Department of Education Bureau of Learning Delivery

Teaching and Learning Division

Supplementary Learning Module

for Senior High School Learners

Grade Levels: Grades 12 STEM

Specialized Subject: General Physics 1
Semester: First

Learning Competencies:
STEM_GP12REDIIa-1: Calculate the moment of inertia about a given axis of
single-object and multiple-object systems
STEM_GP12REDIIa-3: Calculate magnitude and direction of torque using the
definition of torque as a cross product
STEM_GP12REDIIa-4: Describe rotational quantities using vectors
STEM_GP12REDIIa-5: Determine whether a system is in static equilibrium or not
STEM_GP12REDIIa-6: Apply the rotational kinematic relations for systems with
constant angular acceleration
STEM_GP12REDIIa-9: Determine angular momentum of different systems
STEM_GP12REDIIa-10: Use the fact that the magnitude of acceleration due to
gravity on the Earth’s surface is nearly constant and approximately 9.8 m/s2 in
free-fall problems
STEM_GP12REDIIa-8: Solve static equilibrium problems in contexts but not
limited to see-saws, cable-hinge-strut system, leaning ladders, and weighing a
heavy suitcase using a small bathroom scale
 Supplementary Learning Module for
Senior High School Learners

Week 1: ROTATIONAL MOTION

This watermill uses rotational motion allowing it to supply

electricity to the house. In this module, you will learn to
describe and appreciate the importance of rotational motion.

Hi there! I am teacher ___________ and I will be guiding you

throughout this module. At the end of this module, you should be
able to:

1. calculate the moment of inertia about a given axis of single-object and

multiple-object systems,
2. calculate magnitude and direction of torque using the definition of torque as a
cross product,
3. describe rotational quantities using vectors,
4. determine whether a system is in static equilibrium or not,
5. apply the rotational kinematic relations for systems with constant angular
acceleration,
6. determine angular momentum of different systems
7. use the fact that the magnitude of acceleration due to gravity on the Earth’s
surface is nearly constant and approximately 9.8 m/s2 in free-fall problems,
and
8. solve static equilibrium problems in contexts but not limited to see-saws,
cable-hinge-strut system, leaning ladders, and weighing a heavy suitcase
using a small bathroom scale.
Hello there! I am teacher ________ and will also guide you in this
module. Before we start with the module, answer first the pre-
assessment below.

Direction: Encircle the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following is the rotational analog of force?
(A) Angular momentum (C) moment of inertia
(B) Angular velocity (D) torque

2. Which of the following has a greater moment of inertia?

(A) long, fat leg (C) short, fat leg
(B) long, thin leg (D) short, thin leg

3. Which of the following is needed for a rigid body to be in equilibrium?

(A) It must be stable.
(B) The net torque on it must be zero.
(C) The net force acting on it must be zero.
(D) The net force and the net torque acting on it must be zero.

4. What will happen if an ice skater spinning on one of her toes extends her arms?
(A) Her moment of inertia and angular velocity will increase.
(B) Her moment of inertia and angular velocity will decrease.
(C) Her moment of inertia will decrease but her angular velocity will increase.
(D) Her moment of inertia will increase but her angular velocity will decrease.

5. If considering the moment of inertia of a body, it is convenient to assume as if all

its mass were concentrated at a single point from the center of rotation. What is
this distance called?
(A) center of mass (C) lever arm
(B) center of gravity (D) radius of gyration

6. A uniform meterstick is supported at the 50 cm mark. A 25 N weight is placed at

the 10 cm mark. Where should a 200 N weight be placed for the meterstick to be
in equilibrium?
(A) 1.25 cm mark (C) 51.25 cm mark
(B) 5.0 cm mark (D) 55.0 cm mark

7. A wheel is rotating at an angular speed of 2.0 radians/s. How much torque is

needed to accelerate it to 4.0 radians/s in 5 s? The wheel has a moment of inertia
of 0.25 kg•m2
(A) 0.01 Nm (C) 1.0 Nm
(B) 0.10 Nm (D) 10 Nm
8. Which of the following represents the product of the mass of each particle in a
rotating rigid body and the square of its radius?
(A) Angular momentum (C) moment of inertia
(B) Angular velocity (D) torque

9. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

(A) The moment of inertia about an axis parallel to the axis passing through the
center of mass is computed using the parallel axes theorem.
(B) The torque is not affected by the radius from which the force is acted at.
(C) The angular speed of the minute hand of a clock is 10°/min.
(D) The torque is a scalar quantity.

10. Which of the following statements is TRUE?

(A) Rotational kinetic energy is affected by the moment of inertia I of the object.
(B) The moment of inertia of an object does not affect its angular momentum.
(C) The total weight of a body is always concentrated at its center of mass.
(D) Angular momentum is the product of moment of inertia and mass.
 DO THIS!

Lesson 1: ROTATIONAL MOTION

In this lesson, you will be introduced about rotational motion,

including the variables affecting it and its application in some
situations.

Rotation is described as a movement of an object about an axis, in which every

particle of an object moves along a circular path. Examples are motion of electric fan
and electric blender blades, movement of hands of the clock, and the most common,
planets like Earth, and others rotating on its axis.

Rotational Motion Quantities

Comparison of quantities in rectilinear motion and rotational motion

Rectilinear Motion Rotational Motion Formula/ Units

Relationship
Linear ∆𝑥𝑥 Angular ∆𝜃𝜃 𝑠𝑠 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 radians
displacement ∆𝑠𝑠 Displacement
Linear velocity 𝑣𝑣 Angular Velocity 𝜔𝜔 ∆𝜃𝜃 deg/s
𝜔𝜔 =
𝑡𝑡 rev/s
𝑣𝑣 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 rad/s
Linear 𝑎𝑎 Angular 𝛼𝛼 𝜔𝜔𝑓𝑓 − 𝜔𝜔𝑖𝑖 deg/s2
𝛼𝛼 =
Acceleration Acceleration 𝑡𝑡 rev/s2
𝑎𝑎 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 rad/s2

Using the quantities above, the equations in kinematics for constant acceleration can
be written as:
Translation Rotational
1 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑣⃑𝑡𝑡 ∆𝜃𝜃 = 𝜔𝜔 �⃑𝑡𝑡
2 𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓 + 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 𝜔𝜔 𝑓𝑓 + 𝜔𝜔𝑖𝑖
𝑣𝑣𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝜔𝜔𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 =
2 2
3 𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓 − 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 𝜔𝜔𝑓𝑓 − 𝜔𝜔𝑖𝑖
𝑎𝑎 = 𝛼𝛼 =
𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡
4 2𝑎𝑎𝑎𝑎 = 𝑣𝑣𝑓𝑓 2 − 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 2 2𝛼𝛼∆𝜃𝜃 = 𝜔𝜔𝑓𝑓 2 − 𝜔𝜔𝑖𝑖 2
5 1 1
∆𝑥𝑥 = 𝑣𝑣𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 + 𝑎𝑎𝑡𝑡 2 ∆𝜃𝜃 = 𝜔𝜔𝑖𝑖 𝑡𝑡 + 𝛼𝛼𝑡𝑡 2
2 2
Moment of Inertia

Moment of inertia I is the characteristic of a rotating object to resist change in its

initial state of rotation. An object with greater moment of inertia has a greater
resistance to angular acceleration. The moment of inertia of any particle about an
axis is

𝐼𝐼 = 𝑚𝑚𝑟𝑟 2

where m it the mass of the particle and r is the distance of the particle from the axis.

For solids which are composed of several system of particles, the moment of inertia
is the sum of the individual moments of inertia of each particle composing the solid,
that is 𝐼𝐼 = ∑𝑖𝑖 𝑚𝑚𝑖𝑖 𝑟𝑟𝑖𝑖 2

Radius of gyration, which is analogous to center of mass, is the distance of a

𝐼𝐼
concentrated mass m from an axis of rotation and is calculated as 𝑘𝑘 = �𝑚𝑚
Object Axis Moment of Inertia
1. Thin hoop, Through the center 𝑚𝑚𝑟𝑟 2
radius r

2. Thin hoop, Through the 1

𝑚𝑚𝑟𝑟 2 +
1
𝑚𝑚𝑤𝑤 2
2 12
radius r width w central diameter

3. Solid cylinder, Through the center 1

𝑚𝑚𝑟𝑟 2
radius r 2

4. Hollow Through the center 1

𝑚𝑚(𝑟𝑟1 2 + 𝑟𝑟2 2 )
2
cylinder, inner
radius r1
outer radius r2
 5. Uniform Through the center 2
sphere, radius r 𝑚𝑚𝑟𝑟 2
5

6. Long uniform Through the center 1

𝑚𝑚𝑙𝑙 2
rod, length 𝑙𝑙 12

7. Long uniform Through the end 1 2

𝑚𝑚𝑙𝑙
rod, length 𝑙𝑙 3

8. Rectangular Through the center 1

𝑚𝑚(𝑙𝑙 2 + 𝑤𝑤 2 )
thin plate, length 12
𝑙𝑙 width 𝑤𝑤

The Parallel Axis Theorem

When the moment of inertia of a body about a certain axis is known and we would like
to determine the moment of inertia about another axis parallel to the first, we use 𝐼𝐼 =
𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐 + 𝑚𝑚𝑟𝑟⏊ 2

where 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐 is the moment of inertia I about a parallel axis passing through the center of
mass m of the body, and 𝑟𝑟⏊ is the perpendicular distance between the two axes.

KEEP THIS IN MIND!

Rotation is described as a movement of an object about an axis, in which
every particle of an object moves along a circular path. Translational motion
quantities are analogous to those of the rotational quantities.A body in
rotational motion has a centripetal acceleration and a tangential
acceleration. The net acceleration between the two is the actual acceleration
of the body in rotation. When the moment of inertia of a body about a certain
axis is known and we would like to determine the moment of inertia about
another axis parallel to the first, we use the concept of parallel axes theorem,
𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐 + 𝑚𝑚𝑟𝑟⏊ 2
 EXPLORE!

Rotational Motion Quantities

1. The wheels of a bicycle make 15 rev in 20 s. (a) What is the average angular
velocity of the wheel in rad/s? (b) What displacement does the wheel travel if its
radius is 0.50 m?

Given:
𝜃𝜃 = 15 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑡𝑡 = 20 𝑠𝑠
a. Determine the angular displacement first before calculating the angular
velocity
2 𝜋𝜋 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑑𝑑
𝜃𝜃 = 15 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 � � = 94.25 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
1 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝜃𝜃 94.25 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝜔𝜔 = = = 4.71 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠
𝑡𝑡 20 𝑠𝑠
b. The linear displacement traveled can be calculated using
𝑠𝑠 = 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑠𝑠 = (0.50 𝑚𝑚)(94.25 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 ) = 47.13 𝑚𝑚

2. Four children climb on a carousel that is initially at rest. If the carousel

accelerates to 0.4 radians per second within 10 seconds, what is the angular
acceleration? What is its linear rotation 3 m from axis of rotation?

𝑟𝑟 = 3𝑚𝑚
𝛼𝛼 =?
t = 10 s

𝜔𝜔𝑖𝑖 = 0
𝜔𝜔𝑓𝑓 = 0.4 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠
𝜔𝜔𝑓𝑓 − 𝜔𝜔𝑖𝑖 0.4 − 0
𝛼𝛼 = = = 0.04 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠 2
𝑡𝑡 10

To find linear acceleration,

a = rα = (3 m)(0.04 rad/𝑠𝑠 2 ) = 0.12 𝑚𝑚/𝑠𝑠 2

Start answering here:

1. A dog jogs around a circular track of diameter 30 m for a total distance of 375
m in 5.0 min. (a) How many times did the dog jog around the track? (b) What
is the dog’s average angular velocity in radians/s?
Answer: 10 times
0.04 rad/s
Moment of Inertia

Sample Problem:
1. In a town fiesta, a majorette is twirling a baton in
her hand. The baton is composed of a 0.25 kg
mass metal at the end of a slim rod separated
with a distance of 0.10 m. The rod is 0.60 m long.
Neglecting the mass of the rod, calculate the
moment of inertia and radius of gyration of the
baton about an axis perpendicular to the rod and
intersecting it at (a) middle and (b) 0.1 m from
one end of the rod.

Solution:
a. The moment of inertia at the middle or at axis a is
𝐼𝐼 = 𝑚𝑚1 𝑟𝑟1 2 + 𝑚𝑚2 𝑟𝑟2 2
𝐼𝐼 = (0.25 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)(0.30 𝑚𝑚 + 0.05 𝑚𝑚)2 + (0.25 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)(0.30 𝑚𝑚 + 0.05 𝑚𝑚)2
= 0.061 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝑚𝑚2

The radius of gyration at the middle is

𝐼𝐼 0.061 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝑚𝑚2
𝑘𝑘 = � = � = 0.35 𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚 0.25 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + 0.25 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘
b. The moment of inertia at an axis 0.1 m from one end or at axis b is
𝐼𝐼 = 𝑚𝑚1 𝑟𝑟1 2 + 𝑚𝑚2 𝑟𝑟2 2
𝐼𝐼 = (0.25 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)(0.10 𝑚𝑚 + 0.05 𝑚𝑚)2 + (0.25 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)(0.50 𝑚𝑚 + 0.05 𝑚𝑚)2
= 0.081 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝑚𝑚2

The radius of gyration at the middle is

𝐼𝐼 0.081 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝑚𝑚2
𝑘𝑘 = � = � = 0.40 𝑚𝑚
𝑚𝑚 0.25 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 + 0.25 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Start answering here:

1. A meterstick with a width of 0.03 m is rotated around the one of its ends. If a
0.20 kg spherical metal ball with 0.02 m radius is attached to the other opposite
end, what is the moment of inertia and radius of gyration of the meterstick-ball
set-up? Assume that the meterstick has negligible mass and thickness.
1 1
I = 𝑚𝑚𝑟𝑟 2 + 𝑚𝑚𝑤𝑤 2
2 12

2. Identical spheres with radius 0.40 m are positioned in the four corners of a
square. If the mass of the sphere is 3.0 kg and the measure of each side of
the square is 4.0 m, determine the moment of inertia about an axis in the
plane running diagonally through two masses and the radius of gyration. Hint:
2 𝑠𝑠 2
Use 𝐼𝐼 = 4 � 𝑚𝑚𝑟𝑟 2 � + 2𝑚𝑚 � �
5 2
√
Parallel Axes Theorem

Sample Problems

1. A 20.0 gram cylindrical brass with a hollowed center

has an outer diameter of 12.0 cm and inner diameter
of 6.0 cm. Calculate the (a) moment of inertia of the
cylindrical brass about an axis passing through its
center, and (b) moment of inertia about an axis passing
through its edge parallel to the previous axis.

6.0 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
Given: 𝑟𝑟1 = = 3.0 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.03 𝑚𝑚
2
12.0 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐
𝑟𝑟2 = = 6.0 𝑐𝑐𝑐𝑐 = 0.06 𝑚𝑚
2
𝑚𝑚 = 20.0 𝑔𝑔 = 0.20 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘

Solution:

Using equation 4, for thick-walled cylinder, the moment of inertia is

1
determined to be 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐 = 𝑚𝑚(𝑟𝑟1 2 + 𝑟𝑟2 2 )
2
1 1
𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐 = 𝑚𝑚(𝑟𝑟1 2 + 𝑟𝑟2 2 ) = (0.20 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘) (0.032 + 0.062 ) = 4.5𝑥𝑥10−4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝑚𝑚2
2 2

The moment of inertia about an axis parallel to the center of mass axis can be
determined by the parallel axis theorem
𝐼𝐼 = 𝐼𝐼𝑐𝑐 + 𝑚𝑚𝑟𝑟⏊ 2 = (4.5𝑥𝑥10−4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝑚𝑚2 ) + (0.20 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)(0.06 𝑚𝑚)2 = 1.17𝑥𝑥10−3 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝑚𝑚2

Start answering here:

1. A 30.0 kg blade of a helicopter rotates through

a radius of 3 m (axis a). Assuming that the
blade is a rectangular thin plate, with length 𝑙𝑙 =
6 𝑚𝑚 and width 𝑤𝑤 = 0.5 𝑚𝑚, calculate the (a)
moment of inertia of the blade about an axis
passing through its center, and (b) moment of
inertia about an axis passing through its edge
(axis b).
 DO THIS!

Lesson 2: TORQUE AND EQUILIBRIUM

In this lesson, we will discuss torque and equilibirum and

apply these concepts to our daily lives as we go with the
discussion.

Torque

Analyze these situations:

This door hinged at one edge experiences a torque.

Points A, B and C are possible locations of your
doorknob from the hinge. Which do you think will
create a maximum effect?
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________

Aside from the location of the doorknob, the orientation

of your push will affect the torque. Orientations are
labeled A, B and C at the right. Which do you think will
create a maximum effect?
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________
_________________________________________

The effect of a force in rotating a body is called torque 𝝉𝝉 or moment of force, a vector
quantity. This is equal to the product of the force applied F by the perpendicular
displacement (called moment arm or lever arm, r) of its line of action from the pivot
point. In formula, that is
 𝝉𝝉 = 𝒓𝒓 ∙ 𝐅𝐅
A maximum torque (in units Newton•meter or Nm) is achieved when the line of action
of force is perpendicular (90°) to the lever arm. If not, only a component of the force
creates a torque and that is calculated as
𝝉𝝉 = 𝒓𝒓 ∙ 𝐅𝐅 𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬𝐬 𝜽𝜽
where 𝜽𝜽 is the angle between the line of action of force and the distance of axis of
rotation. The parallel component of the force exerts no torque on the rotating body. A
positive torque produces a counterclockwise direction while a negative torque
produces a clockwise direction.

Newton’s Laws of motion also applies to rotating bodies. The first law states that an
stationary object will continue not to rotate or a rotating body will continue
rotating unless acted by a net external torque. Similarly, the second law states that
an unbalanced torque acting in a rigid body produces angular acceleration.

This angular acceleration 𝜶𝜶 is directly proportional to the unbalanced torque

and inversely proportional to the object’s moment of inertia I about an axis of
rotation.

In formula, 𝝉𝝉 = 𝑰𝑰𝜶𝜶

Lastly, third law states that for every action torque, there is an equal but opposite
reaction torque.

Angular Momentum

Angular momentum (L) of a rotating object about a fixed axis is calculated as the
product of its moment of inertia (I) about this axis and its angular velocity (𝜔𝜔)
represented in the equation 𝐿𝐿 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼, with SI unit kg•m2/s.

Conservation of the total angular momentum is applied in the absence of a net external
torque. Hence, both initial and final angular momentum are the same.
𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 = 𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓
𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 𝜔𝜔𝑖𝑖 = 𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓 𝜔𝜔𝑓𝑓

Rotational Work and Kinetic Energy

Rotational work is described to be the product of torque and angular displacement.

Power is the rate of doing work or work done per unit time.

𝑊𝑊 = 𝜏𝜏𝜏𝜏
𝑊𝑊
𝑃𝑃 =
𝑡𝑡
Any rotating rigid body has a kinetic energy calculated as:
1
𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 𝐼𝐼𝜔𝜔2
2
Any rolling body experiences both translational and rotational kinetic energies. Hence,
total kinetic energy can be calculated as:
1 1
𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 = 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇𝑇 + 𝐾𝐾𝐾𝐾𝑅𝑅𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑡 = 𝑚𝑚𝑣𝑣 2 + 𝐼𝐼𝜔𝜔2
2 2
Conditions for Equilibrium

1. Translational Equilibrium
∑ 𝐹𝐹 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 0 ∑ 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 0
The net force acting on an object is zero.

2. Rotational Equilibrium
∑ 𝜏𝜏 = 0
The sum of the torques about any point is zero.
In physics problems, a rigid body is used as this is defined to be any extended
body that does not change in size and shape.

EXPLORE!

Torque

Sample Problems:
1. An object located at (3𝚤𝚤̂ + 4𝚥𝚥̂) m is acted upon by a constant force of 10𝑘𝑘� N.
Determine the torque about the origin that the object experiences as a result of this
force. (Hint: Use the vector conventions to derive cross products.

Solution:
𝝉𝝉 = 𝒓𝒓 ∙ 𝐅𝐅 = (3𝚤𝚤̂ + 4𝚥𝚥̂) 𝑥𝑥 10𝑘𝑘� = 30(𝚤𝚤̂ 𝑥𝑥 𝑘𝑘� ) + 40(𝚥𝚥̂ 𝑥𝑥 𝑘𝑘� ) = −30𝚥𝚥̂ + 40𝚤𝚤̂
= (40𝚤𝚤� − 30𝚥𝚥̂) 𝑁𝑁𝑚𝑚

2. Calculate the resultant torque about A when the forces shown in the figure act on
a 10.0 N rod. The rod is 12 m long and its weight is acting its center.

With point A as reference, B, C and D creates a clockwise torque, hence negative

while E does not create a torque.
� 𝝉𝝉𝑨𝑨 = (𝟑𝟑. 𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎)(−𝟔𝟔. 𝟎𝟎 𝑵𝑵) 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝟔𝟔𝟔𝟔 + (𝟑𝟑. 𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎)(−𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟎𝟎 𝑵𝑵) + (𝟑𝟑. 𝟎𝟎 𝒎𝒎)(−𝟖𝟖. 𝟎𝟎 𝑵𝑵) 𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔𝒔 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑

� 𝝉𝝉𝑨𝑨 = −𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 − 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑 − 𝟏𝟏𝟏𝟏 = − 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓. 𝟓𝟓𝟓𝟓 𝑵𝑵𝑵𝑵

The negative sign indicates that the rotation produced by the torque is clockwise.
3. Determine the torque needed to accelerate a stationary Ferris wheel to 7 rad/s in
20 s. Assume the Ferris wheel to be a disk of radius 15 m and a mass of 1000 kg.
(Hint: Calculate moment of inertia I and angular acceleration first)
1 1
𝐼𝐼 = 𝑚𝑚𝑟𝑟 2 = (1000 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)(15 𝑚𝑚)2 = 112500 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝑚𝑚2
2 2
𝜔𝜔𝑓𝑓 − 𝜔𝜔𝑖𝑖 7 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠 − 0
𝛼𝛼 = = = 0.47 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠 2
𝑡𝑡 15 𝑠𝑠
𝝉𝝉 = 𝑰𝑰𝑰𝑰 = (112500 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝑚𝑚2 )( 0.47 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠 2 ) = 52500 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁

Start answering here:

1. Calculate the torque about the origin produced by a constant force of

�5𝚤𝚤̂ + 4𝑘𝑘� � 𝑁𝑁 on a particle located (�𝚤𝚤̂ − 2𝑘𝑘� � 𝑚𝑚.

2. Using the same problem in number 2 earlier, determine the resultant torque
about point C.

3. A 2.0 kg object is suspended using a cable that

passes over a pulley of radius 0.50 m. The cable has a
moment of inertia 2 kg•m2. Assuming that the cable has
a negligible mass, determine the (a) torque produced
by the suspended cable on the pulley, (b) angular
acceleration of the pulley, and (c) acceleration of the
object.

Angular Momentum

Sample Problem
1. A body rotating at 2 rad/s has a moment of inertia of 4 kg•m2. What is the body’s
angular momentum?

Given:
Moment of inertia (I) = 4 kg•m2
Angular speed (ω) = 2 rad/s

Required:
Angular momentum (L)

𝐿𝐿 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼 = (4 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝑚𝑚2 )(2 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠) = 8 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑠𝑠

2. A cylindrical pulley rotates at a constant angular speed of 4 rad/s. What is the
angular momentum of the pulley if its mass is 3 kg and its radius is 0.2 m?

Given: Required:
mass of pulley (m) = 3 kg Angular momentum
radius of pulley (r) = 0.2 m (L)
Angular speed (ω) = 4 rad/s

Solution:
Moment of inertia (I) of solid cylinder
1
𝐼𝐼 = 𝑚𝑚𝑟𝑟 2
2
1
𝐼𝐼 = (3 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘)(0.2 𝑚𝑚)2
2
𝐼𝐼 = 0.06 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝑚𝑚2

Angular momentum (L) of solid cylinder

𝐿𝐿 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼
𝐿𝐿 = (0.06 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝑚𝑚2 ) (4 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑠𝑠)
𝐿𝐿 = 0.24 𝑘𝑘𝑘𝑘 ∙ 𝑚𝑚2 /𝑠𝑠

3. Flywheel A rotates on a frictionless shaft at an angular velocity of 𝜔𝜔𝑖𝑖 = 1200 rev/min.

Flywheel B, initially at rest with twice the moment of inertia as of A, is dropped onto
it A making both to spin at the same rotational velocity. Assuming that the shaft has
negligible inertia, use the law of conservation of angular momentum to determine
the angular velocity 𝜔𝜔𝑓𝑓 (in rad/s) of the combined flywheels.

𝐿𝐿𝑖𝑖 = 𝐿𝐿𝑓𝑓
𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 𝜔𝜔𝑖𝑖 = 𝐼𝐼𝑓𝑓 𝜔𝜔𝑓𝑓
𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 𝜔𝜔𝑖𝑖 = (𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 + 2𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 )𝜔𝜔𝑓𝑓
𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 𝜔𝜔𝑖𝑖 = 3𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 𝜔𝜔𝑓𝑓
𝜔𝜔𝑖𝑖
= 𝜔𝜔𝑓𝑓
3
1200 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟/𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
= 𝜔𝜔𝑓𝑓
3
400 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
= 𝜔𝜔𝑓𝑓
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
 400 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 2𝜋𝜋 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 1 𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
� �� �� � = 𝜔𝜔𝑓𝑓
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑛𝑛 1 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 60 𝑠𝑠

𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
41.89 = 𝜔𝜔𝑓𝑓
𝑠𝑠

Start answering here:

1. An object rotates at 3 rad/s and has a moment of inertia of 5 kg•m2. What is the
object’s angular momentum?

2. A 0.5 kg sphere rotates at a constant angular speed of 5 rad/s. What is the

angular speed if it has a uniform radius of 25 cm. (Hint: Determine first the
moment of inertia of the spehere.)

3. A merry-go-round at a playground is rotating at 4.0 rev/min. Three children jump

on and increase the moment of inertia of the merry-go-round/children rotating
system by 25%. What is the new rotation rate (in rad/s)?

Rotational Work and Kinetic Energy

Sample Problems:

1. A blade of an electric washing machine produces

a torque of 15 Nm stops after 10 rev. (a) How
much work is done by the torque to stop the
blade? (b) If the blade stops after 5.0 seconds,
how much power is done by the stopping device
that provided the torque?

Given:
𝜏𝜏 = 15 𝑁𝑁𝑁𝑁
𝜃𝜃 = 10 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝑡𝑡 = 5.0 𝑠𝑠
a. Convert 10 rev to radians.
2𝜋𝜋 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
𝜃𝜃 = 10 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 � � = 62.83 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
1 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟
Work done is calculated as
𝑊𝑊 = 𝜏𝜏𝜏𝜏 = (15 𝑁𝑁 ∙ 𝑚𝑚)(62.83 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟) = 942.45 𝐽𝐽

b. Power is calculated as
𝑊𝑊 942.45 𝐽𝐽
𝑃𝑃 = = = 188.49 𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊𝑊 𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 188.49 𝑊𝑊
𝑡𝑡 5.0 𝑠𝑠

Start answering here:

1. A wrench is rotated through 5 revolutions making a torque of 10 Nm and being
stopped by a hand after 20 s. (a) How much work is done by the torque to stop the
rotating wrench? (b) How much power is done by your hand that provided the
torque?
2. A rotating stool chair produces a torque of 20 Nm. When it stopped after 10 s of
completing 8 revolutions, (a) how much work is done by the torque to stop the
rotating wrench? (b) How much power is done by your hand that provided the
torque?

Conditions for Equilibrium

Sample Problems:

1. A taho vendor carries a 1.5 m long light plank over his shoulder. At the ends of the
plank are two buckets weighing 40 N and 60 N, respectively. (a) Find the value of
force F exerted by his shoulder. Neglect the weight of the plank. (b) Where should
he support the plank for it to be balanced horizontally?

a. First condition for equilibrium

F – 40 N – 60 N = 0
F = 100 N
b. Second condition for equilibrium
� 𝜏𝜏 = 𝑥𝑥(−100𝑁𝑁)𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 90 + (1.5 𝑚𝑚)(40 𝑁𝑁)𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 90 = 0
𝑥𝑥 = 0.6 𝑚𝑚 𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐴𝐴 (This is where the taho vendor should support.)

2. A uniform 80.0 N ladder 4.0 m long is placed against a frictionless wall with its
base situated 2.0 m from the wall. Find the forces exerted by the wall and by the
ground on the ladder.
2.0 𝑚𝑚
𝜃𝜃 = cos −1 = 60𝑜𝑜
4.0 𝑚𝑚

� 𝐹𝐹𝑥𝑥 = 𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 − 𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤 = 0

𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 = 𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤
� 𝐹𝐹𝑦𝑦 = 𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 − 80.0 𝑁𝑁 = 0
𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 = 80.0 𝑁𝑁

� 𝑇𝑇𝐺𝐺 = (4.0 𝑚𝑚)𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤 𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠60 − (2.0𝑚𝑚)(80.0 𝑁𝑁)𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠𝑠 30 = 0

𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤 = 23.1 𝑁𝑁
𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 = 𝐹𝐹𝑤𝑤 = 23.1 𝑁𝑁

𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺 = �𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 2 + 𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 2 = �(23.1 𝑁𝑁)2 + (80.0 𝑁𝑁)2 = 83.3 𝑁𝑁

 𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 80.0 𝑁𝑁
φ = tan−1 = tan−1 = 73.9𝑜𝑜 𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤ℎ 𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟 𝑡𝑡𝑡𝑡 𝑡𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑒 𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔
𝐹𝐹𝐺𝐺𝐺𝐺 23.1 𝑁𝑁

Start answering here:

1. A father and his son are supposed to carry a load of 500 N. They decided to use a
pole (of uniform mass distribution) 4.0 m long and weighing 60 N. They support the
pole at the ends. Where should the load be placed so that the father supports three
times as much weight as his son?

2. A uniform ladder rests against a smooth wall so that it makes an angle of 60° with
the ground. The ladder is 10.0 m long and weighs 150 N. How far can a 250 N child
go before the ladder slips? The coefficient of friction between the ladder and the
ground is 0.4.

KEEP THIS IN MIND!

A maximum torque (in units Newton•meter or Nm) is achieved when the line of action of
force is perpendicular (90°) to the lever arm. Angular momentum (L) of a rotating object
about a fixed axis is calculated as the product of its moment of inertia (I) about this axis
and its angular velocity (𝜔𝜔) represented in the equation 𝐿𝐿 = 𝐼𝐼𝐼𝐼, with SI unit kg•m2/s.
Rotational work is described to be the product of torque and angular displacement. For
an object to be in complete equilibrium, the net force acting on an object is zero and the
sum of the torques about any point is zero
 APPLY WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED

Now that you learned the concept of rotational motion, it is time to apply
the concept to the real world. Read the text below to further understand
the topic. You will be given scenarios where you are tasked to answer
on your own.

Explain how The Leaning Tower of Pisa

satisfies the principle for stability.

Explain how the Marina Bay Sands Hotel in

Singapore satisfies the principle for stability.
Why does a cat land on its legs when
dropped?

Explain why a diver pulls his hands and legs

close to his body when jumping from a diving
board into the swimming pool in order to
increase the number of somersaults.
Performance Task: Balancing Bird Toy

Materials

two pennies
a toothpick
clear tape
glue stick
coloring materials

Procedure

1) Do any coloring you want to do.

2) Cut out bird and tail. Make sure to cut along the wing lines that go into the body
area.
3) Fold the bird in half.
4) Apply glue stick to inside of the forward half of head (eye and beak area) and stick
halves together. (Note: Beak can be reinforced with clear tape if it seems too flimsy.)
5) Make a slight crease along the lengths of the wings, to stiffen them.

6) Tape toothpick to underside of wings, across the center, (like the cross bar of a
kite).

7) Insert tail piece and secure with tape on the underside.

8) Roll two pieces of tape and apply one to each penny. Stick pennies on the
undersides of the ends of the wings and then check balance. Adjust the pennies if
necessary, to make the bird balance well. Once pennies are in the right place, secure
them with a little more tape.

9. Balance the bird through a toothpick or thin wire and take a photo.
 Congratulations! You have reached the end of the module. Have you learned
the concepts of rotational motion? Fill up the following exit ticket below.

I understand
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Hi there! Now that you have read and understood the concepts,
let us check what have you got by answering the post-
assessment below.

Directions: Read and choose the correct answer. Write your answers on a separate
sheet of paper.

1. A spinning ice skater on extremely smooth ice is able to control the rate at which
she rotates by pulling in her arms. Which of the following statements are true
about the skater during this process? (There could be more than one correct
choice.)
A) Her angular momentum remains constant.
B) Her kinetic energy remains constant.
C) Her moment of inertia remains constant.
D) She is subject to a constant non-zero torque.
2. The moment of inertia of a solid cylinder about its axis is given by 0.5MR2. If this
cylinder rolls without slipping, what is the ratio of its rotational kinetic energy to its
translational kinetic energy?
A) 3:1 B) 1:2 C) 1:3 D) 2:1

3. A disk, a hoop, and a solid sphere are released at the same time at the top of an
inclined plane. They are all uniform and roll without slipping. In what order do they
reach the bottom?
A) hoop, sphere, disk C) sphere, disk, hoop
B) hoop, disk, sphere D) disk, hoop, sphere

4. An object's angular momentum changes by 10 kg-m2/s in 2.0 s. What magnitude

average torque acted on this object?
A) 5 N-m B) 20 N-m C) 2.5 N-m D) 10 N-m

5. A boy and a girl are balanced on a massless seesaw. The boy has a mass of 60
kg and the girl's mass is 50 kg. If the boy sits 1.5 m from the pivot point on one
side of the seesaw, where must the girl sit on the other side for equilibrium?
A) 1.8 m B) 1.3 m C) 2.5 m D) 3.0 m

6. Angular momentum cannot be conserved during what condition?

A) when there is a net force on the system.
B) when the angular displacement changes.
C) when the moment of inertia changes.
D) when there is net torque on the system.

7. Consider a solid uniform sphere of radius R and mass M rolling without slipping.
Which form of its kinetic energy is larger, translational or rotational?
A) Both are equal.
B) Rotational kinetic energy is larger.
C) Translational kinetic energy is larger.
D) You need to know the speed of the sphere to tell.

8. What condition or conditions is/are necessary for static equilibrium?

A) ΣFx = 0
B) ΣFx = 0, ΣFy = 0
C) ΣFy = 0
D) ΣFx = 0, ΣFy = 0, Στ = 0

9. Consider a rigid body that is rotating. Which of the following is an accurate

statement?
A) Its center of rotation must be moving with a constant velocity.
B) Its center of rotation must be at rest, i.e., not moving.
C) All points on the body are moving with the same angular velocity.
D) All points on the body are moving with the same linear velocity.
10. A planet of constant mass orbits the sun in an elliptical orbit. Neglecting any
friction effects, what happens to the planet's rotational kinetic energy about the
sun's center?
A) It remains constant.
B) It increases continually.
C) It decreases when the planet approaches the sun, and increases when it
moves farther away.
D) It increases when the planet approaches the sun, and decreases when it
moves farther away.

Rotation a movement of an object about an axis, in which every

particle of an object moves along a circular path
Moment of Inertia the characteristic of a rotating object to resist change in
its initial state of rotation

Angular momentum product of its moment of inertia (I) about this axis and its
angular velocity (𝜔𝜔)

Rotational work The product of torque and angular displacement

REFERENCES

Arevalo, Ryan. 2017. DIWA Senior High School Series: General Physics 1. Diwa
Learning Systems Inc.

Caintic, Helen. 2017. General Physics 1 for Senior High School. C & E Publishing,
Inc.

Silverio, Angelina. 2017. Exploring Life Through Science Series General Physics 1.
Phoenix Publishing House.

Young & Freedman, University Physics with Modern Physics, 14th Edition | Pearson.
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AhUC7JQKHbVzC9IQ2-cCegQIABAA&oq=majorette&gs_lcp=
CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAA
6BAgjECc6BAgAEEM6BQgAELEDUIyOowFYyZajAWCJm6MBaABwAHgAgAHYAY
gBpAqSAQUwLjguMZgBAKABAaoBC2d3cy13aXotaW1nwAEB&sclient=img&ei=Tu
ExX4GSGoLY0wS1562QDQ&bih=461&biw=1079&tbs=sur%3Afm&hl=en#imgrc=iC1
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https://www.google.com/search?q=helicopter+blade&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwjktZP
3spLrAhXlzIsBHb2FDJEQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=helicopter+blade&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzICCAAyAggAMgIIADICC
AAyAggAMgIIADICCAAyAggAMgIIADICCAA6BAgAEEM6BwgAELEDEENQ0QRYu
wpgmgxoAHAAeACAAfMBiAH4B5IBBTAuNC4ymAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWf
AAQE&sclient=img&ei=1ikyX-
TyHOWZr7wPvYuyiAk&bih=461&biw=1079&tbs=sur%3Afm&hl=en#imgrc=ZfMk-
njOEi0q6M Retrieved August, 2020

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hWdxYsBHcnuB9oQ2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=open+door&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzIHCAAQsQMQQzIECAAQQzI
ECAAQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIECAAQQzIECA
AQQzoCCAA6BggAEAcQHlCNwwFYm8cBYJvJAWgAcAB4AIABigGIAeUEkgEDMC
41mAEAoAEBqgELZ3dzLXdpei1pbWfAAQE&sclient=img&ei=aC0yX8utO52Lr7wPy
d2f0A0&bih=461&biw=1079&tbs=sur%3Afm&hl=en&hl=en#imgrc=ivSH_HtvJwtQbM
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ahUKEwjfjNyTupLrAhXMBaYKHXzvCo4Q2-
cCegQIABAA&oq=pulley+and+cable+with+weight&gs_lcp=CgNpbWcQAzoECAAQQ
zoCCAA6BQgAELEDOgQIIxAnOgcIABCxAxBDOgYIABAFEB46BAgAEB46BAgAEB
hQ3rmXAljo45cCYLDllwJoAnAAeACAAZsBiAHgHZIBBDAuMzCYAQCgAQGqAQtn
d3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=aTEyX5-
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https://openstax.org/books/university-physics-volume-1/pages/11-3-conservation-of-
angular-momentum Retrieved August, 2020

https://www.maxpixel.net/Clean-Washing-Machine-Clothes-5423359 Retrieved
August, 2020
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games/documents/BalancingBirdToyPatternPage_000.pdf Retrieved August, 2020

DISCLAIMER
The contents of this module such as text, graphics, images and other
materials are for general and educational purposes. I created this module
solely for non – commercial, informational and educational purposes.
There is no intention on my part to claim ownership as to the contents or
make profit out of this module.

Prepared by: ROBERTO D. SAMSON, JR.

Master Teacher II
Mandaue City Comprehensive National High School
Mandaue City, Cebu
July, 2020