CFD Modeling of Corrugated Flexible Pipe
CFD Modeling of Corrugated Flexible Pipe
CFD Modeling of Corrugated Flexible Pipe
Modeling of Corrugated Flexible Pipe
The flexible metal pipe has been used in smaller diameters for more than 30 years for all kind of
cryogenic Liquid Natural Gas (LNG) transfer applications (Refs. [1,3]). Today these LNG loading
systems have evolved into a complex system, which have to respect increasingly stringent rules
and standards while continuing to maintain high levels of safety and availability. One of the
main problems in these systems is to predict internal turbulent flow behavior, hence the
associated pressure drop in the corrugated configuration of flexible pipes. Metallic corrugated
pipes are well known structures, which can withstand tensile and internal pressure loads, as
well as perform better from a fatigue and heat transfer standpoints. However, series of
corrugations can induce complex and undesirable flow behavior in the pipes. The wavy
configuration of the corrugations promotes turbulence and therefore improves heat transfer.
For both design and operational standpoint, the LNG transfer from ship to ship is a relatively
new application of this well known technology (Figure 1(a)). The basic design of LNG transfer
pipe is illustrated in Figure 1(b).
Figure 1: LNG transfer applications (a) Offshore LNG transfer system
(b) Common design for LNG flexible pipe (Ref. [2])
The objective of this case study is to present CFD modeling of fully developed turbulent flow
through a flexible corrugated pipe and to investigate the pressure drop reduction by
introducing liner materials. The reduction in cost and complexity of developing a robust
cryogenic liner or corrugation filler, plus eventual certifications, would be significant and needs
to be worth the improvement (decrease) in pressure drop. To estimate the variation of the
pressure in the corrugations, we do not model the phase change and the bubbles cavitation but
accurately evaluate the pressure drop along the pipe. The pressure drop estimation can be
useful to deduce the upstream pressure which can be imposed to stay everywhere downstream
above the phase change pressure. This work also aims to establish a framework to be used in
large scale numerical simulations of the offshore transfer of cryogenic fluids. A 3‐D CFD
approach is considered more appropriate than 2‐D axisymmetric one, since the wavy
corrugation profiles lead to a great deal of internal turbulent structures for a high Reynolds
number over Re > 10 million.
Three geometries of the bellows’ (corrugation) depth are considered to determine the potential
value of a cryogenic liner, corrugation filler or geometric variations for the 16” pipe. We
consider the length of 3D flow domain with L = 6D matching earlier work on the direct
numerical simulations of fully developed pipe flow. For the parametric design study, we select
three configurations with varying depths A* (A/ID): A*=0.06047 (base), A*=0.01583 (liner1),
and A*=0.00798 (liner2); where A denotes the depth and ID is inner diameter of the pipe.
The turbulence level is typically high due to the corrugations and turbulence modeling is critical
to get the accurate predictions. To model the steady effects of the turbulence on the mean flow
field, we employ the Spalart‐Allmaras Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) model. For
unsteady simulations, we employ Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (DDES), a hybrid RANS
model with Large Eddy Simulation (LES). In the LES based on dynamic subgrid scale estimation,
an attempt is made to capture the large scale unsteady motions which carry the bulk of the
mass and momentum in a flow, but the near wall turbulence behavior is treated with a wall
function. In the DDES model, we resolve the large eddies that have the biggest effect on the
wall shear stress and use the RANS equations to describe the flow near the wall. This was done
not only to economize on mesh size, but also because most pipes have relatively rough walls.
Wall functions reduce mesh size by providing an integrated relationship between the wall and
the logarithmic region of the boundary layer. To simulate the large length of corrugated pipe
with fully developed flow, periodic conditions are applied between the outlet (exit) and inlet
(entrance) of the domain.
Figure 2: Streamwise variation of velocity magnitude contours in the corrugated pipe at flow
rate Q=3333 m3/h: (a) RANS model (b) Delayed‐DES model
Figure 2(a) shows the contours of velocity magnitude using the RANS model at the Reynolds
number of Re=9.38E6 for the base model of corrugated pipe. The fully developed and time
averaged steady flow behavior can be observed from the figure. As expected from the RANS
model, there are no physical unsteady motions in the velocity field. Figures 2(b) shows the
contours of streamwise velocity at the cross section of the corrugated pipe with the DDES
model. The 3D turbulence structures and unsteadiness in the flow can clearly be inferred in the
image.
Figure 3: (a) Instantaneous velocity magnitude contours at the cross‐sectional
planes for flow rate Q=3333 m3/h (Re = 9.38E6) (b) Iso‐surface of vorticity
variable (Q‐criterion) colored by velocity magnitude
Figure 3(a) shows the contours of cross‐stream velocity magnitude at the three cross section
planes of the corrugated pipe. Significant circumferential variations in the velocity magnitude
can be seen in the figure. These local variations are coupled with vorticity, which is defined as
the rotation of the velocity field. Figure 3(b) shows complex 3D turbulent structures of low‐
speed streaks and in‐plane streamwise vortices.
Figure 4(a) shows the variation of coefficient of friction for the range of Reynolds number for
the three configurations of varying depths and the smooth pipe. The friction factor was
determined by evaluating the pressure gradient along the pipe from the integrated pressure
values. For the baseline case, the friction coefficient is consistently larger than the liner1 (1/4
depth of base) & liner2 (1/8 depth of base) geometries. Notably, the wall shear stress of the
liner2 model is converging towards the stress values corresponding to the smooth pipe. This
implies that, by introducing liner materials, the coefficient of friction can be reduced by 80%
with respect to the deeper metallic hose configuration. Due to complex flow behavior and
recirculation in the base & liner1 models, the friction factor changes significantly with the
Reynolds numbers. Figure 4(a) also presents the roughness theory predictions given by the
lines. For the smooth pipe, the CFD results and the theory have an excellent match. However,
for the corrugated shapes the roughness theory seems to differ up to 24%.
Figure 4(b) shows a summary of the friction factor computed based on the pressure drop for
the steady RANS with the DDES on the same meshes. A reasonable consistency in the
predictions of integrated pressure drop can be seen in the figure. By tuning the grid
distributions, an improved match between the RANS and DDES may be obtained. For the base
and liner 1 geometry at Re~10M, an inflectional behavior in the pressure drop and wall shear
stress have been observed in the RANS and DDES results. This dip in the frictional drag may be
attributed to the sudden shift in the point of separation for the base and liner 1 geometries. In
this range, the laminar viscous sub‐layer portion of boundary layer may become unstable and
undergoes transition to turbulence. For values of Re >10M, the separation point slowly moves
upstream as the Reynolds number is increased, resulting in an increase of the friction factor.
For the liner 2 and smooth pipe, the geometry is streamlined and the point of separation and
the transition of boundary layer remain somewhat unchanged.
Figure 4: (a) Variation of friction coefficients with Reynolds number and comparison
with the theory (b) Variation of friction coefficients for the range of Reynolds
number for the RANS and DDES models (c) Comparison of the CFD results for
A*=0.0604 of 16” ID pipe with the water test (Ref. [1])
Figure 4(c) shows the comparison of CFD values with the experimental test done with water in
10.5” ID pipe (Ref. [3]). The friction factors are compared with respect the non‐dimensional
dynamic similarity parameter, Reynolds number. The depth and shape of the corrugation
profiles are marginally different between the 16” ID pipe and 10.5” pipe. A reasonable
agreement between the CFD and experimental values can be seen.
Figure 5: Delayed‐DES results showing streamwise and cross‐sectional variations.
In corrugated pipe applications, flow physics (e.g., recirculation, separation, mean flow three‐
dimensionality, streamline curvature, flow acceleration) and geometry play an important role.
In this study, we showed that the CFD modeling using AcuSolve can offer an accurate and
powerful predictive tool for estimating the macroscopic pressure drop and complex flow
phenomenon in the corrugations. The 3D steady RANS and DDES models available in AcuSolve
provided a consistent estimate of the pressure drop and friction factor for varying flow rates.
Significant 3D turbulence effects are found for the pipe geometry with circular corrugations
suggested by both qualitative features and quantitative information. Cryogenic flexible pipe
based LNG transfer system seems to be a good candidate for CFD modeling, and to qualify the
pipe system for the LNG industry requirements. The reader may wish to consult Ref. [4] for
further details.
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References
[1] Framo Engineering AS Report, “CFD Calculations of Corrugated Flexible Pipe,” 4577‐0313‐D,
2006.
[2] http://www.technip.com/pdf/OffshoreLNG.pdf
[3] Frohne, C., Harten, F., Schippl, K., Steen, K.E., Haakonsen, R., Jorgen, E. and Høvik, J.
“Innovative Pipe System for Offshore LNG Transfer,” OTC 19239, 2008.
[4] Jaiman, R., Oakley, O. Jr., and Adkins, D., "CFD Modeling of Corrugated Flexible Pipe,"
OMAE2010‐20509 (submitted)