Bicol University

College of Engineering
Department of Chemical Engineering
East Campus
Legazpi, City

MACHINE PROBLEM
(SHELL MOMENTUM BALANCE: FLOW THROUGH CIRCULAR TUBE AND
ANNULUS)
INTRODUCTION
The flow behavior of fluids is crucial to virtually every aspect of the chemical process and
related industries. When fluid flow occurs in a single direction everywhere in a system, shell
balances are useful devices for applying the principle of conservation of momentum. An example
is incompressible laminar flow of fluid in a straight circular pipe. Other examples include flow
between two wide parallel plates, flow of a liquid film down an inclined plane and flow through
annulus.

A momentum balance can be written for a control volume called a shell, which is
constructed by translating a differential cross-sectional area (normal to the flow) in the direction
of the flow over a finite distance.

Fluid velocity varies across the cross-section only in one coordinate direction and is
uniform in the other direction normal to the flow direction. For flow through a straight circular
tube, there is variation with the radial coordinate, but not with the polar angle. If we neglect
entrance and exit effects, the velocity does not vary with distance in the flow direction in both
cases; this is the definition of fully developed flow.

OBJECTIVES
 Discuss the shell momentum balance of the fluid flowing through the circular pipe and
annulus
 Define variables and calculate the laminar velocity profiles for flow systems
 Explain the vanishing and non-vanishing components that are involved in the system
 Introduce the various factors affecting the viscous flow patterns
METHODOLOGY
General Procedure of Shell Momentum Balance
1. Choose a coordinate system.
2. Find the direction of fluid flow
 This will be the fluid flow direction that the momentum balance will be performed
on as well as 𝑗 in. The velocity in the 𝑗 direction will be a function of 𝑖. This 𝑖
direction will be the dimension of the shell that will approach to zero.
3. Identify the non-vanishing velocity component and the spatial variable on which it
depends.
4. For the steady-state, momentum balance can be written as:
{𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑖𝑛} − {𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑢𝑡}
+ {𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚} = 0
 Frequently, this is simplified to a force balance of
∑𝐹 = 0
𝑠𝑦𝑠
5. The relevant forces acting on the system are the following:
 𝐹𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝜌𝑔𝑉 (force of gravity acting on the volume as a whole)
o 𝐹𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 is positive if in the same direction of the fluid flow and negative
otherwise.
 𝐹𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝐴𝜏𝑖𝑗 (momentum flux; 𝐴 = Surface area of the shell)
 𝐹𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑃𝐴 (pressure forces acting on the surfaces; 𝐴 = perpendicular are
6. Divide out the constants and let the thickness of the fluid shell approach to zero.
7. Using the definition of derivative to obtain the corresponding differential equation for the
momentum flux
𝒇(𝒙 + 𝒉) − 𝒇(𝒙)
𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒉→𝟎 𝒉
8. Integrate the equation to get the momentum-flux distribution 𝜏𝑖𝑗
 Find the values of constant using the boundary condition
9. Use Newton’s Law of viscosity and obtain the velocity using differential equation
10. Integrate this equation to get the distribution of velocity; determine the boundary condition
to find the constant of integration
 To find the average value of the velocity,
 ∫ ∫𝑫 𝒗𝒊 𝒅𝑨
< 𝒗𝒊 >=
∫ ∫𝑫 𝒅𝑨

Boundary Conditions
In performing integration, several constants of integration appear, which are evaluated
using “boundary conditions”, that is, statements of physical facts at specified values of the
independent variable. The following are the most used boundary conditions:
a. At solid-fluid interfaces the fluid velocity equals the velocity with which the surface itself
is moving; that is, the fluid is assumed to cling to any solid surfaces with which it is in
contact.
b. At liquid-gas interfaces the momentum flux with velocity gradient in the liquid phase is
nearly zero and can be assumed to be zero in most calculations.
c. At liquid-liquid interfaces the momentum flux perpendicular to the interface, and the
velocity, are continuous across the interface.
d. If there is creeping flow around an object, analyze the condition infinitely far out. (e.g.
𝑟 → ∞ for creeping flow around the sphere)
e. It is also important to check for any unphysical terms. For instances, if it is possible for 𝑥
to equal zero, and the equation has a 𝐶 ln(𝑥) term in it, then 𝐶 = 0 since ln(0) is not
possible and thus the term should not even exist.

I. FLOW THROUGH A CIRCULAR PIPE (GRAVITY FLOW)

 In many chemical engineering processes, one comes across a fluid flowing in a circular
tube. The flow pattern can be understood by applying momentum balance. Here, cylindrical
coordinates are considered.

The assumptions made in the analysis of flow of a

liquid in a circular tube are as follows:
a. Steady-state condition
b. Laminar flow
c. Incompressible fluid, i.e. density and viscosity
are constant
d. Unidirectional flow, i.e. liquid flow is only in z-
direction
e. Newtonian fluid
f. No slip between the liquid and the solid surface
of the wall
g. No “end effects”. The disturbances of the fluid
flow at edges are neglected
h. The fluid flow is under gravity only.

Figure 1: Cylindrical shell of fluid over which

momentum balance is made to get the velocity
i. Postulate: 𝑣𝑧 = 𝑣𝑧 (𝑟), 𝑣𝑟 = 0, 𝑣𝜃 = 0 and 𝑝 = profile
𝑝(𝑧)
j. Non-Vanishing components of 𝝉
𝑑𝑣𝑧
𝜏𝑟𝑧 = 𝜏𝑧𝑟 = −𝜇 ( )
𝑑𝑟

Selecting as our system a cylindrical shell of thickness ∆𝑟 and length 𝐿 in Figure 1, and
in Figure 2 showing the dimension of cylindrical shell cutted into halves.

 The thickness 𝛥𝑟 is infinitesimal which is

negligible.
 Radius: 𝑟 (center to inner radius), 𝑟𝑜 (center
to outer radius shell)
 Circumference: 2𝜋𝑟
 Length of the cylinder: ∆𝑧 𝑜𝑟 𝐿
 Area in which the pressure force exerts: Figure 2: Dimension of Cylindrical Shell
𝐴 = 2𝜋𝑟∆𝑟
Listing the various contributions to the momentum balance in the z-direction:
 Rate of momentum in at radius 𝒓 2𝜋𝑟∆𝑧 𝜏𝑟𝑧 |𝑟
Rate of momentum out at radius
2𝜋𝑟𝛥𝑧 𝜏𝑟𝑧 |𝑟+∆𝑟
(𝒓 + ∆𝒓)
Pressure force at 𝒛 = 𝟎 2𝜋𝑟𝛥𝑟 𝑃|𝑧

Pressure force at 𝒛 = 𝑳 2𝜋𝑟𝛥𝑟 𝑃|𝑧+∆𝑧

Gravity force acting on the shell 2𝜋𝑟𝜌𝑔∆𝑟∆𝑧

Setting up the shell balance yields:

(𝟐𝝅𝒓𝑳 𝝉𝒓𝒛 |𝒓 − 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝑳 𝝉𝒓𝒛 |𝒓+∆𝒓 ) + (𝟐𝝅𝒓𝜟𝒓 𝑷|𝒛 − 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝜟𝒓 𝑷|𝒛+∆𝒛 ) + 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝑳𝝆𝒈∆𝒓 = 𝟎
(Eqn. 1)

Dividing Eqn. 1 by 2𝜋∆𝑟𝐿, letting the thickness of the shell approach zero:

(2𝜋𝑟𝛥𝑟 𝑃|𝑧 − 2𝜋𝑟𝛥𝑟 𝑃|𝑧+∆𝑧 ) + (2𝜋𝑟∆𝑧 𝜏𝑟𝑧 |𝑟 − 2𝜋𝑟𝛥𝑧 𝜏𝑟𝑧 |𝑟+∆𝑟 ) + 2𝜋𝑟𝜌𝑔∆𝑟∆𝑧
=0
2𝜋∆𝑟∆𝑧
𝑟( 𝑃|𝑧 − 𝑃|𝑧+∆𝑧 ) 𝑟(𝜏𝑟𝑧 |𝑟 − 𝜏𝑟𝑧 |𝑟+∆𝑟 )
+ + 𝑟𝜌𝑔 = 0
∆𝑧 ∆𝑟

To find the shear stress (𝝉𝒓𝒛 ):

𝑟(𝜏𝑟𝑧 |𝑟 − 𝜏𝑟𝑧 |𝑟+∆𝑟 ) 𝑟( 𝑃|𝑧 − 𝑃|𝑧+∆𝑧 )
=− − 𝑟𝜌𝑔
∆𝑟 ∆𝑧
(Eqn. 2)
At any two point, if the flow is laminar, the pressure drop ∆𝑃 = 𝑃𝑜 − 𝑃𝐿 is constant.
Utilizing the definition of the derivative yields:
𝑑 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓(𝑥 + ℎ) − 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑟(𝜏𝑟𝑧 |𝑟 − 𝜏𝑟𝑧 |𝑟+∆𝑟 )
= lim =
𝑑𝑥 ℎ⟶0 ℎ ∆𝑟
𝑟(𝜏𝑟𝑧 |𝑟+∆𝑟 − 𝜏𝑟𝑧 |𝑟 ) 𝑟(𝑃0 − 𝑃𝐿 )
lim = lim + 𝑟𝜌𝑔
∆𝑟⟶0 ∆𝑟 ∆𝑟⟶0 ∆𝑧
𝑑(𝑟𝜏𝑟𝑧 ) 𝑟(𝑃0 − 𝑃𝐿 )
= + 𝑟𝜌𝑔
𝑑𝑟 𝐿
(Eqn. 3)
While it is algebraically equal to the above equation, a substitution of modified pressure
can generalize the equation as
 𝑑(𝑟𝜏𝑟𝑧 ) 𝑟(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 )
=
𝑑𝑟 𝐿
(Eqn. 4)
The quantity 𝒫 represents the combined effect of static pressure and gravitational force.
𝒫 may be defined as 𝒫 = 𝑃 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ where ℎ is the distance opposite of gravity. In this problem,
𝒫 = 𝑃 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧 since height 𝑧 is in the same direction as gravity.

Solve Eqn. 4 by differential equation (variable separable) then integrate,

𝑟(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 )
𝑑(𝑟𝜏𝑟𝑧 ) = 𝑑𝑟
𝐿
(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 )
∫ 𝑑(𝑟𝜏𝑟𝑧 ) = ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝐿
(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑟 2 𝑐1
𝑟𝜏𝑟𝑧 = ( )+
𝐿 2 𝑟

The constant 𝑐1 is evaluated by using boundary condition

𝑟 = 0, 𝜏𝑟𝑧 = 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒
Consequently 𝑐1 must be zero, for otherwise the momentum flux would be infinite at the axis of
the tube. Therefore, the momentum flux distribution is
𝒓(𝓟𝟎 − 𝓟𝑳 )
𝝉𝒓𝒛 =
𝟐𝑳
(Eqn. 5)
From Newton’s Law of viscosity,
𝑑𝑣𝑧
𝜏𝑟𝑧 = −𝜇
𝑑𝑟
Arrange the equation to get the 𝑣𝑧 then substitute the momentum flux to 𝜏𝑟𝑧
𝑑𝑣𝑧 𝜏𝑟𝑧
=−
𝑑𝑟 𝜇
𝑑𝑣𝑧 −𝑟(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 )
=
𝑑𝑟 2𝜇𝐿
(Eqn. 6)
Use Eqn. 6 to perform first-order separable differential equation then integrate
𝑑𝑣𝑧 −𝑟(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 )
=
𝑑𝑟 2𝜇𝐿
−𝑟(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 )
𝑑𝑣𝑧 = 𝑑𝑟
2𝜇𝐿
 𝑣𝑧
−(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑟
∫ 𝑑𝑣𝑧 = ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
0 2𝜇𝐿 𝑅

−(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑟 2
𝑣𝑧 = ( ) + 𝑐2
2𝜇𝐿 2
(Eqn. 7)
The constant 𝑐2 is evaluate from the boundary condition (solid-liquid boundary)
𝒓 = 𝑹, 𝒗𝒛 = 𝟎
−(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑅 2
0= ( ) + 𝑐2
2𝜇𝐿 2
(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑅 2
( ) = 𝑐2
2𝜇𝐿 2

Substitute the value of 𝑐2 to Eqn. 7, hence the velocity distribution is

(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑅 2 (𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑟 2
𝑣𝑧 = ( )− ( )
2𝜇𝐿 2 2𝜇𝐿 2
(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 2
𝑣𝑧 = (𝑅 − 𝑟 2 )
4𝜇𝐿
(𝓟𝟎 − 𝓟𝑳 ) 𝟐 𝒓 𝟐
𝒗𝒛 = 𝑹 [𝟏 − ( ) ]
𝟒𝝁𝑳 𝑹
(Eqn. 8)
This result shows that the velocity distribution for laminar, incompressible flow in a tube
is parabolic.
Once the velocity profile has been established, various derived quantities are calculated:

a. Maximum Velocity

The maximum velocity is located at the center of the pipe where 𝑟 = 0; using Eqn. 8,
we can derive the maximum velocity of the fluid flow inside a pipe.
(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 2 𝑟 2
𝑣𝑧 = 𝑅 [1 − ( ) ]
4𝜇𝐿 𝑅
Substitute the value of 𝑟 = 0
(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 2 0 2
𝑣𝑧 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑅 [1 − ( ) ]
4𝜇𝐿 𝑅
(𝓟𝟎 − 𝓟𝑳 ) 𝟐
𝒗𝒛 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑹
𝟒𝝁𝑳
 (Eqn. 9)
b. Average Velocity
The average velocity < 𝑣𝑧 > is calculated by summing up all the velocities over a
cross section and then dividing by the cross-sectional area

1
< 𝑣𝑧 > = ∬ 𝑣 𝑑𝐴
𝐴 𝐴
(Eqn. 10)
(𝒫0 −𝒫𝐿 )
Where: 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃 and 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑅 2 , 𝑣 = (𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 )
4𝜇𝐿

Substitute the values,

2𝜋 𝑅 (𝒫
1 0 − 𝒫𝐿 )
< 𝑣𝑧 > = ∫ ∫ (𝑅 2 − 𝑟 2 ) 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
𝜋𝑅 2 0 0 4𝜇𝐿
(Eqn. 11)
The equation is not integrable with respect to 𝜃, but the limits is given which is
2𝜋. Multiply the limit to the Eqn. 11.
2𝜋 𝑅 (𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 2
< 𝑣𝑧 >= ∫ (𝑅 − 𝑟 2 ) 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
𝜋𝑅 2 0 4𝜇𝐿

Integrate the equation above in terms of 𝑟

2𝜋 (𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑅
< 𝑣𝑧 >= ∫ (𝑟𝑅2 − 𝑟 3 ) 𝑑𝑟
𝜋𝑅 2 4𝜇𝐿 0

2𝜋 (𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑅𝑟 2 𝑟 4
< 𝑣𝑧 >= ( − )
𝜋𝑅 2 4𝜇𝐿 2 4
(Eqn. 12)
Substitute the limits to Eqn. 12
2𝜋 (𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑅(𝑅 2 ) 𝑅 4
< 𝑣𝑧 >= ( − )
𝜋𝑅 2 4𝜇𝐿 2 4
(𝓟𝟎 − 𝓟𝑳 ) 𝟐
< 𝒗𝒛 >= 𝑹
𝟖𝝁𝑳
(Eqn. 13)
c. Mass rate of flow
 The mass rate of flow w is the product of the cross-sectional area 𝜋𝑅 2, density 𝜌
and average velocity< 𝑣𝑧 >, thus using Eqn. 13,
𝑤 =< 𝑣𝑧 >∙ 𝐴 𝜌
(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 2
𝑤= 𝑅 (𝜋𝑅2 )(𝜌)
8𝜇𝐿
𝝅(𝓟𝟎 − 𝓟𝑳 ) 𝟒
𝒘= 𝑹 𝝆
𝟖𝝁𝑳
(Eqn. 14)
d. The z-component of the force of the fluid on the wetted surface of the pipe, 𝐹𝑧 , is just
the momentum flux integrated over the wetted area:
𝑑𝑣𝑧
𝐹𝑧 = (2𝜋𝑅𝐿)(−𝜇 )|
𝑑𝑟 𝑟=𝑅
𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿
𝐹𝑧 = (2𝜋𝑅𝐿)( )𝑟|
2𝐿 𝑟=𝑅

𝐹𝑧 = 𝜋𝑅(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 )𝑟|𝑟=𝑅
Substitute the value of 𝑟 = 𝑅; 𝐹𝑧 = 𝜋𝑅2 (𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 )
Using modified pressure wherein 𝒫0 = 𝒫0 + 𝜌𝑔𝑧 is zero and 𝒫𝐿 = 𝑃𝐿 − 𝜌𝑔𝐿
𝐹𝑧 = 𝜋𝑅 2 [𝜌0 − (𝜌𝐿 − 𝜌𝑔𝐿)]
𝑭𝒛 = 𝝅𝑹𝟐 (𝝆𝟎 − 𝝆𝑳 ) + 𝝅𝑹𝟐 𝑳𝝆𝒈
(Eqn. 15)
II. FLOW THROUGH AN ANNULUS
 Many a time in chemical engineering, we come across flow through an annulus. A typical
example is shell and tube heat exchanger where the behavior of the fluid flow is being observed.
Let us consider that an incompressible fluid is flowing in an annular space between coaxial
cylinder of radii 𝜅𝑅 and 𝑅, where 𝜅 becomes the ratio of the radius of the inner cylinder to that of
the outer cylinder. Here, considering the fluid to be flowing upwards (opposite to gravity) in the
annular space.

The assumptions made in the analysis of flow

of a fluid through an annulus are as follows:
a. Steady-state conditions
b. Incompressible fluid
c. Unidirectional flow (fluid id flowing in z-
direction)
d. Laminar flow of the fluid
e. The fluid is Newtonian
f. Postulate: 𝑣𝑧 = 𝑣𝑧 (𝑟), 𝑣𝑟 = 0, 𝑣𝜃 = 0 and
𝑝 = 𝑝(𝑧)
g. Non-Vanishing components of 𝝉
𝑑𝑣𝑧
𝜏𝑟𝑧 = 𝜏𝑧𝑟 = −𝜇 ( )
𝑑𝑟

Figure 3: Upward flow through a cylindrical

annulus

For the cylindrical coordinate, the momentum flux becomes 𝜏𝑟𝑧 .

Listing the various contributions to the momentum balance in the z-direction:

Rate of momentum in at radius 𝒓 2𝜋𝑟𝐿 ∙ 𝜏𝑟𝑧 |𝑟

Rate of momentum out at radius (𝒓 + ∆𝒓) 2𝜋𝑟𝐿 ∙ 𝜏𝑟𝑧 |𝑟+∆𝑟

Pressure force at 𝒛 = 𝟎 2𝜋𝑟 ∙ ∆𝑟 ∙ 𝑃𝑜

Pressure force at 𝒛 = 𝑳 −2𝜋𝑟 ∙ ∆𝑟 ∙ 𝑃𝐿

Gravity force acting on the shell −2𝜋𝑟 ∙ ∆𝑟𝐿 ∙ 𝜌𝑔

Add up the contributions to the momentum balance:

 (𝟐𝝅𝒓𝑳 𝝉𝒓𝒛 |𝒓 − 𝟐𝝅𝒓𝑳 𝝉𝒓𝒛 |𝒓+∆𝒓 ) + (𝟐𝝅𝒓∆𝒓 ∙ 𝑷𝒐 − 𝟐𝝅𝒓∆𝒓 ∙ 𝑷𝑳 ) − 𝟐𝝅𝒓∆𝒓𝑳𝝆𝒈 = 𝟎
(Eqn. 16)
Divide Eqn. 16 by 2𝜋𝐿∆𝑟, and taking the limit ∆𝑟 → 0
(2𝜋𝑟𝐿 𝜏𝑟𝑧 |𝑟 − 2𝜋𝑟𝐿 𝜏𝑟𝑧 |𝑟+∆𝑟 ) + (2𝜋𝑟∆𝑟 ∙ 𝑃𝑜 − 2𝜋𝑟∆𝑟 ∙ 𝑃𝐿 ) − 2𝜋𝑟∆𝑟𝐿𝜌𝑔
=0
2𝜋𝐿∆𝑟
𝑟(𝜏𝑟𝑧 |𝑟 − 𝜏𝑟𝑧 |𝑟+∆𝑟 ) 𝑃𝑜 𝑃𝐿
lim + 𝑟 ( ) − 𝑟 ( ) + 𝑟𝜌𝑔 = 0
∆𝑟⟶0 ∆𝑟 𝐿 𝐿
| |
𝑟(𝜏𝑟𝑧 𝑟+∆𝑟 − 𝜏𝑟𝑧 𝑟 ) 𝑃𝑜 𝑃𝐿
lim + 𝑟 ( ) − 𝑟 ( ) + 𝑟𝜌𝑔 = 0
∆𝑟⟶0 ∆𝑟 𝐿 𝐿
𝑟(𝜏𝑟𝑧 |𝑟+∆𝑟 − 𝜏𝑟𝑧 |𝑟 ) 𝑃𝑜 − 𝑃𝐿
lim = 𝑟( − 𝜌𝑔)
∆𝑟⟶0 ∆𝑟 𝐿
𝑑(𝑟𝜏𝑟𝑧 ) (𝑃0 − 𝑃𝐿 )
=[ + 𝜌𝑔] 𝑟
𝑑𝑟 𝐿
(Eqn. 17)
Substitute the modified pressure to Eqn. 17
𝑑(𝑟𝜏𝑟𝑧 ) 𝑟(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 )
=
𝑑𝑟 𝐿
(Eqn. 18)
Note here that 𝒫 = 𝑃 + 𝜌𝑔z since z height is in the opposite direction of the gravity
Use first-degree separable differential equation to Eqn. 18
𝑟(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 )
𝑑(𝑟𝜏𝑟𝑧 ) = 𝑑𝑟
𝐿
𝑟(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 )
∫ 𝑑(𝑟𝜏𝑟𝑧 ) = ∫ 𝑑𝑟
𝐿
Divide the equation above both sides to r,
𝑟𝜏𝑟𝑧 (𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑟 2 𝑐1
= ( )+
𝑟 2𝐿 𝑟 𝑟
𝑟(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑐1
𝜏𝑟𝑧 = +
2𝐿 𝑟
(Eqn. 19)
The constant of integration in Eqn. 1 cannot be determined yet since the boundary
momentum flux conditions is unknown. We know that the velocity only changes in the r direction,
so there must be a maximum velocity at some arbitrary width 𝑟 = 𝜆𝑅, and at this point there will
be no stress. This is because 𝜏𝑖𝑗 is a function of the rate of change of velocity, and since the
derivative is zero at a maximum, the stress term will go to zero. Therefore,
At 𝑟 = 𝜆𝑅, 𝜏𝑟𝑧 = 0,
(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 )𝜆𝑅 𝑐1
0= +
2𝐿 𝜆𝑅
(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 )
𝑐1 = − (𝜆𝑅)2
2𝐿
Substitute the 𝑐1 back to Eqn. 19
(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑟 1 −(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 )
𝜏𝑟𝑧 = ( )+ [ (𝜆𝑅)2 ]
𝐿 2 𝑟 2𝐿
(𝓟𝟎 − 𝓟𝑳 ) 𝒓 𝑹
𝝉𝒓𝒛 = ∙ 𝑹 [( ) − 𝝀𝟐 ( )]
𝟐𝑳 𝑹 𝒓
(Eqn. 20)
Note that 𝝀 is still unknown constant of integration. The only reason for replacing 𝑐1 by 𝝀
is that we know the physical significance of 𝝀.
Applying the Newton’s Law of viscosity, substitute the value of 𝜏𝑟𝑧
𝑑𝑣𝑧
𝜏𝑟𝑧 = −𝜇
𝑑𝑟
𝑑𝑣𝑧 (𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑟 𝑅
−𝜇 = 𝜏𝑟𝑧 = ∙ 𝑅 [( ) − 𝜆2 ( )]
𝑑𝑟 2𝐿 𝑅 𝑟
(Eqn. 21)
Integrate both sides of Eqn. 21 with respect to r
−(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑟 𝑅
∫ 𝑑𝑣𝑧 = ∙ 𝑅 [( ) − 𝜆2 ( )] 𝑑𝑟
2𝜇𝐿 𝑅 𝑟
−(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑅
𝑣𝑧 = ∫ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 − ∫ 𝜆2 𝑅 ( ) 𝑑𝑟
2𝜇𝐿 𝑟
−(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑟 2 𝑟
𝑣𝑧 = [ − 𝜆2 𝑅 2 ln ( ) + 𝑐2 ]
2𝜇𝐿 2 𝑅

−(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑅 2 𝑟 2 𝑟
𝑣𝑧 = ( ) [( ) − 2𝜆2 ln ( ) + 𝑐2 ]
2𝜇𝐿 2 𝑅 𝑅
(Eqn. 22)

Using boundary conditions (solid-liquid interfaces), we can evaluate the two integration constants
𝜆 and 𝑐2 ,
 a. Boundary condition No.1: From Eqn. 22, 𝑟 = 𝜅𝑅, 𝑣𝑧 = 0
−(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑅 2 𝑅 2 𝑅
𝑣𝑧 = ( ) [( ) − 2𝜆2 ln ( ) + 𝑐2 ]
2𝜇𝐿 2 𝑅 𝑅
𝑐2 = −1

b. Boundary condition No.2: From Eqn. 22 𝑟 = 𝑅, 𝑣𝑧 = 0

−(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑅 2 𝜅𝑅 2 𝜅𝑅
0= ( ) [( ) − 2𝜆2 ln ( ) + 𝑐2 ]
2𝜇𝐿 2 𝑅 𝑅

𝜅 2 − 2𝜆2 ln 𝑘 + 𝑐2 = 0
Substitute the value of 𝑐2 = −1
𝜅 2 − 2𝜆2 ln 𝑘 − 1 = 0
𝜅2 − 1
𝜆2 =
2 ln 𝑘
Substitution of 𝜆2 and 𝑐2 then gives, respectively, the momentum flux distribution and
the velocity distribution for steady, incompressible flow in an annulus:
From Eqn. 20
(𝓟𝟎 − 𝓟𝑳 ) 𝒓 𝜿𝟐 − 𝟏 𝑹
𝝉𝒓𝒛 = ∙ 𝑹 [( ) − ( ) ( )]
𝟐𝑳 𝑹 𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝒌 𝒓

From Eqn. 22
−(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑅 2 𝑟 2 𝜅2 − 1 𝑟
𝑣𝑧 = ( ) [( ) − 2 ( ) ln ( ) − 1 ]
2𝜇𝐿 2 𝑅 2 ln 𝑘 𝑅

−(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 2 𝑟 2 𝜅 2 − 1 𝑟
𝑣𝑧 = ∙ 𝑅 [( ) − ln ( ) − 1 ]
4𝜇𝐿 𝑅 ln 𝑘 𝑅

(𝓟𝟎 − 𝓟𝑳 ) 𝟐 𝒓 𝟐 𝜿𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒓
𝒗𝒛 = ∙ 𝑹 [𝟏 − ( ) + ( ) 𝐥𝐧 ( ) ]
𝟒𝝁𝑳 𝑹 𝐥𝐧 𝒌 𝑹

Once the momentum flux and velocity distribution are given, it is straight-forward to get
other information of interest:
a. Maximum Velocity
 The maximum velocity 𝑣𝑧 𝑚𝑎𝑥 occurs at 𝑟 = 𝜆𝑅. Using Eqn. 22, substitute the
value of 𝑟.

(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 2 𝜆𝑅 2 𝜅2 − 1 𝜆𝑅
𝑣𝑧 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∙ 𝑅 [1 − ( ) + ( ) ln ( ) ]
4𝜇𝐿 𝑅 ln 𝑘 𝑅
(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 2 𝜅2 − 1 𝜆𝑅
𝑣𝑧 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∙ 𝑅 [1 − 𝜆2 + ( ) ln ( ) ]
4𝜇𝐿 ln 𝑘 𝑅
𝜅 2 −1
Since 𝜆2 = 2 ln 𝑘,

(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 2
𝑣𝑧 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∙ 𝑅 [1 − 𝜆2 + 2𝜆2 ln 𝜆 ]
4𝜇𝐿
(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 2
𝑣𝑧 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∙ 𝑅 [1 − 𝜆2 + 𝜆2 ln 𝜆2 ]
4𝜇𝐿
(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 2
𝑣𝑧 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = ∙ 𝑅 [1 − 𝜆2 + 𝜆2 ln 𝜆2 ]
4𝜇𝐿
(𝓟𝟎 − 𝓟𝑳 ) 𝟐
𝒗𝒛 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = ∙ 𝑹 [𝟏 − 𝝀𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝐥𝐧 𝝀𝟐 ) ]
𝟒𝝁𝑳
(Eqn. 23)
b. Average Velocity
The average velocity < 𝑣𝑧 > is calculated by summating all the given velocities over
a cross section and then dividing by the cross-sectional area:
2𝜋 𝑅
∫0 ∫𝜅𝑅 𝑣𝑧 ∙ 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃
< 𝑣𝑧 > = 2𝜋 𝑅
∫0 ∫𝜅𝑅 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑑𝜃

Using the formula above, substitute the value of 𝑣𝑧 (Eqn. 22)

𝑅 (𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 2 𝑟 2 𝜅2 − 1 𝑟
2𝜋 ∫𝜅𝑅 ∙ 𝑅 [1 − ( ) + ( ) ln (
4𝜇𝐿 𝑅 ln 𝜅 𝑅 ) ] 𝑟 𝑑𝑟
< 𝑣𝑧 > =
𝑟2
2𝜋( )𝑅𝜅𝑅
2
(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) ∙ 𝑅 2 𝑅
𝑟3 𝜅2 − 1 𝑟
< 𝑣𝑧 > = 2 2 2 ∫ 𝑟 − 2
+ (ln ∙ 𝑟) 𝑑𝑟
𝑅 𝜅 𝑅 𝑅 ln 𝜅 𝑅
4𝜇𝐿 ( 2 − 2 ) 𝜅𝑅
(Eqn. 24)
Performing the integration by parts in Eqn. 24; limits: 𝑅 and 𝜅𝑅
(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑟 2 𝑟4 𝜅2 − 1 𝑟 𝑟2 𝑟2 1
< 𝑣𝑧 > = [ − + (ln ( ) − ∫ ∙ 𝑑𝑟]
2𝜇𝐿(1 − 𝜅 2 ) 2 4𝑅 2 ln 𝑘 𝑅 2 2 𝑟
 (𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑟 2 𝑟4 𝜅2 − 1 𝑟 𝑟2 𝜅2 − 1 𝑟2
< 𝑣𝑧 > = [ − + ∙ ln ( ) ( ) − ( )]
2𝜇𝐿(1 − 𝜅 2 ) 2 4𝑅 2 ln 𝑘 𝑅 2 ln 𝜅 4

(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑅 2 𝑅 4
< 𝑣𝑧 > = [ −
2𝜇𝐿(1 − 𝜅 2 ) 2 4𝑅 2
𝜅2 − 1 𝑅 𝑅2 𝜅 2 − 1 𝑅2 𝜅 2𝑅2 𝜅 4𝑅4 𝜅 2 − 1 𝜅𝑅 𝜅 2 𝑅 2
+ ln ( ) ( ) − ( )− + − ln ( )( )
ln 𝑘 𝑅 2 ln 𝑘 4 2 4𝑅 2 ln 𝜅 𝑅 2
𝜅 2 − 1 𝜅 2𝑅2
+ ( )]
ln 𝜅 4

(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑅2 𝜅2 − 1 2 4 2 (𝜅 2
𝜅2 − 1 2
< 𝑣𝑧 > = ( ) [2 − 1 − − 2𝜅 + 𝜅 − 2𝜅 − 1) + (𝜅 )]
2𝜇𝐿(1 − 𝜅 2 ) 4 ln 𝜅 ln 𝜅
(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑅 2 𝜅2 − 1 2
< 𝑣𝑧 > = 2
( ) [1 + (𝜅 − 1) − 2𝜅 2 + 𝜅 4 + 2𝜅 2 (1 − 𝜅 2 )]
2𝜇𝐿(1 − 𝜅 ) 4 ln 𝜅

(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑅 2 4) 2)
𝜅2 − 1
< 𝑣𝑧 > = ( ) [(1 + 𝜅 − (1 − 𝜅 ( ) + 2𝜅 2 (1−𝜅 2 − 1)]
2𝜇𝐿(1 − 𝜅 2 ) 4 ln 𝜅

(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 2 4) 2)
1 − 𝜅2
< 𝑣𝑧 > = 𝑅 [(1 + 𝜅 − (1 − 𝜅 ( ) − 2𝜅 4 ]
8𝜇𝐿(1 − 𝜅 2 ) 1
ln (𝜅)

(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 2 (1 − 𝜅 4 ) (1 − 𝜅 2 ) 1 − 𝜅 2 2𝜅 4
< 𝑣𝑧 > = 𝑅 [ − ( ) − ]
8𝜇𝐿(1 − 𝜅 2 ) (1 − 𝜅 2 ) (1 − 𝜅 2 ) ln 1 1 − 𝜅2
𝜅

(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 2 1 + 𝜅 4 − 2𝜅 4 (1 − 𝜅 2 )
< 𝑣𝑧 > = 𝑅 [ − ]
8𝜇𝐿(1 − 𝜅 2 ) (1 − 𝜅 2 ) 1
ln 𝜅

(𝓟𝟎 − 𝓟𝑳 ) 𝟐 𝟏 − 𝜿𝟒 𝟏 − 𝜿𝟐
< 𝒗𝒛 > = 𝑹 [( ) − ]
𝟖𝝁𝑳 𝟏 − 𝜿𝟐 𝟏
𝐥𝐧 𝜿
(Eqn. 25)

c. Mass rate of flow

The mass rate of flow w is the product of area, density and average velocity
𝑄 =< 𝑣𝑧 >∙ 𝐴𝜌
𝑄 =< 𝑣𝑧 >∙ 𝜋𝑅 2 𝜌(1 − 𝜅 2 )
 Wherein
𝑟 = 𝑅 − 𝜅𝑅
𝑟 = 𝑅2 − 𝜅 2𝑅2
2

𝑟 2 = 𝑅 2 (1 − 𝜅 2 )
Substitute the value < 𝑣𝑧 > from Eqn. 24 to evaluate the volumetric rate flow

(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 2 1 − 𝜅4 1 − 𝜅2
𝑤= 𝑅 𝜌 [( ) − ] ∙ 𝜋𝑅 2 (1 − 𝜅 2 )
8𝜇𝐿 1 − 𝜅2 1
ln 𝜅

𝝅(𝓟𝟎 − 𝓟𝑳 ) 𝟒 (𝟏 − 𝜿𝟐 )𝟐
𝒘= 𝑹 𝝆 [(𝟏 − 𝜿𝟒 ) − ]
𝟖𝝁𝑳 𝟏
𝐥𝐧 𝜿
(Eqn. 26)
d. The force exerted by the fluid on the solid is obtained by summing the forces acting on the
inner cylinder and outer cylinder
𝑭𝒛 = −2𝜋𝑅𝜅𝐿 ∙ 𝜏𝑟𝑧 |𝑟=𝜅𝑅 + 2𝜋𝑅𝐿 ∙ 𝜏𝑟𝑧 |𝑟=𝑅
𝑭𝒛 = 2𝜋𝑅𝐿[𝜏𝑟𝑧 |𝑟=𝑅 − 𝜅 𝜏𝑟𝑧 |𝑟=𝜅𝑅 ]
Using Eqn. 20, substitute the momentum-flux distribution to the equation above
(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 ) 𝑅 𝜅2 − 1 𝑅 𝜅(𝒫0 − 𝒫𝐿 )
𝑭𝒛 = 2𝜋𝑅𝐿 { ∙ 𝑅 [( ) − ( ) ( )] −
2𝐿 𝑅 2 ln 𝑘 𝑅 2𝐿
2
𝜅𝑅 𝜅 −1 𝑅
∙ 𝑅 [( ) − ( ) ( )]}
𝑅 2 ln 𝑘 𝜅𝑅

𝑭𝒛 = 𝜋𝑅(1 − 𝜅 2 )(𝓟𝟎 − 𝓟𝑳 )
(Eqn. 27)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Table 1:List of Laminar Velocity Profile for Flow System

Laminar
Flow
Velocity Derived Equations Velocity Profile
System
Profiles
Momentum-
flux 𝒓(𝓟𝟎 −𝓟𝑳 )
𝝉𝒓𝒛 = Linear
distribution 𝟐𝑳
(𝜏𝑟𝑧 )
Velocity
(𝓟𝟎 −𝓟𝑳 ) 𝒓 𝟐
distribution 𝒗𝒛 = 𝑹𝟐 [𝟏 − (𝑹) ] Parabolic
𝟒𝝁𝑳
(𝑣𝑧 )
Maximum (𝓟𝟎 − 𝓟𝑳 ) 𝟐
velocity 𝒗𝒛 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = 𝑹 -
Circular (𝑣𝑧 𝑚𝑎𝑥 ) 𝟒𝝁𝑳
Pipe Average (𝓟𝟎 − 𝓟𝑳 ) 𝟐
velocity < 𝒗𝒛 >= 𝑹
< 𝑣𝑧 > 𝟖𝝁𝑳
𝝅(𝓟𝟎 − 𝓟𝑳 )
Mass rate of 𝒘= 𝑹𝟒 𝝆
flow (w) 𝟖𝝁𝑳

Force of z-
component 𝑭𝒛 = 𝝅𝑹𝟐 (𝝆𝟎 − 𝝆𝑳 ) + 𝝅𝑹𝟐 𝑳𝝆𝒈 -
(𝑭𝒛 )
Momentum-
(𝓟𝟎 −𝓟𝑳 ) 𝒓 𝜿𝟐 −𝟏 𝑹
flux 𝝉𝒓𝒛 = ∙ 𝑹 [(𝑹) − (𝟐 𝐥𝐧 𝒌) ( 𝒓 )]
𝟐𝑳
distribution
(𝜏𝑟𝑧 )
Velocity (𝓟𝟎 −𝓟𝑳 ) 𝒓 𝟐 𝜿𝟐 −𝟏 𝒓
𝒗𝒛 = ∙ 𝑹𝟐 [𝟏 − (𝑹) + ( 𝐥𝐧 𝒌 ) 𝐥𝐧 (𝑹) ]
distribution 𝟒𝝁𝑳
(𝑣𝑧 )
Maximum (𝓟𝟎 −𝓟𝑳 )
velocity 𝒗𝒛 𝒎𝒂𝒙 = ∙ 𝑹𝟐 [𝟏 − 𝝀𝟐 (𝟏 − 𝐥𝐧 𝝀𝟐 ) ]
𝟒𝝁𝑳
Annulus (𝑣𝑧 𝑚𝑎𝑥 )
Average
(𝓟𝟎 −𝓟𝑳 ) 𝟏−𝜿𝟒 𝟏−𝜿𝟐
velocity < 𝒗𝒛 > = [( )− 𝟏 ]
𝟖𝝁𝑳 𝟏−𝜿𝟐 𝐥𝐧
< 𝑣𝑧 > 𝒌

𝟐
Mass rate of 𝝅(𝓟𝟎 −𝓟𝑳 ) 𝟒 𝟒 (𝟏−𝜿𝟐 )
𝒘= 𝑹 𝝆 [(𝟏 − 𝜿 ) − 𝟏 ]
flow (w) 𝟖𝝁𝑳 𝐥𝐧
𝜿

Force of z-
component 𝑭𝒛 = 𝜋𝑅(1 − 𝜅 2 )(𝓟𝟎 − 𝓟𝑳 )
(𝑭𝒛 )
 The table shows the list of equation showing velocity profiles for laminar flows of fluids
in different flow system. In circular pipe, the behavior of getting the momentum-flux distribution
is linear while in velocity distribution is parabolic. When a fluid flowing at a uniform velocity
enters a pipe, the layers of fluid adjacent to the walls are slowed down as they are on a plane
surface and a boundary layer forms at the entrance. This builds up in thickness as the fluid passes
into the pipe. At some distance downstream from the entrance, the boundary layer thickness equals
the pipe radius, after which conditions remain constant and fully developed flow exists. Knowing
the velocity profile is important to

CONCLUSION
Fluid flow may take place at high pressures, when process streams are fed to a reactor, for
instance, or at low pressures when, for example, vapor leaves the top of a vacuum distillation
column. It is important to observe the velocity profiles for different viscosities as viscosity is
temperature dependent. As the viscosity increases, the velocity decreases. This behavior is
attributable to fact that as the viscosity increases, the cohesive bond between the molecules of the
fluid increase. When this happens, there will be reluctance for molecules of the fluid to slide. This
therefore affects retards the velocity of the fluid. Thus, we can say that with all other conditions
remaining constant, the viscosity and the velocity of a fluid are inversely related.

The region under consideration is the developing region starting from the uniform velocity
distribution at the annulus inlet until the velocity profile reaches the fully developed shape
where there is no change with respect to the distance along the core length.

REFERENCES
Fox, R. W. and McDonald, A. T. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New
York, 1996.
Massey, B. and Wardsmith, J. Mechanics of Fluids. Nelson Thomas, United Kingdom, 2001.
Theodorsen, T., 1952, Mechanisms of Turbulence: 2nd Midwestern Conference on Fluid
Mechanics, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, Proceedings, p. 1-18.
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