Plural verbs almost always follow the words all, both, few, many, several, and some.
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Write six sentences that each use one of the words listed above. Make sure they are followed by a plural verb. Then exchange your sentences with a classmate and make sure his or her sentences are in agreement.

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Verb Usage

Using Better Verbs

Many verbs are boring and overused. You can greatly improve your writing by using more colorful verbs. Examples: Russ came into class just as the bell rang. Russ raced into class just as the bell rang.
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1. Mrs. Solis went to the back of the classroom.

2. A guest speaker came to our class yesterday.

3. Please go to the board and write your answer. 4. The dog entered the house. 5. Where did you put my book?

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Rewrite each of the following sentences using more colorful verbs.

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Pronoun Usage

Pronoun Cases
Pronouns come in three cases: nominative, objective, and possessive. Pronoun forms in the nominative case are listed below. Nominative Case Singular I, you, he, she, it Plural we, you, they
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Complete the pronoun charts below for the objective and possessive cases. Objective Case Singular Singular Plural Possessive Case

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Plural

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Pronoun Usage

Nominative Case
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The nominative case is used for subjects and predicate nominatives. These pronouns are I, you, he, she, it, we, and they. Read the following sentences. Circle the pronoun that correctly completes each sentence.

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2. (We, Us) want to get in shape for track season.

3. That was (she, her) on the phone. 4. Sadie is an excellent painter. The winner of the art contest was (her, she). 5. (He, Him) and Grant are going on a tour of the museum. 6. The class marshals will be Layla and (I, me). 7. You and (I, me) should work on our project this afternoon. 8. The students on the basketball team are (they, them).

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1. Troy and (I, me) are going for a run after school.

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Pronoun Usage

Objective Case
The objective case pronouns are used for direct objects, indirect objects, and objects of a preposition. These pronouns include me, you, him, her, it, us, and them.
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Read the following sentences. Put a check mark next to those that contain the correct pronouns. ___ 1. Abigail told we to meet her in the gym. ___ 2. Please bring Anna and me to the movies tonight. ___ 3. Did you ask your mother and I?

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___ 4. Show he what you learned today. ___ 5. Will you go with me tonight? ___ 6. Lamont drives Barbara and I crazy. ___ 7. The competition came down to he and I.
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___ 8. We are having dinner with them tonight.

Pronoun Usage

Possessive Case
Possessive case pronouns are used to show ownership or possession. These pronouns include my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their, and theirs.
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Write sentences that use each of the possessive pronouns listed above. When finished, check your sentences to be sure that you have used the pronouns correctly.

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Pronoun Usage

Who and Whom

The pronouns who and whom are often confused. Who is used when someone is the subject. Whom is used when someone is the object of a verb or preposition.
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Read the following sentences. Circle the correct pronoun to complete each sentence. 1. The teacher (who, whom) gave us our notes is Mr. Chin. 2. To (who, whom) do you want to send this e-mail? 3. (Who, Whom) will be at the assembly? 4. (Who, Whom) did you ask for help?

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5. About (who, whom) are you speaking? 6. I dont know (who, whom) the instructor is. 7. Mr. Alexander, (who, whom) is my favorite teacher, returned our quizzes. 8. Carly is the woman to (who, whom) you address your questions.
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Pronoun Usage

Comparison Pronouns
Pronouns are often used in comparisons following the words than and as. Read the following sentences. Put a check mark next to each sentence that correctly uses pronouns in comparisons.
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___ 2. Kareem works as hard as they.

___ 3. Nadia took as long as me to read the book.

___ 4. You are more fortunate than I. ___ 5. You look better than him in the picture. ___ 6. They swam faster than he in the race. ___ 7. Mr. Muoz said everyone did as well as me. ___ 8. Clayton knew that he could do better than her.

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___ 1. My sister is taller than me.

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Pronoun Usage

Antecedents I
A pronoun must agree in number and gender with its antecedent. Recall that an antecedent is the word that the pronoun replaces or refers to. For each of the following antecedents, write a sentence with a pronoun that agrees in number and gender.
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1. student _________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________

2. students ______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ 3. everyone ________________________________________________________

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________________________________________________________________ 4. some __________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________

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Pronoun Usage

Antecedents II
A pronoun must agree in number and gender with its antecedent. Recall that an antecedent is the word that the pronoun replaces or refers to.
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___ 2. Each student brought his or her textbook to class. ___ 3. Each student brought their textbooks to class. ___ 4. Either Lauren or Mina will ride their bike to school. ___ 5. Both of my children got their acceptance letters today.

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___ 1. All students should report to the office for their first day of orientation.

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Read the following sentences. Put a check mark next to the sentences that have pronoun/antecedent agreement.

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Now write two sentences of your own using pronouns that agree with their antecedents.
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Pronoun Usage

Pronoun Review I
Write a paragraph about what you hope to accomplish in the next year. Label all pronouns in the nominative case with NC. Label all pronouns in the objective case with OC. Label the pronouns in the possessive case with PC.
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Pronoun Usage

Pronoun Review II
Take out an essay or paper that you have written this year. Underline all the pronouns. Check to see if you used them correctly. Did you use the pronoun cases correctly? Do the pronouns agree with their antecedents? After you evaluate your paper, write a paragraph in the space below explaining your a r understanding of pronouns. Has your understanding changed since you G s: p wrote the paper? U rma W Daily
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Adjective/Adverb Usage

Comparisons I
Adjectives can be used in comparisons. This means that the form of the adjective changes depending on how many things are being compared. There are three degrees of comparison: positive, comparative, and superlative. Examples: great (positive) greater (comparative) greatest (superlative)
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Usag e The positive degree is used when no comparison is being made. Most comparatives, which compare two things, are formed by adding -er to the positive. Most superlatives, which compare more than two things, are formed by adding -est to the positive.

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Write the comparative and superlative forms for each of the words below. 1. young ___________________ ___________________ 2. bright ___________________ ___________________ 3. quiet ___________________ ____________________
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4. nice ___________________

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Adjective/Adverb Usage

Comparisons II
Not all comparisons are created by adding -er and -est. Many twosyllable adjectives and adverbs and almost all adjectives and adverbs with three or more syllables use more or most to form comparatives and superlatives. Examples: difficult, more difficult, most difficult
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1. interesting ______________ __________________ 2. small __________________ 3. delicious _______________ __________________ __________________

Write the comparative and superlative forms for each of the words below.

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4. funny __________________ __________________ 5. friendly ________________ 6. careful _________________ __________________ __________________

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Adjective/Adverb Usage

Comparisons III
Some words are irregular in their comparative and superlative forms. Complete the chart below.
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Positive

Comparative

Superlative

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1. bad 2. good 3. many 4. little

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5. much

Adjective/Adverb Usage

Comparisons IV
Recall that some comparatives and superlatives are formed by adding -er and -est to the adjective or adverb. Others are formed by putting the word more or most in front of the adjective or adverb. Other forms are irregular.
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1. This is the (more delicious, most delicious) apple pie I have ever tasted! 2. I am (better, best) at checkers than you are. 3. Todays sunset is (more beautiful, most beautiful) than yesterdays. 4. This dog is the (friendliest, most friendliest) dog in the neighborhood. 5. Angelo is the (taller, more taller) of the two brothers. 6. Your steak looks (tougher, more tough) than mine.

Read the following sentences. Circle the comparative or superlative that best completes each sentence.

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Adjective/Adverb Usage

Comparisons V
Recall that some comparatives and superlatives are formed by adding -er and -est to the adjective or adverb. Others are formed by putting the word more or most in front of the adjective or adverb. Other forms are irregular. For each of the words below, write a sentence using its comparative or superlative form.
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1. bad _________________________________________________________

2. many _____________________________________________________________ 3. tasty ___________________________________________________________

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4. different _______________________________________________________ 5. intelligent ______________________________________________________

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Adjective/Adverb Usage

Comparisons VI
Remember that some comparatives and superlatives are formed by adding -er and -est to the adjective or adverb. Others are formed by putting the word more or most in front of the adjective or adverb. Other forms are irregular.
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Advertisements often use comparisons to convince consumers that they should use the product or service. Use your knowledge of comparatives and Daily superlatives to write an ad for a business of your choice. Your ad can be a visual ad found in a newspaper or magazine or on the Internet. Or you can write a script for a television or radio ad. Be sure to use at least five comparatives and superlatives.

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Adjective/Adverb Usage

Good and Well I

The words good and well are often used incorrectly. Good is always an adjective. Well is usually an adverb, but when it means attractive or in good health, it is an adjective.
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Read the following sentences. Circle the word that best completes each sentence.

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1. I was absent yesterday because I didnt feel (good, well). 2. You did a (good, well) job raking the lawn.

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3. Eric, you dont look (good, well). Do you want to go see the nurse?

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4. I didnt do very (good, well) on that quiz. 5. Thats a (good, well) way to do it. 6. Melanie plays (good, well) after a (good, well) nights rest.

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Adjective/Adverb Usage

Good and Well II

Remember that good is always an adjective. Well is usually an adverb, but when it means attractive or in good health, it is an adjective.
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Write six sentences in the space below. Write three that use good and three that use well.

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Adjective/Adverb Usage

Double Negatives
A negative is a word that means no. Common negatives include barely, hardly, never, no, nobody, none, not, nothing, and scarcely. Using a negative word can change the meaning of the sentence. Using two negative words causes the negatives to cancel each other out, leaving the sentence with a positive meaning. Read the following sentences. Rewrite those that contain double negatives so that they contain only one negative. 1. You dont need no shoes. 2. We never catch nothing when we go fishing.
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3. Nobody ignored the fire alarm when it sounded. 4. We didnt have none of the new uniforms for our game.
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5. Theres hardly any time left for questions.

Adjective/Adverb Usage

Choosing Adjectives and Adverbs

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Remember that adjectives modify nouns and pronouns. Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, and other adverbs.

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1. The procedure was (quick, quickly) and painless. 2. The crowd cheered (loud, loudly) for the home team. 3. I ran (slow, slowly) back to my car. 4. The students were (eager, eagerly) to get out of class. 5. Vincent (nervous, nervously) tapped his pencil on the desk. 6. Jonah was (proud, proudly) of his artwork.

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Read the following sentences. Circle the adjective or adverb that best completes each sentence.

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Capitalization

First Words and I

The first word of a sentence or a line of poetry should be capitalized. The pronoun I should also be capitalized. Example: That is the first thing I do when I wake up in the morning.
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Salutations and closings in letters and e-mails should also be capitalized. Example: Dear Zahara, Sincerely

Write an e-mail in the space below about what you did last night. Be sure to capitalize correctly.

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Capitalization

Proper Nouns
Proper nouns and their abbreviations should always be capitalized. This includes names of people and names of pets. Examples: Aiden OConnor, my dog Buster
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1. my older sister, amy, and i went out to dinner on my birthday.

2. my mother took our cat, bentley, to the veterinarian. 3. ashok used moms car to pick up kenny. 4. should i go with the russells to soccer practice? 5. irina and i baked a cake for elizabeths party.

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Read the following sentences. Circle the letters that should be capitalized.

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Now write two sentences of your own about two of your friends. Be sure to use proper capitalization.
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Capitalization

Geographical Names
Geographical names should be capitalized. These include the following: towns/cities countries world regions stars/planets islands streets counties states continents mountains bodies of water
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For each type of geographical name listed in the box above, write an example below. Be sure to capitalize correctly.

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Capitalization

Capitalizing Proper Nouns

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Remember that proper nouns should always be capitalized. These include names of people and animals and geographical names.

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1. have you ever been to mount rushmore?

2. mount rushmore is in the black hills of south dakota. 3. we visited the amazing sight last Summer. 4. we drove through the midwest to get there. 5. we traveled there in a van with the garcias. 6. their children are the same age as we are. 7. on our way there and back, we crossed the mississippi river. 8. next summer were going to the grand canyon.

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Read the following sentences. Circle the letters that should be capitalized. Draw a line through any letters that are capitalized but should not be.

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Capitalization

Groups, Time Periods, and Events

Names of groups should be capitalized. These include organizations, businesses, institutions, government agencies, political parties, and teams. Examples: United Nations, Harvard University, Republican Party, Chicago Bears
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Time periods and events are also capitalized. These include days, months, holidays, historical events, historical periods, important documents, and special events. Examples: Sunday, January, Flag Day, World War II, the Bill of Rights, the Olympics

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Give an example of each type of group, time period, and event listed above. Make sure to capitalize correctly.

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Capitalization

Nationalities, Races, and Religions

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Nationalities, races, religions, and languages should be capitalized. Examples: China, Asian, Judaism, French

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Write a paragraph about a foreign country. Include information about race, common religions, languages, and geographical names and features. Be sure to capitalize correctly.

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Capitalization

Capitalizing Other Proper Nouns

Many other proper nouns should be capitalized. These include awards, brand names, bridges and buildings, memorials and monuments, vehicles such as ships and space shuttles, names of academic courses, and technological terms. Examples: Nobel Prize, Kleenex, Sears Tower, Lincoln Memorial, Challenger, Algebra I, Internet
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Read the list of nouns below. Write a check mark next to those that should be capitalized. ___ 1. first prize ___ 6. high school ___ 7. biology I ___ 8. world wide web ___ 9. callahan tunnel ___10. space shuttle

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___ 2. brooklyn bridge ___ 3. band-aid ___ 4. computer ___ 5. empire state building
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Capitalization

Proper Adjectives
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Most proper adjectives and compound adjectives are capitalized. Examples: French fries, African American

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1. my Mother is french canadian.

2. we had sweet italian sausage for dinner. 3. our dog is a german shepherd named hans. 4. the neighbors have an irish setter that plays with hans. 5. carlos brought swiss chocolates back from europe. 6. Dad bought alaskan king crab at the Seafood Market. 7. i am part american indian. 8. you have a strong british accent.

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Read the following sentences. Circle the letters that should be capitalized. Draw a line through any letters that are capitalized but should not be.

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Capitalization

Titles of People
Titles of people should be capitalized in certain situations. Examples: Governor Randolph, President Bush, Aunt Hilda, Mom Titles can be confusing because they are not always capitalized. Examples: the governor, my aunt, your mom
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Read the following sentences. Circle the letters that should be capitalized. Draw a line through any letters that are capitalized but should not be. 1. have you seen coach hancock? 2. it was grandma who baked the cookies.

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3.

my mom will bring my uniform before the game.

4. the man on television is going to be our new Senator. 5. auntie, will you help me? 6. i didnt know you were Matthews Father.
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Capitalization

Titles of Written and Other Works

Titles of written works should be capitalized. These include books, chapters, short stories, poems, newspapers, articles, and magazines. Also capitalized are titles of plays, television programs, movies, and works of art. Prepositions and articles within the title should not be capitalized unless they are the first or last words. Examples: The Catcher in the Rye, Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening, American Idol
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List a written work for each of the following categories. Be sure to capitalize correctly.

1. favorite book __________________________________________________ 2. favorite short story ______________________________________________ 3. popular newspaper _____________________________________________ 4. favorite magazine ______________________________________________ 5. favorite play __________________________________________________ 6. favorite television series _________________________________________

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Capitalization

Capitalization Review I
Read the following sentences. Correct any words that need to be capitalized. Some words may be capitalized that should not be. Draw a line through each letter that is incorrectly capitalized.
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1. someday i want to climb Mount washington. 2. my Dad said he would help me buy the car thats for sale down the Street, but I dont want a volkswagen jetta. 3. on september 18, i will be eighteen years old. 4. my favorite teacher is mrs. kennedy. she teaches english. 5. on our trip to california, we went to the san diego Zoo.

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6. our house is just down the street from yours at 349 wallingford way. 7. this Summer i want to go see the boston red sox at Fenway park. 8. my Grandmother is irish, and my Grandfather is italian.
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Capitalization

Capitalization Review II
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Write the following items on the lines. Correct any capitalization errors. Write correct on the line if there are no errors. 1. the civil war __________________ 2. my Dad __________________ 3. labor day in september __________________ 4. lake erie __________________ 5. the Governor of indiana __________________ 6. the boston globe __________________

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7. my brother martin __________________ 8. elementary school __________________ 9. algebra I and geometry __________________ 10. summer in maine __________________ 11. the democratic party __________________ 12. visit the Northeast __________________

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Capitalization

Capitalization Review III

Write a sentence for each of the following topics. Be sure to capitalize correctly.
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1. football team ______________________________________ 2. favorite place to visit _________________________________ 3. your heritage __________________________________________

4. your states governor _________________________________________

5. a brand name _______________________________________________________ 6. your favorite movie ________________________________________________

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7. a holiday memory ________________________________________________ 8. a region of the United States _____________________________________ 9. a family member _______________________________________________ 10. the street your school is on _______________________________________
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Capitalization

Capitalization Review IV
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Write a check mark next to the sentences that are capitalized correctly. ___ 1. My Mother said she would rent Lord of the Rings for us this weekend.

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___ 3. I think you should take Elm street to the theater.

___ 4. My favorite Shakespeare play is Romeo And Juliet.

___ ___ ___ ___ ___

5. I will attend Dickinson College in Pennsylvania next fall. 6. We will travel throughout the midwest this Summer. 7. Thanksgiving always falls on the third Thursday in November. 8. My Aunt Millies apartment is just South of Boston. 9. Even though Dad is a Republican, hes voting for the Democratic Party candidate.

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___ 2. We found several artifacts from World War II at the museum.

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___ 10. Grammy hayes will pick you up out front. Shell be in the Cadillac.

Capitalization

Capitalization Review V
List as many rules for capitalization as you can in the space below. You should be able to think of at least twenty. Review your list with a classmate to see what you are missing.
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Punctuation

End Marks
Sentences can end with periods, question marks, or exclamation points. This depends on the type of sentence. A declarative sentence (DS) makes a statement and ends with a period. An imperative sentence (IM) makes a request or gives a direction or command and ends with a period or an exclamation point. An a r interrogative sentence (IN) asks a question and ends with a question G s: p mark. An exclamatory sentence (ES) expresses strong emotion and ends U rma W with an exclamation point. Daily Read the following sentences and add the correct end punctuation. Using the letters in parentheses above, write the type of sentence on the line. ___ 1. Where have you been ___ 2. Ouch That hurts ___ 3. My neighbor gave me a ride to school ___ 4. Take the cat off the counter ___ 5. Please bring your books to class on Monday

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Punctuation

Periods in Abbreviations
Periods are used at the ends of sentences. Periods are also used at the end of abbreviations. Examples: Mrs., Dr., Ulysses S. Grant, A.M., P.M., Ave., Rd., Inc. List as many abbreviations that use periods as you can in the space below.
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Now use five of the abbreviations you listed above in sentences.

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Bonus: What abbreviations do not use periods?

Punctuation

Commas in a Series
Commas are used to help avoid confusion in sentences. They separate items, and they enclose items. Commas are often used to separate items in a series. Example: The fruit salad has cantaloupe, grapes, pineapple, honeydew, and watermelon in it.
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1. I will attend, Boston College, the University of Massachusetts, or Harvard.

2. My mother my father and my sister all went to Boston College. 3. My friends are attending colleges in California, Colorado and Florida. 4. What college I attend depends on what I get for financial aid what scholarships I am awarded and how much money my parents can contribute. 5. I am excited about college, but first I have to, be accepted, complete my senior project, and graduate from high school.

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Read the following sentences. Add any necessary commas, and cross out any that are unnecessary.

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Punctuation

Commas Between Two Adjectives

Sometimes commas should separate two adjectives that precede a noun. You can tell if the comma is necessary by putting the word and between the adjectives. If the sentence still makes sense, a comma is necessary. If the sentence does not make sense, the comma should be omitted. Usually commas are unnecessary after numbers or adjectives that refer to size, shape, or age.
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ma Examples: Make sure you bring that big yellow umbrella. (Big and r& Usag e yellow umbrella doesnt make sense.) Make sure you bring that old, worn-out umbrella. (Old and worn-out umbrella makes sense.)

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Read the following sentences. If a comma should be inserted between the adjectives, write C on the line. Write N if no comma is necessary. ___ 1. Emily left three short messages on our voice mail at home. ___ 2. The hot humid weather should be here by the end of the month. ___ 3. Youve had those old dirty sneakers since middle school.
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___ 4. That baby has the most beautiful bright blue eyes.

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Commas in Compound Sentences

A comma is necessary to separate two independent clauses in a sentence if the clauses are joined by a conjunction. Example: My family went to Florida, and Sayeeds family went to California.
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Below are pairs of independent clauses. Put each pair together using ra G commas and conjunctions. : ps U arm 1. my favorite fruit is watermelon my sisters favorite is kiwi W y l i Da ________________________________________________________ 2. I am on the baseball team Kendra is on the track team

_____________________________________________________________ 3. Billy rode his bike his mother walked the dog

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_____________________________________________________________ 4. Tawana put up the tent Jacob built a fire

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_____________________________________________________________

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Commas and Introductory Elements

A comma is necessary after introductory elements such as prepositional phrases, participial phrases, and adverb clauses. Prepositional phrase: After we went to dinner, we saw a movie. Participial phrase: Walking by the classroom, I noticed we had a substitute. Adverb clause: Because I was running late, I needed a ride to school. Read the following sentences. Add a comma when necessary.
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1. If you want to go to the concert you have to get tickets immediately.

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2. In 2001 terrorists flew planes into the World Trade Center. 3. Listening to the lecture I realized I left my notes at home. 4. Under several stacks of paper I found my application. 5. Since you werent here yesterday we decided to do the presentation without you.

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Commas in Dates, Addresses, and Letters

Commas are used to separate parts of dates and addresses. Examples: On June 3, 2006, my sister graduated from high school. We live at 442 Camden Lane, Chestnut Hill, Connecticut 06226.

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Commas are also used in letters and e-mails after salutations and closings. Examples: Dear Mrs. Rodriguez, Love, Sincerely,

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Imagine you are setting up an interview for a scholarship. E-mail the person who will be interviewing you. Tell him or her where you live and when you will be available for an interview. Be sure to use commas correctly.

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Commas in Direct Address and Parenthetical Expressions

Commas are used in direct address. Example: Jade, have you heard about the game?

Commas are also used in parenthetical expressions. This is information in the sentence that can be taken out without changing the meaning. Example: By the way, do you have any extra gym clothes? Read the following sentences and add commas when necessary. 1. The teachers I believe are all in a meeting.

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2.

Where Mr. Beckett do you suggest I write my reply?

3. To tell you the truth Leah Ive never heard of anything like that. 4. This car on the other hand seems as though it will suit your needs. 5. Kristy please hand me the remote.
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6. I do however think I can finish my essay by tomorrow.

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Setting Off Appositives

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Commas are used to set off appositives. Remember that an appositive identifies or explains a noun or pronoun in a sentence. Example: Henry, the boy I babysit, takes a long nap in the afternoon.

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___ 1. Amanda my best friend is leaving for college next week.

___ 2. After dinner we had dessert, something we havent had in a long time. ___ 3. Kelisha, our teams leading scorer, will be out for the rest of the season. ___ 4. Mrs. Simmons my favorite teacher never gives homework over the weekend. ___ 5. John, my cousin, writes a column for the school newspaper. ___ 6. Belle the best dancer in the class has won many competitions. ___ 7. Mr. Menendez the lab assistant helped us write our reports. ___ 8. Sydney, typically a loner, ate her lunch with a classmate today.

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Read the following sentences. Write a check mark next to the sentences that have commas in the correct places.

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Put In the Punctuation

In the space below, write a paragraph about your morning, but do not include any end marks or commas. Exchange paragraphs with a classmate. Insert any punctuation necessary in your classmates paragraph. Then return the paragraphs. Check to see if your classmate inserted the proper punctuation in your paragraph.
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Comma Rules
You have just spent some time reviewing commas. Think of all the rules for when commas are needed. List as many as you can below. You should be able to think of at least ten.
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Italics and Quotation Marks

Italics are used for most titles. These include books, magazines, newspapers, plays, movies, television programs, long musical compositions, works of art, and names of vehicles such as ships and space shuttles. Quotation marks are also used for titles. These include chapters in books, poems in books, articles in magazines or newspapers, episodes of television series, and songs.
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Read the following sentences. Underline anything that should be in italics, and insert quotation marks where appropriate.

1. We have to recite Frosts Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. 2. When I was younger, my favorite book was Tuck Everlasting.

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3. I love almost all Disney movies, but my favorite is The Little Mermaid. 4. That was a wonderful rendition of America the Beautiful. 5. My father reads the Wall Street Journal every morning. 6. One of my favorite episodes of Friends was The One Where Everybody Finds Out.

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Inserting Quotation Marks

Read the following sentences. You will notice that the quotation marks have been omitted. Insert the quotation marks when needed.
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2. Your father said that he will drop you off at school on his way to work.

3. That building over there, he said, is the tallest building in the city. 4. Did you hear your grandmother say happy birthday? 5. I think the chapter titled The Ghost Returns is the scariest part of this novel. 6. Our history teacher told us that he wouldnt give us homework this weekend.

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1. Hannah, have you read Maya Angelous poem Phenomenal Woman? Mr. Harrison asked.

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Apostrophes
Apostrophes are most commonly used to show possession and in contractions. Examples: Is that Dads car? (possession) No, that isnt his car. (contraction for is not)
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Use apostrophes to turn the following words into possessives. 1. Simon ______________ 2. women ______________ 3. everyone ______________ 4. players ______________ 5. Travis ______________

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6. sister-in-law ______________

Turn the following pairs of words into contractions and use each in a sentence.

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7. cannot 8. he is 9. they are 10. you would

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Semicolons
Semicolons are used between clauses of a compound sentence that are not joined by a conjunction. Semicolons also help avoid confusion.
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___ 2. Antonio is tall, Stacy is short. ___ 3. We are having chicken, rice, and salad for dinner; so dont spoil your appetite. ___ 4. Esther plays in a band; Kayla plays solo. ___ 5. I brought the graham crackers, marshmallows, and chocolate; you go in the woods and get sticks. ___ 6. Running inside with scissors; Bill could have hurt himself.

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___ 1. I have never been to Boise, Idaho; Sacramento, California; or Tallahassee, Florida.

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Read the following sentences. If the semicolons are used correctly, write C on the line. If they are used incorrectly, write I on the line.

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Colons
Colons are used before most lists. Often the colon is preceded by the words the following. Colons are also used to introduce long quotations. They are used between hours and minutes in time, between titles and subtitles, and after salutations in business letters.
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Write five sentences about how you spend your weekends. You must use at least one colon in each sentence.

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Hyphens
Hyphens are used when writing out the numbers twenty-one through ninety-nine. They are used in compound nouns such as mother-in-law and compound adjectives such as all-around. Hyphens also appear in fractions when the fractions are used as adjectives. Hyphens separate the prefixes ex-, self-, and all- from their base words. Hyphens also separate prefixes from proper nouns and adjectives.
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Write sentences that include each of the following uses of hyphens.

1. numbers ______________________________________________________ 2. compound nouns _______________________________________________ 3. compound adjectives ___________________________________________ 4. fractions _____________________________________________________ 5. prefixes ______________________________________________________

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Dashes and Parentheses

Dashes and parentheses work to set off information much as commas do. Dashes set off an abrupt change in thought, an appositive that is introduced by words such as for example and for instance, and parenthetical expressions or appositives that include commas. Parentheses are used to set off information that is not closely related to the meaning of the sentence.
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Read the following sentences. Insert dashes and parentheses when needed. 1. Where is the girl she just moved in across the street going?

2. We walked or should I say crawled back to our hotel room after a long day.

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3. Three teachers Mr. Dugan, Ms. Ortiz, and Ms. Thayer are all nominated for the Teacher of the Year award. 4. That puppy often found sleeping in his cage bites my fingers when he plays. Now write two sentences of your own. One should contain dashes, and one should contain parentheses.
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Punctuation Review I
Read each of the following sentences, paying close attention to the punctuation. If the punctuation is correct, write C on the line. If it is incorrect, write I on the line and correct the punctuation errors.
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___ 2. Out of all twenty-one of you, only two submitted well written essays.

___ 3. Omar after youre finished vacuuming will you please help me fold the laundry make the bed and take out the trash ___ 4. Please choose two of the following activities for winter carnival; ice skating, snow sculpture, sledding, ice hockey, cross-country skiing, and snowshoeing. ___ 5. Benjamin Franklina statesman, a scientist, an inventor, and a philosopherwas one of our Founding Fathers.

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___ 1. Isnt your application due Monday, May 1 by 12:00 A.M.?

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Punctuation Review II
Write a paragraph about what you think your life will be like in ten years. Do not include punctuation. Write sentences that should include commas, quotation marks, apostrophes, semicolons, colons, hyphens, dashes, and parentheses. Then exchange your paragraph with a classmate and fill in the punctuation. When finished, return paragraphs and check to see if your classmate correctly filled in all the missing punctuation.
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salesperson helped Erin look for her dress in another color. 7. First Person Singular/Plural Second Person Singular/Plural Third Person Singular/Plural I, me, my, mine we, us, our, ours you, your, yours you, your, yours he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its they, them, their, theirs

1. Concrete nouns name people, places, and things. Abstract nouns name ideas. Lists of concrete and abstract nouns will vary. 2. 1. C; 2. C; 3. A; 4. A; 5. C; 6. A; 7. C; 8. A; 9. A; 10. C; 11. C; 12. A 3. 1. grandmother, United States, Ireland, Great Depression; 2. brother, school, Toyota Camry; 3. Ryan, nights, weekends, Parkers Restaurant; 4. Aunt Hilda, iPod, birthday; 5. high school, college, Boston University 4. Answers will vary. 5. Compound: first aid, home run, post office, washing machine, sleeping bag, paperback, fish tank, bystander, greenhouse, motorcycle, software Collective: gang, group, crew, league, crowd, tribe, family, orchestra, herd, committee 6. 1. Bianca and Erin went to the mall to shop for their prom dresses. 2. Jamie found the exact dress that she was looking for. 3. Erin found a dress that she loved, but it wasnt her size. 4. The

8. 1. Mrs. Edwards, her; 2. Jorge, Derek, they; 3. gym, it; 4. mother, her, children, they, their; 5. Miranda, her, test, she, it 9. 1. herself, R; 2. yourself, I; 3. himself, R; 4. herself, I; 5. myself, R 10. Lists will vary but may include all, another, any, anybody, anyone, anything, both, each, either, everybody, everyone, everything, few, many, most, neither, nobody, none, no one, nothing, others, Daily Warm-Ups: Grammar & Usage

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several, some, someone. Sentences will vary. 11. 1. Who, that; 2. Whose, this; 3. these; 4. Which, that; 5. those; 6. What 12. 1. reflexive or intensive; 2. interrogative; 3. indefinite; 4. demonstrative; 5. personal; 6. indefinite; 7. personal; 8. demonstrative; 9. interrogative; 10. indefinite; 11. personal; 12. intensive 13. 1. raised, asked; 2. popped; 3. flew; 4. applied; 5. rode; 6. ate, watched 14. 1. A; 2. A; 3. B; 4. A; 5. B 15. 1. T; 2. I; 3. T; 4. T; 5. I; 6. I 16. Answers will vary but should include many of the following: is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been, has, have, had, do, does, did, may, might, must, can, could, shall, should, will, would 17. 1. will be finished; 2. should write; 3. are giving; 4. is going; 5. might take; 6. have been running; 7. was rushing; 8. were looking 18. 1. Y; 2. N; 3. Y; 4. Y; 5. N Daily Warm-Ups: Grammar & Usage

19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.

25. 26.

27. 28. 29.

Paragraphs will vary. Sentences will vary. Answers will vary. Sentences will vary. Adjectives will vary. 1. well-dressed, French; 2. fifteen-minute, American; 3. three-headed; 4. Boston; 5. fair-skinned, high-heeled 1. a; 2. an; 3. an; 4. a; 5. a; 6. an; 7. a; 8. a; 9. an; 10. a; 11. an; 12. a 1. favorite, the, tall, black; 2. a, long, exhausting, the; 3. The, excessive; 4. a, gorgeous; 5. a, stunning, gold; 6. The, narrow; 7. two, delicious, the, Italian; 8. The, little, a , pink, new Sentences will vary. The following should be checked: 2, 3, 5, 6, 8, 9, 11, 13, 14, 15 1. carefully; 2. basically; 3. easily; 4. comfortably; 5. rarely; 6. happily; 7. drastically; 8. quickly; 9. equally; 10. variably; 11. barely; 12. terribly

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remembered my book, but I forgot my homework. 2. I got home from school early, so I watched television for an hour. 3. I want to visit the art museum, or I want to visit the museum of natural history. 4. I fell skiing down the mountain, and I broke my wrist. 5. I got eleven hours of sleep last night, yet I still feel tired. Sentences will vary. Examples will vary. 1. a word that names a person, place, thing, or idea; 2. a word that takes the place of one or more nouns; used to eliminate repetition; 3. a word that expresses action or being; 4. a word that describes a noun or a pronoun; 5. a word that modifies a verb, adjective, or other adverb; 6. a word that shows the relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence; 7. a word that joins other words or groups of words; 8. a word or group of words that shows feeling Answers will vary. Daily Warm-Ups: Grammar & Usage

30. 1. already, too, quickly; 2. quietly, outside; 3. sometimes, usually; 4. ever, again; 5. Yesterday, today; 6. eagerly, near; 7. more, later; 8. rather, well 31. Sentences will vary. 32. 1. a, fluffy white, the; 2. patiently, a snow; 3. the, a, an, extra, ten-minute; 4. eagerly, warm, cozy; 5. Fortunately, three, too, late, previous 33. 1. onto; 2. to, with; 3. until; 4. during; 5. beside, at; 6. no preposition 34. Lists will vary but may include the following: about, above, across, after, against, along, among, around, at, before, behind, below, beneath, beside, between, beyond, by, down, during, for, from, in, inside, into, of, off, on, onto, out, outside, over, through, throughout, to, toward, under, up, upon, with, within, without 35. 1. either, or; 2. whether, or; 3. but; 4. and; 5. not only, but also; 6. and 36. Sentences will vary. Suggested answers: 1. I

37. 38. 39.

40.

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41. 1. S; 2. S; 3. F; 4. S; 5. S; 6. F 42. Sentences will vary. 43. 1. interrogative; 2. imperative; 3. exclamatory; 4. declarative; 5. interrogative; 6. imperative; 7. declarative; 8. exclamatory 44. 1. puppy, played; 2. Henry, bought; 3. Kaylee, locked; 4. Kyle, took 45. 1. A slice of apple pie; 2. The little black dog; 3. The lady across the street; 4. My sister Tiana; 5. Anthony 46. 1. chased our car down the street; 2. baked us cookies when we moved in; 3. knows how to make jewelry; 4. always gives tests on Mondays Sentences will vary. 47. Sentences will vary. 48. 1. Y; 2. N; 3. Y; 4. Y; 5. N; 6. N 49. Sentences will vary. 50. 1. me; 2. you; 3. class; 4. me; 5. you; 6. Ella 51. 1. sent (V), e-mail (D), Mr. Hernandez (I); 2. gave (V), gift certificate (D), grandmother (I); Daily Warm-Ups: Grammar & Usage

52.

53. 54. 55.

56. 57. 58.

3. mailed (V), bill (D), parents (I); 4. made (V), card (D), father (I); 5. read (V), story (D), kindergartners (I); 6. threw (V), fastball (D), batter (I) 1. dancer (PN), Emily (S); 2. pets (PN), dogs (S); 3. instructor (PN), Mr. Lopez (S); 4. player (PN), Sanjay (S); 5. asset (PN), John (S) 1. N; 2. Y; 3. Y; 4. Y; 5. N; 6. N Sentences will vary. 1. shy (PA), teacher (S); 2. beautiful (PA), flowers (S); 3. hot (PA), it (S); 4. old and tired (PA), dog (S); 5. smart (PA), teacher (S) 1. RA; 2. PA; 3. PA; 4. RA; 5. PA; 6. RA 1. PN; 2. PA; 3. PA; 4. PA; 5. PN; 6. PN; 7. PN; 8. PA 1. contains two or more subjects, uses the same verb, and is joined by a conjunction such as and or or; 2. contains two or more verbs, uses the same subject, and is joined by a conjunction such as and or or; 3. a noun or pronoun that receives the

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favorite instrument (AP); 5. Mr. Manchester (A) 67. Sentences will vary. 68. Sentences will vary. 69. Sentences may vary slightly. 1. We had my favorite, brownie sundaes, for dessert. 2. Sophie, my cousin, plays the violin well. 3. I read a great book, The Joy Luck Club, last week. 4. Have you seen my parents friend Pedro? 5. The Morins, our neighbors, are moving next week. 6. Britney, a skier, pulled a ligament in a race. 70. 1. burnt; 2. screeching; 3. howling, camping; 4. torn 71. Participles will vary. 72. 1. Driving to school, Raymond; 2. Reviewing her notes, Jackie; 3. test, printed on both sides of the paper; 4. Tired from his long day, Kasim; 5. Mrs. Goodman, walking up and down the aisles 73. 1. Landing safely on the runway, the plane neared the airport. 2. The children, covered in mud, ran through the kitchen. 3. The vegetables grown in Daily Warm-Ups: Grammar & Usage

59. 60. 61. 62.

63.

64. 65. 66.

action of the verb; 4. part of a sentence that follows an action verb and comes between the verb and the direct object; 5. a noun or pronoun that completes the linking verb; 6. an adjective that follows a linking verb and describes the subject Sentences will vary. Paragraphs will vary. Sentences will vary. 1. girl on the bus; 2. students in the auditorium; 3. homework for that class; 4. shade of pink; 5. baby across the hall 1. angry with me; 2. crossed, with great satisfaction; 3. slept during our flight; 4. Because of our hunger, ordered; 5. pass, with your help 1. where; 2. how; 3. when; 4. why; 5. how; 6. where 1. ADJ; 2. ADV; 3. ADV; 4. ADJ; 5. ADV; 6. ADJ 1. Tyrone (A); 2. a book by Sylvia Plath (AP); 3. the capital city of Massachusetts (AP); 4. my

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74. 75.

76. 77. 78. 79.

80. 81. 82.

my garden are organic. 4. The students talking during the movie had to stay after class. All sentences should be checked except for number 1. Sentences will vary. 1. Hiking up the mountain; 2. doing my homework; 3. raking the lawn; 4. Flying over the Grand Canyon; 5. smoking cigarettes; 6. Pushing this button Sentences will vary. 1. G; 2. P; 3. P; 4. G; 5. G; 6. P Answers will vary. 1. to speak clearly; 2. to send flowers to the neighbors; 3. To pass the test; 4. to try surfing; 5. To avoid getting in trouble; 6. to change my mind 1. G; 2. I; 3. P; 4. P; 5. G; 6. P; 7. I; 8. I 1. C; 2. P; 3. P; 4. C; 5. P; 6. P; 7. C; 8. C Answers will vary slightly. 1. I am going to bed, and you should, too. 2. Grants birthday is in April, and Selims is in May. 3. I have Mr. Lopez

83. 84. 85.

86. 87. 88.

89.

for English, and my sister has Mrs. Thomas. 4. My favorite class is biology, and Shannons is geometry. Sentences will vary. 1. S; 2. I; 3. S; 4. I; 5. I; 6. S 1. whenever your mother gets home; 2. if it rains tomorrow; 3. so I wouldnt forget it; 4. after it had started; 5. while I make the salad; 6. before they burn Sentences will vary. Sentences will vary. 1. which is downstairs on the coffee table; 2. that has a headlight out; 3. who got in the car accident; 4. that we take every day; 5. who wrote this paper; 6. who takes a hands-on approach; 7. that I just bought; 8. who gave that assignment 1. that you bought last week; 2. when we went shopping; 3. where we stayed; 4. that Isabel attends; 5. who passed the test; 6. which was left over from dinner

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96. 1. S; 2. C; 3. S; 4. C; 5. S; 6. C 97. 1. C; 2. CC: 3. CC; 4. C 98. 1. I forgot your birthday because I didnt write it on my calendar. 2. Here is my history paper that you wanted to read before I handed it in. 3. Grandma brought strawberry pie, which was a big hit. 4. Since it is raining, we are going to the movies instead. 5. Where is Monica? She was supposed to help me study. 99. Answers may vary slightly. 1. I broke my leg, so the doctor took an X ray. 2. Kyle got a new laptop, and he uses it all the time. 3. Thanh went to bed early because he wasnt feeling well. 4. Angela wrote a short story. She won an award for it. 5. Samantha got her license. She practiced for hours the day before her test. 100. Sentences will vary. 101. Principal parts and sentences will vary. 102. Regular verbs and charts will vary. 103. Principal parts and sentences will vary. Daily Warm-Ups: Grammar & Usage

90. Answers will vary slightly. 1. The waiter, whose name escapes me, brought us our breakfast. 2. The store where I bought my jeans is in the mall. 3. My mother rented me a movie, which is about airplanes. 4. The restaurant where the customers got food poisoning was shut down. 5. My sister goes everywhere in her car, which she bought herself. 91. 1. Our neighbor, who makes a great apple pie, is Mrs. Kimball. 2. no commas necessary; 3. That book, which is the best book I have ever read, is over there. 4. no commas necessary; 5. no commas necessary 92. 1. How much I weigh; 2. whoever writes the best essay; 3. what I can handle right now; 4. where diamonds are found; 5. how he did the trick 93. Sentences will vary. 94. 1. ADJ; 2. N; 3. ADV; 4. ADV; 5. ADJ; 6. N; 7. ADJ; 8. ADV 95. Sentences will vary.

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104. Irregular verbs and charts will vary. Irregular verbs may include buy, catch, feel, find, get, keep, lead, lose, say, seek, send, sit, teach, think, and tell. 105. Irregular verbs, principal parts, and sentences will vary. 106. 1. grown; 2. threw; 3. known; 4. took; 5. give 107. 1. beginning, began, begun; 2. drinking, drank, drunk; 3. shrinking, shrank, shrunk; 4. singing, sang, sung; 5. sinking, sank, sunk; 6. swimming, swam, swum 108. 1. gone; 2. fell; 3. ridden; 4. ate; 5. wore; 6. run; 7. came; 8. written 109. 1. brought; 2. making; 3. sold; 4. spoken; 5. stole; 6. draw; 7. known; 8. saw 110. 1. I; 2. I; 3. C; 4. I; 5. C; 6. I; 7. C; 8. I 111. 1. C; 2. I; 3. C; 4. I; 5. C 112. 1. sit; 2. setting; 3. sitting; 4. sitting; 5. sat; 6. sets 113. Sentences will vary. 114. call; called; will call; have called; had called; will have called Daily Warm-Ups: Grammar & Usage

115. cook; cooked; will cook; have cooked; had cooked; will have cooked. Sentences will vary. 116. Chart 1: drive; driving; drove; have driven Chart 2: drive; drove; will drive; have driven; had driven; will have driven 117. 1. Past tense verbs are formed by adding -ed or -d to the present form, unless its an irregular verb. 2. Future tense is formed by adding will or shall to the present form. 3. Present perfect tense is formed by adding has or have to the past form. 4. The past perfect tense is formed by adding had to the past form. 5. Future perfect tense is formed by adding will have or shall have to the past form. 118. 1. future perfect; 2. present perfect; 3. future; 4. present perfect; 5. past perfect; 6. present 119. Sentences will vary. Verb forms: am traveling; was traveling; will be traveling; have been traveling; had been traveling; will have been traveling 120. Sentences will vary. 121. 1. P; 2. A; 3. A; 4. P; 5. P; 6 A

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136. 1. younger, youngest; 2. brighter, brightest; 3. quieter, quietest; 4. nicer, nicest 137. 1. more interesting, most interesting; 2. smaller, smallest; 3. more delicious, most delicious; 4. funnier, funniest; 5. friendlier, friendliest; 6. more careful, most careful 138. 1. worse, worst; 2. better, best; 3. more, most; 4. less, least; 5. more, most 139. 1. most delicious; 2. better; 3. more beautiful; 4. friendliest; 5. taller; 6. tougher 140. Sentences will vary. 141. Advertisements will vary. 142. 1. well; 2. good; 3. well; 4. well; 5. good; 6. well, good 143. Sentences will vary. 144. The following sentences are suggestions for those that should have been rewritten: 1. You dont need any shoes. 2. We never catch anything when we go fishing. 4. We didnt have any of the new uniforms for our game. Daily Warm-Ups: Grammar & Usage

122. 123. 124. 125. 126.

127. 128. 129. 130. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135.

1. were making; 2. has; 3. are; 4. plays The following sentences should be checked: 2, 4, 7 Sentences will vary. Sentences will vary. Objective singular: me, you, him, her, it. Objective plural: us, you, them. Possessive singular: my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its. Possessive plural: our, ours, your, yours, their, theirs. 1. I; 2. We; 3. she; 4. she; 5. He; 6. I; 7. I; 8. they The following should be checked: 2, 5, 8 Sentences will vary. 1. who; 2. whom; 3. who; 4. whom; 5. whom; 6. who; 7. who; 8. whom The following should be checked: 2, 4, 6 Sentences will vary. The following sentences should be checked: 1, 2, 5. Sentences will vary. Paragraphs will vary. Answers will vary.

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Answer Key

145. 1. quick; 2. loudly; 3. slowly; 4. eager; 5. nervously; 6. proud 146. E-mails will vary. 147. 1. My, Amy, I; 2. My, Bentley; 3. Ashok, Moms, Kenny; 4. Should, I, Russells; 5. Irina, I, Elizabeths; Sentences will vary. 148. Geographical names will vary. 149. 1. Have, Mount Rushmore; 2. Mount Rushmore, Black Hills, South Dakota; 3. We, summer; 4. We, Midwest; 5. We, Garcias; 6. Their; 7. On, Mississippi River; 8. Next, Grand Canyon 150. Examples will vary. 151. Paragraphs will vary. 152. The following should be checked: 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 9 153. 1. My, mother, French, Canadian; 2. We, Italian; 3. Our, German, Hans; 4. The, Irish, Hans; 5. Carlos, Swiss, Europe; 6. Alaskan, seafood, market; 7. I, American, Indian; 8. You, British 154. 1. Have, Coach, Hancock; 2. It, Grandma; 3. My; 4. The, senator; 5. Auntie; 6. I, father Daily Warm-Ups: Grammar & Usage

155. Answers will vary. 156. 1. Someday, I, Washington; 2. My, dad, street, Volkswagen, Jetta; 3. On, September, I; 4. My, Mrs. Kennedy, She, English; 5. On, California, San Diego; 6. Our, Wallingford Way; 7. This, summer, I, Boston Red Sox, Park; 8. My, grandmother, Irish, grandfather, Italian 157. 1. the Civil War; 2. my dad; 3. Labor Day in September; 4. Lake Erie; 5. the governor of Indiana; 6. the Boston Globe; 7. my brother Martin; 8. correct; 9. Algebra I and Geometry; 10. summer in Maine; 11. the Democratic Party; 12. correct 158. Sentences will vary. 159. The following sentences should be checked: 2, 5, 7, 9 160. Rules for capitalization include the following: first word in a sentence, first word in a line of poetry, the pronoun I, salutations and closings in letters and e-mails, names of people and animals,

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191
Massachusetts, or Harvard. 2. My mother, my father, and my sister all went to Boston College. 3. My friends are attending colleges in California, Colorado, and Florida. 4. What college I attend depends on what I get for financial aid, what scholarships I am awarded, and how much money my parents can contribute. 5. I am excited about college, but first I have to be accepted, complete my senior project, and graduate from high school. 164. 1. N; 2. C; 3. C; 4. N 165. Answers will vary. Sample answers: 1. My favorite fruit is watermelon, but my sisters is kiwi. 2. I am on the baseball team, and Kendra is on the track team. 3. Billy rode his bike, and his mother walked the dog. 4. Tawana put up the tent, and Jacob built a fire. 166. 1. If you want to go to the concert, you have to get tickets immediately. 2. In 2001, terrorists flew planes into the World Trade Center. 3. Listening to the lecture, I realized I left my notes at home. Daily Warm-Ups: Grammar & Usage

geographical names (towns/cities, streets, counties, states, countries, regions, continents, islands, mountains, bodies of water, stars, planets), names of groups (organizations, businesses, institutions, government agencies, political parties, teams), time periods and events (days, months, holidays, historical events, historical periods, special events), documents, nationalities, races, religions, languages, awards, brand names, bridges, buildings, memorials, monuments, vehicles, academic courses, technological terms, proper adjectives, titles of people, titles showing family relationships, and titles of written works, plays, television programs, movies, and works of art. 161. 1. IN, question mark; 2. ES, two exclamation points; 3. DS, period; 4. IM, period or exclamation point; 5. IM, period or exclamation point 162. Abbreviations and sentences will vary. Bonus: State abbreviations do not contain periods. 163. 1. I will attend Boston College, the University of

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Answer Key

167. 168.

169. 170. 171.

4. Under several stacks of paper, I found my application. 5. Since you werent here yesterday, we decided to do the presentation without you. E-mails will vary. 1. The teachers, I believe, are all in a meeting. 2. Where, Mr. Beckett, do you suggest I write my reply? 3. To tell you the truth, Leah, Ive never heard of anything like that. 4. This car, on the other hand, seems as though it will suit your needs. 5. Kristy, please hand me the remote. 6. I do, however, think I can finish my essay by tomorrow. The following sentences should be checked: 2, 3, 5, 8 Paragraphs will vary. Answers will vary but may include the following: items in a series, adjectives before a noun, compound sentences, introductory elements, dates and addresses, salutations and closings of letters/emails, addressing a person directly, parenthetical

expressions, appositives, and nonessential participle phrases and clauses. 172. 1. We have to recite Frosts Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening. 2. When I was younger, my favorite book was Tuck Everlasting. 3. I love almost all Disney movies, but my favorite is The Little Mermaid. 4. That was a wonderful rendition of America the Beautiful. 5. My father reads the Wall Street Journal every morning. 6. One of my favorite episodes of Friends was The One Where Everybody Finds Out. 173. 1. Hannah, have you read Maya Angelous poem Phenomenal Woman? Mr. Harrison asked. 2. no quotation marks needed 3. That building over there, he said, is the tallest building in the city. 4. Did you hear your grandmother say happy birthday? 5. I think the chapter titled The Ghost Returns is the scariest part of the novel. 6. no quotation marks needed 174. 1. Simons; 2. womens; 3. everyones; 4. players;

Daily Warm-Ups: Grammar & Usage

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193
skiing, and snow shoeing. 5. C 180. Paragraphs will vary.

175. 176. 177. 178.

179.

5. Traviss; 6. sister-in-laws 7. cant; 8. hes; 9. theyre; 10. youd; Sentences will vary. 1. C; 2. I; 3. I; 4. C; 5. C; 6. I Sentences will vary. Sentences will vary. 1. Where is the girlshe just moved in across the streetgoing? 2. We walked (or should I say crawled) back to our hotel room after a long day. 3. Three teachersMr. Dugan, Ms. Ortiz, and Ms. Thayerare all nominated for the Teacher of the Year award. 4. That puppy (often found sleeping in his cage) bites my fingers when he plays. Sentences will vary. 1. C 2. I; Out of all twenty-one of you, only two submitted well-written essays. 3. I; Omar, after youre finished vacuuming, will you please help me fold the laundry, make the bed, and take out the trash? 4. I; Please choose two of the following activities for winter carnival: ice skating, snow sculpture, sledding, ice hockey, cross-country

Daily Warm-Ups: Grammar & Usage

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