7TH Social-2

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Social StudieS
Class - VII (Semester - II)
Text Book Development Committee

Smt.Vetriselvi. K IAS
State Project Director, Samagra Siksha, A.P.
Special Officer, English Medium Project, CSE - A.P.
Dr. B. Pratap Reddy MA., B.Ed., Ph.D.
Director - SCERT, A.P.
Sri. D. Madhusudhana Rao MA., B.Ed.
Director - Govt. Text Book Press, A.P.
Co - Ordinator
Dr. Katabathina Subramanyam
M.Sc., M.A., M.Ed., M.Phil., Ph.D.
Professor SCERT, AP.
Editors
Dr. P. Hariprakash M.A., Ph.D. Professor
Dept. of Econimics, AU, Visakhapatnam
Dr. P. Chenna Reddy, M.A., Ph.D,
Dean, Dept.of History, Culture and Archaeology, P.S.Telugu University,
Srisailam, Kurnool Dt.
Sri. K. Dasapathi Rao Rtd. Lecturer,
IASE, SPSR Nellore Dt.
Sri. K. Lakshminarayana, Prinicipal
DIET, Dubacherla,West Godavari Dt.
Acknowledgements to
Dr. Raj Vedam
Prof., Houston University, U.S.A.
Dr. Vinod Sen
Asst. Prof. Economics, IGNTU, Madhyapradesh
Dr. K. Chandra Sekhar RIE
Ajmer
Published by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati.
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© Government of Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati
First Published 2021
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The copyright holder of this book is
the Commissioner of School
Education, Amaravati, Andhra
Pradesh.
This book has been printed on 70 G.S.M. SS Maplitho

Title Page 200 G.S.M. White Art Card
Free distribution by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh
Printed in India
at the A.P. Govt. Text Book Press
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Andhra Pradesh
ii
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Subject Co-ordinator
Sri. R.Trimurthulu
M.A.(Eco.), M.A.(Eng.), M.Ed.,
Faculty, SCERT, AP
Authors
Dr. S. Maheswara Rao, S.A. Smt. Y. A. Mahalaxmi, AGCDO

ZPHS, Ravikamatham, Visakhapatnam Dt. KGBV Wing, Samagra Siksha, AP.
Sri. A.Abdul Rahim, S.A. Sri. T. Venkataiah, Gr-II HM

ZPHS, Divamdinne, Kurnool Dt. Z.P.H.S, T.K.M.Peta, Chittoor Dt.
Dr. B. Sankara Rao, S.A. Kum. P.Aswini, SGT

ZPHS, Gangachollapenta, Vizianagaram Dt. MPPS, Kondurupalem, SPSR Nellore Dt.
Sri. G. Subrahmanyam, S.A. Sri. R. Prasada Rao, S.A.

ZPHS, Machavaram, East Godavari Dt. Z.P.H.S, Thulluru, Guntur Dt.
Smt. M.Swarna Latha, S.A. Sri. B. Pakkeerappa, S.A.

ZPHS, Rachapalli, YSR Kadapa Dt. ZPHS, Gugudu, Ananthapuram Dt.
Smt. R. Raja Rajeswari, S.A. Sri. K. Goutham Babu, S.A.

ZPHS (Girls), Muddanur, YSR Kadapa Dt. ZPHS, Gajjalakonda, Prakasam Dt.
Smt. T. S. Malleswari, Lecturer (P) Sri. D. Murali Krishna, S.A.

ZPHS, Veerammakunta, West Godavari Dt.
SIET, SCERT, AP.
Sri. S. Rambabu, S.A.
Smt. G.A.J. Deevenamma
ZPHS, Garudabilli ,Vizianagaram Dt.
Programming Officer, SCERT, AP
Dr. Y. Raghu,
Academic Consultant, Dept. of History and Archaeology,
Yogi Vemana University,YSR KadapaDt.
Illustrators
Sri. K.V. Sambasiva Rao, Drawing Teacher

SNGH, Chebrolu, Guntur Dt.
Sri. K.Srinivasa Rao,
Drawing Teacher
ZPHS, Bondapalli, Vizianagaram Dt.
DTP & Designing
B.S. Agencies, Vijayawada
iii
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FOREWORD
Dr. B. Pratap Reddy,

Director,
SCERT Andhra Pradesh
iv
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Our National Anthem
Jana-gana-mana-adhinayaka jaya he
Bharata-bhagya-vidhata
Panjaba-Sindhu-Gujarata-Maratha
Dravida-Utkala-Banga
Vindhya-Himachala-Yamuna-Ganga
uchchala-jaladhi-taranga
Tava Subha name jage,
tave subha ashisa mage,
gahe tava jaya-gatha.
Jana-gana-mangala-dayaka jaya he
Bharata-bhagya-vidhata.
Jaya he, Jaya he, Jaya he,
jaya jaya jaya jaya he.
Pledge
India is my country. All Indians are my brothers and sisters.

I love my country and I am proud of its rich and varied heritage.
I shall always strive to be worthy of it.
I shall give my parents, teachers and all elders respect,
and treat everyone with courtesy. I shall be kind to animals.
To my country and my people, I pledge my devotion.
In their well-being and prosperity alone lies my happiness.
- Pydimarri Venkata Subba Rao
v
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ACADEMIC STANDARDS / LEARNING OUT COMES
Time should be spent in making sure that children comprehend the passages given in
the text. In-between questions are useful in this context. These questions are of different
types that would include the aspects reasoning, cause, and effect, justification, mind
mapping/concept mapping, observation, analysis, thinking and imagination, reflection,
interpreting, etc. The key concepts have been discussed sub-concept-wise in every chapter
with examples and also given in the form of keywords.
1) Conceptual understanding : Promoting the learning of basic concepts through
inquiry, discussion, reflection giving examples through case studies interpreting,
observation, etc.
2) Reading the text (given), understanding, and interpretation : Occasionally there
are case studies about farmers, laborers in the factory, or images that are used in the
text which do not directly convey the concept. Time should be given for children to
grasp the main ideas, interpret images, etc
3) Information skills : Textbooks alone cannot cover all different aspects of social
studies methodology. For example, children living in an urban area can collect
information regarding their elected representatives, or children living in a rural area
can collect information about the way irrigation/tank facilities are made available in
their area. This information may not exactly match with that of the textbooks and will
have to be clarified. Representing the information that they have collected through
projects is also an important ability. For example, if they collect information about a
tank - they may decide to draw an illustration or map, etc along with written material.
Or represent the information collected through images or posters. Information skill
includes a collection of information tabulation/records and analysis.
4) Reflection on contemporary issues and questioning : Students need to be
encouraged to compare their living conditions along with that of different regions or
people from different times. There may not be a single answer to these situations of
comparison. Giving reasons for certain happening processes and justification of
informatics and interpretation.
5) Mapping skills : There are different types of maps and pictures used in the textbook.
Developing ability related to maps as an abstract representation of places is important.
There are different stages of developing this ability, from creating a map of their
classroom to understanding height, distance as represented in a map. There are
illustrations, posters, and photographs used in the textbook, these images often relate
to the text and are not merely for visual effect. Sometimes there are activities like
'write a caption' or 'read the images that are about architecture etc.
6) Appreciation and Sensitivity : Our country has a vast diversity in terms of language,
culture, caste, religion, gender, etc. Social studies do take into consideration these
different aspects and encourage students to be sensitive to these differences.
vi
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SOCIAL STUDIES
Class
Semester
Lesson No Lesson Name Month Page
1. Mughal Empire November 1 - 15
2. Bhakthi - Sufi December 16 - 26
3. Indian Constitution - an Introduction January 27 - 41
4. State Government February 42 - 55
5. Road Safety Education March 56 - 66
6. Markets Around Us April 67 - 80
Teacher Corner Student Corner
v ii
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The learner is able to

know about various Mughal rulers.
understand political, social and economic
changes in the Mughal period. 7.1. Rulers of Mughal Empire
appreciate the Art, Heritage, Culture, 7.2. Political, Social and Economic
Architectural Contributions of Mughals life
to the Indian History.
7.3. Art and Architecture
know about administrative system of the
Mughals. 7.4. Contemporary Kingdom
identify the historical places during Have you ever seen this picture?
Mughal empire in the out line map of
Can you say a few words about this
India.
picture?
understand the life, adventures and
Do you know the importance of this
achievements of Shivaji.
fort in history?
7th Class - Social Studies 1 Mughal Empire

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This fort was built by Shahjahan. He belongs to Mughal Empire. The rise of the Mughals
has brought a great change in medieval Indian History. They imposed structures of administration
and ideas of governance that outlasted their rule, leaving a political legacy that succeeding rulers
of the sub- continent could not ignore.
Today the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation on Independence Day from the
Red fort in Delhi. Once it was the residence of the Mughal emperors.
Mughal Empire
Rulers of Political, Social &

Art &
Economic Life Contemporary
Mughal Architecture
Kingdom
Empire
Babur Political Shivaji Maratha

(1526-1530 CE) Administration Kingdom
(Monarchy Rule)
Humayun Subas
(1530-1540 CE) Sarkars Red Fort Delhi
Paraganas Taj Mahal- Agra
SherShah& Others Salim Chisti Tomb, Buland
(1540-1555 CE) Darwaza Fatehpur Sikri
Social System
Humayun Mansabdar
(1555-1556 CE)
Economic System
Akbar Uniform Currency
(1556-1605 CE)
Rupee Silver
Jahangir Dam- Copper
(1605-1627 CE) New land revenue
System Zabt
Shahjahan
(1628-1658 CE)
Aurangzeb
(1658-1707 CE)

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7.1. Rulers of Mughal Empire :
Babur established Mughal empire after defeating Ibrahim Lodi the last ruler of Delhi
Sultanate at Panipat in 1526 C.E. It marked the beginning of Mughal Empire. This was one
of the earliest battles involving gunpowder firearms and field artillery. The empire stretched
from the outer fringes of the Indus basin in the west, northern Afghanistan in the North West,
and Kashmir in the north, to the highlands of present - day Assam and Bangladesh in the east,
and the uplands of the Deccan Plateau in South India.
Map-1.1 Mughal Empire during Akbars Period
Babur (1526-1530 CE):

Babur occupied Delhi and Agra after the first battle
of Panipat and founded the Mughal empire in India in
1526 C.E. He was pre occupied with military campaigns
to lay a strong foundation for the empire. He could not
find time to concentrate on administration.In 1530 C.E,
Babur fell ill and died.
Fig-1.2: Babur

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This fort was built by Shahjahan. He belongs to Mughal Empire. The rise of the Mughals
has brought a great change in medieval Indian History. They imposed structures of administration
and ideas of governance that outlasted their rule, leaving a political legacy that succeeding rulers
of the sub- continent could not ignore.
Today the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation on Independence Day from the
Red fort in Delhi. Once it was the residence of the Mughal emperors.
Mughal Empire
Rulers of Political, Social &

Art &
Economic Life Contemporary
Mughal Architecture
Kingdom
Empire
Babur Political Shivaji Maratha

(1526-1530 CE) Administration Kingdom
(Monarchy Rule)
Humayun Subas
(1530-1540 CE) Sarkars Red Fort Delhi
Paraganas Taj Mahal- Agra
SherShah& Others Salim Chisti Tomb, Buland
(1540-1555 CE) Darwaza Fatehpur Sikri
Social System
Humayun Mansabdar
(1555-1556 CE)
Economic System
Akbar Uniform Currency
(1556-1605 CE)
Rupee Silver
Jahangir Dam- Copper
(1605-1627 CE) New land revenue
System Zabt
Shahjahan
(1628-1658 CE)
Aurangzeb
(1658-1707 CE)

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Akbar (1556-1605 CE) :

Akbar was just 13 years old when his father Humayun
passed away. Since Akbar was very young, his guardian
Bhairam Khan took care of the administration on behalf of
Akbar. Hemu established his rule over Delhi when Akbar
was in Punjab. With the guidance of Bairam Khan, Akbar
defeated Hemu in the battle of second Panipat in 1556 C.E.
The Mughals were able to form a vast empire after
this. From 1561 to mid-1590s, the Mughal empire expanded,
conquering the kingdoms of Malwa, Chunar, Gondwana.
He occupied the Rajput kingdoms also. Fig-1.5: Akbar
Many Rajputs surrendered to Akbar and married off their daughters. However, the
Mewad ruler Maharana Pratap fought with Akbar throughout his life.He got back all his
forts except chittoor. Akbar invaded Deccan and the southern kingdoms. He died in 1605
and Jahangir came to the throne.
What would have happened in the Mughal Empire if there was no Bhairam Khan in the
life of Akbar? Many Rajput rulers joined Akbar's court. But Ranapratap did not. Why?
Birbal: Raja Birbal was a close associate of

emperor Akbar. Birbal was a great singer and
Collect the detailed names of the poet in the court of Akbar. Akbar was highly
Navaratnas in the court of Akbar. influenced by him.
Rani Chand Bibi of Ahmednagar was the
woman that opposed Akbar.
Jahangir (1605-1627 CE):

Salim the successor of Akbar came to the throne with the tittle
Jahangir (world conqueror) He levied some local taxes on trade and
manufacturing of goods. He was not only addicted to opium but
also neglected the affairs of the state, and came under the influence
of Meharunnisa (Nurjahan).
Fig-1.6: Jahangir

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Shahjahan (1628-1658 CE) :

Shahjahan was the son of Jahangir. Shajahan'e period was
much known for the construction of buildings. In his period also,
Mughal campaigns continued in the Deccan. He faced many revolts
by nobles and chiefs of his empire. In 1657- 1658 CE, there was
a conflict over succession among Shah Jahans sons. Aurangzeb
killed his three brothers and occupied the throne. Shah Jahan was
imprisoned for rest of his life in Agra. Fig-1.7: Shah Jahan
Aurangzeb (1658 -1707 CE) :

He was the younger son of Shah Jahan. He was a devout muslim
and led his life as per the principles of Quaran. He did not show
tolerance to other religions. He faced a large number of revolts all over
his kingdom i.e. Assam, Rajasthan, Punjab, Deccan, etc. mostly due to
his religious intolerance. Guru Tejh Bahadur, Guru Govind Singh,
Shivaji revolted against him. Among them Shivaji succeeded in
establishing an independent Maratha kingdom. After the death of Shivaji
Aurangzeb invaded deccan mainly to conquer the marathas. But he
could not do it. Aurangzeb conqured Bijapur in 1685 C.E and Golkonda Fig-1.8: Aurangzeb
in 1687 C.E. His death was followed by a successive conflict amongst
his sons.
Prepare a timeline chart of the Mughal Empire.

Locate the following places in the outline map of India. Delhi, Agra, Fatehpur Sikri,
Chithorgarh, Ahmadnagar.
7.2. Political, Social & Economic life :

7.2.1. Administration :
The Mughals had a centralized administration. All power vested with the emperor. A council
of ministers assisted him in administration. Babur and Humayun had less impact on administration,
as they did not rule for a long period.
Akbar introduced a number of administrative reforms. He divided his vast empire into several
Subas and appointed a subedar for each suba. Suba was the term for a province in the
Mughal Empire. Akbar divided his kingdom into 15 Subas. Subas were divided into Sarkars.
These Sarkars were divided into Paraganas The same pattern was followed by all other
Mughal emperors.
Akbar surveyed the land and introduced the agrarian method of determining tax according
to the crop. The land was divided into four types and One-third of the crop was collected as tax.
Impressions of Shershas administration could be noticed to some extent in Akbars rule.

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What were the administrative reforms introduced by Sher shah. (know from your teacher)
Mansabdari System:
Akbar introduced the
Mansabdari system in his military
policy. The term mansabdar refers to
an individual who holds a mansab,
meaning a position or rank. It was a
grading system used by the Mughals
to fix (1) rank, (2) salary and (3)
military responsibilities. Each
mansabdar consist of 10 to 10,000
soldiers.
Fig-1.9: A Mansabdar on march with his sawars
Relations of Mughals with other rulers:

The Mughals campaigned and fought against rulers who did not obey them. As a part of their
diplomacy, Mughals maintained relations with Rajputs by marrying their daughters, offering better
position in their court. The Sisodiyas did not accept Mughal authority. The good relations with
Rajputs, Sikhs and other rulers during Akbars time began to deteriorate during Shajahan's time and
became worse during the reign of Aurangzeb. There were revolts in all parts of he empire during
his reign. The empire declined very quickly after the death of Aurangzeb.
List the kingdoms those that supported and opposed to the Mughals.
7.2.2. Social Life :

Religion:
Mughals are Sunni Muslims. Akbar showed religious tolerance. He Abolished Jizya tax
and Pilgrim tax levied on the Hindus but Aurangzeb reimposed these taxes during his reign.
Akbar allowed religious ceremonies of people to be celebrated openly but Aurangzeb banned
it.The majority of the people in the society were the Hindus. The society of the day consisted not
only of the Hindus and the Muslims but also of the Buddhists, the Jains, the Sikhs and the Parsis.
Aurangzeb also appointed clergymen named Mutawasibs to observe the moral life of the people
as per Sharia or Islamic principles.

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Akbar, in 1575CE built a meeting house of worship

called Ibadat Khana at Fatehpur Sikri. In 1582 CE
he proclaimed a new religion called Din-I-Ilahi.
Literally meaning Peace with all, Universal Peace
or absolute peace As applied by Akbar, it described
a peaceful and harmonious relationship among `
different religions. Only 18 people joined this
religion.This remained a court religion. Fig-1.10: Ibadat Khana
Din-I-Ilahi could not become a peoples movement.-Why? Ask your teacher to

know more about it.
7.2.3. Economic Life:

The Indian Economy prospered under the Mughal Empire. Agriculture and trade also progressed.
Agriculture was the main occupation of the people.
The Mughals were responsible for building an extensive road system, creation of uniform
currency, and the unification of the country. The Empire had an extensive road network built by
a public works department set up by the Mughals. It designed, constructed and maintained roads,
linking towns and cities across the empire. This was one of the reasons for the expansion of trade.
The important source of income was the revenue from agricultural tax.
Compare the present land revenue system to that of Mughal system.
Coinage
The Mughals adopted
and standardized the Rupee
(silver) and Dam (copper)
currencies introduced by the
Sur emperor Sher shah Sur
during his brief rule. The Dam
was initially the most common
coin in Akbars time. Fig-1.11: Coins

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Agriculture :
Indian Agricultural production increased under the Mughal Empire. A variety of crops
were grown, including food crops such as wheat, rice, and barley and non food cash crops
such as cotton, indigo and opium. Indian cultivators began to grow extensively the commercial
crops maize and Tobacco.
Zabat :
A remarkable feature of the Mughal system under Akbar was his revenue administration,
developed largely under the supervision of his famed Hindu Minister Raja Todar Mal. Akbars
efforts to develop a revenue schedule both convenient to the peasents and sufficiently profitable
to the state took some two decades to implement. In 1580CE he obtained the previous
10years local revenue statistics, detailed productivity and price fluctuations, and averaged the
produce of different crops and their prices. It ranged from one-third to one-half of production
value and was payable in dams. This system was called zabat.
Industrial Manufacturing :
The textile industry developed in the Mughal Empire. It included the production of
fleece, calicos, and muslins in a variety of colors. The cotton textile Industry was responsible
for a large part of the empires international trade. Silk and cotton textiles were exported in
large quantities to Europe, Indonesia and Japan.
7.3. Art & Architecture :

A new tradition of architecture was started during the Mughal era. The monuments were
constructed on high plinths. Marble was mostly used as construction material and constructed
water flowing fountains extensively. Besides marble, coloured (precious and semi-precious) stones
were used to decorate the buildings.
Fatehpur Sikri :
After his military victories over Chittor and Ranthambore, Akbar decided to shift his capital
from Agra to a new location, on the Sikri ridge, to honor the Sufi saint Salim Chishti. Here he
commenced the construction of a planned walled city. He named the city, Fatehbad, with Fateh,
meaning 'victorious.' it was later called Fatehpur Sikri. Fatehpur Sikri is one of the best-preserved
collections of Mughal architecture in India.
Buland Darwaza:
Buland Darwaza or the lofty was built by the
great Mughal emperor, Akbar at Fatehpur Sikri. Akbar
built the Buland Darwaza, as a victory arch to
commemorate his successful; Gujarat campaign. Panch
Mahal is another notable five storeyed building in
Fatehpur Sikri with excellent architectural designs.
Fig-1.12: Buland Darwaza

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Red Fort :
The Red Fort was built as the
fortified family palace of Shahjahanabad,
capital of the Mughal Emperor Shah
Jahan. The Red Fort is considered to
represent the zenith of Mughal creativity
under Shah Jahan and consists of other
important structures such as the Diwan-
e-Aam, Diwan-e-Khas, Moti Masjid,
Hayat Bakhsh Bagh and Rang Mahal.
Fig-7.13: Red Fort
The Taj Mahal :

The Taj Mahal is a white marble
mausoleum located in Agra, Uttar
Pradesh, India. It was built by Mughal
emperor Shah Jahan in memory of his
third wife, Mumtaz Mahal. Taj Mahal is
regarded as the finest example of Mughal
architecture and is considered as one of
the Seven Wonders of the World. The
Taj Mahal is widely recognized as The
jewel of Mughal. art in India and one of
the universally admired masterpieces of
the worlds heritage.
Fig-7.14: Taj Mahal
Culture :
The Mughal Empire was definitive in the early- modern and modern period of Indian history, with
its legacy in India seen in cultural contributions such as
The combination of Persian art and literature with Indian art.
The development of Mughal clothing, jewellery and fashion, utilizing richly decorated fabrics
such as muslin silk brocade and velvet.
The evolution and refinement of Mughal and Indian architecture.
The construction of Maktab schools, where youth were taught the Quran and Islamic law
such as the Fatwa- i- Alamgir in their indigenous languages.

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What were the administrative reforms introduced by Sher shah. (know from your teacher)
Mansabdari System:
Akbar introduced the
Mansabdari system in his military
policy. The term mansabdar refers to
an individual who holds a mansab,
meaning a position or rank. It was a
grading system used by the Mughals
to fix (1) rank, (2) salary and (3)
military responsibilities. Each
mansabdar consist of 10 to 10,000
soldiers.
Fig-1.9: A Mansabdar on march with his sawars
Relations of Mughals with other rulers:

The Mughals campaigned and fought against rulers who did not obey them. As a part of their
diplomacy, Mughals maintained relations with Rajputs by marrying their daughters, offering better
position in their court. The Sisodiyas did not accept Mughal authority. The good relations with
Rajputs, Sikhs and other rulers during Akbars time began to deteriorate during Shajahan's time and
became worse during the reign of Aurangzeb. There were revolts in all parts of he empire during
his reign. The empire declined very quickly after the death of Aurangzeb.
List the kingdoms those that supported and opposed to the Mughals.
7.2.2. Social Life :

Religion:
Mughals are Sunni Muslims. Akbar showed religious tolerance. He Abolished Jizya tax
and Pilgrim tax levied on the Hindus but Aurangzeb reimposed these taxes during his reign.
Akbar allowed religious ceremonies of people to be celebrated openly but Aurangzeb banned
it.The majority of the people in the society were the Hindus. The society of the day consisted not
only of the Hindus and the Muslims but also of the Buddhists, the Jains, the Sikhs and the Parsis.
Aurangzeb also appointed clergymen named Mutawasibs to observe the moral life of the people
as per Sharia or Islamic principles.

www.apteachers.in
Akbar, in 1575CE built a meeting house of worship

called Ibadat Khana at Fatehpur Sikri. In 1582 CE
he proclaimed a new religion called Din-I-Ilahi.
Literally meaning Peace with all, Universal Peace
or absolute peace As applied by Akbar, it described
a peaceful and harmonious relationship among `
different religions. Only 18 people joined this
religion.This remained a court religion. Fig-1.10: Ibadat Khana
Din-I-Ilahi could not become a peoples movement.-Why? Ask your teacher to

know more about it.
7.2.3. Economic Life:

The Indian Economy prospered under the Mughal Empire. Agriculture and trade also progressed.
Agriculture was the main occupation of the people.
The Mughals were responsible for building an extensive road system, creation of uniform
currency, and the unification of the country. The Empire had an extensive road network built by
a public works department set up by the Mughals. It designed, constructed and maintained roads,
linking towns and cities across the empire. This was one of the reasons for the expansion of trade.
The important source of income was the revenue from agricultural tax.
Compare the present land revenue system to that of Mughal system.
Coinage
The Mughals adopted
and standardized the Rupee
(silver) and Dam (copper)
currencies introduced by the
Sur emperor Sher shah Sur
during his brief rule. The Dam
was initially the most common
coin in Akbars time. Fig-1.11: Coins

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Fig-1.18: Shivaji Fort in Raighad

This maddened Aurangazeb. So he sent a huge army under the leadership of Raja Jayasimha.
Jayashimha defeated Shivaji and captured a few Maratha forts. At the end Jayasimha invited
Shivaji to come to have treaty with Aurangzeb. Aurangzeb arrested Shivaji on his arrival and kept
him in the prison of Agra. But Shivaji cleverly escaped from jail and reached his capital.
After that, he won all the forts that he had lost to the Mughals. He attacked Surat and ran
sacked heavy wealth from there.
Coronation of Shivaji:
In Raigarh Shivaji was conferred with the title Chhatrapati and was crowned king of Marathas
in a grand ceremony. Soon after coronation Shivaji won Jinji, Velluru and large area of Mysore
province and received a heavy tribute. But Shivaji could not live long to witness the grandeur of
the Marathas.
Administration of Shivaji:
Though Shivaji devote Hindu he respected
other religions. He ordered his soldiers to respect
women and other religious texts. Though he has
less formal education his cleverness,
administrative abilities and strategies were
excellent. He trained his army in guerrilla warfare
and made them great warriors. He developed
Sh
navel force. He was very much loved by his

iva
people and remained a roll model for them. He

ji's
made friends with the mavlies, the tribal people

Em
and imbibed a spirit of nationalism among them.

p ire
His spirit of patriotism remained an inspiration to

the national leaders like Tilak, Savarkar etc.
Map-1.19: Shivaji's Empire

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Literature :
Persian language was the dominant and official language
of the Empire. Babur nama was written by Babur. Abul Fazal
was a great scholar. He wrote Ain-I-Akbari and Akbar Nama.
Tuzuk-I-Jahangiri was an autobiography of Jahangir.
Shajahans son Dhara Shiko translated the Bhagavat Gita,
Mahabharata into Persian language. The most influential Hindi
poet Tulsidas wrote the Hindi version of the Ramayana, the Fig-1.15: Akbar receiving the
Ramacharithmanas. Akbar Nama from Abul Fazal
Painting :
A new school of art known as miniature painting emerged during the Mughal period. The art
of painting reached its peak under the patronage of Jahangir Mughal paintings. The colours
peacock blue, Indian red were newly introduced in painting.
Music :
Though Babar and Humayun had also encouraged music, but
it reached their hight during Akbars era. Aurangzeb prohibited all
programmes of music. According to Abul Fazal, there were 36
singers in Akbars court. The most famous among them was Tansen
and Bajbahadur. Akbar himself used to play nakara (Nagara) well.
Tansen was one of Akbars navratnas. It is said that he could work
miracles with his singing. Occasionally he could create rain by singing
the Megh Malhar, fire by singing rag Dipak. The present Hindustani
Music have the references of these styles. Fig-1.16: Tan Sen
Name some ragas of Hindustani and Carnatic Browse internet or go through the library
Music. Name some prominent Hindustani and books to know more about the literature
Carnatic musicians. Listen to some ragas and of the Mughal period. (Ask your
express your opinion. teacher).
End of Mughal Rule :

The decline of Mughal empire started with Shah jahan and ended with Aurangzeb. The Mughal
empire declined quickly after the death of Aurangzeb. The following are the reasons for the decline:
1. The nature and policies of Aurangzeb: the suspicious nature of Aurangzeb did not allow any
of his sons or nobles to grow to be capable. His religious bigotry resulted in the revolts of
Jats, Satnamis, and Sikhs. His rivalry with Rajputs and Marathas brought misfortune for his
empire.

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4. Identify the miss matched pair: [ ]
a) Qutubminar Humayun b) Tansen - Rag Dipak.
c) Abul Fhajal - Akbar Nama d) Shivaji - Rayaghar
5. Contemporary Mughal ruler of Shivaji. [ ]
a) Akbar b) Babar c) Jahangir d) Aurangzeb
III. Match the following.

Group - A Group - B
1. Copper Coin [ ] a) Shah Jahan
2. Mansabdar [ ] b) Autobiography
3. Taj Mahal [ ] c) Minister
4. Thodarmul [ ] d) Dam
5. Tuuki I Babari [ ] e) Rank
Collect pictures related to Art, Architecture, Heritage contributions of Mughal Empire

and prepare a album.

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understand the origin, nature and expansion
of Bhakti movement
know the different types of Bhakti,
appreciate the role of poet saints in Bhakti
movement
understand the salient features and the 2.1. Bhakti Movement
effects of Bhakti movement
2.2. Sufi Movement
understand the origin and expansion of Sufi
concepts. 2.3. Inferences from the Poetry of
appreciate the role of Sufi saints and the Bhakti and Sufi saints about
impact of Sufi movement on society. existing social order
apply knowledge of the principles of Bhakti
movement in real life situations.
Fig-2.1: Introductory Pictures
7th Class - Social Studies 16 New Religious Ideas - Bhakti Sufi

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Dear students observe the above picture (Fig-2.1) and answer the questions below.
What do you observe in the picture 2.1.

Imagine who he is and what his teachings are ?
New Religious Ideas
Bhakti Movement Sufi Movement
What is Bhakti? Origin of Sufi
Main features of
Nature of Bhakti movement
Sufi movement
Main features of Some prominent saints
Bhakti movement of Sufi movement
Some prominent saints of Impacts of Sufi movement
Bhakti movement
Impacts of Bhakti movement
Inferences from Poetry of Bhakti and

Sufi saints about existing social order
2.1. Bhakti Movement :

The Bhakti movement reached its prominance in 8th century and continued to grow ever after.
This movement spreads all over India. According to reformers in all religions evil practices and
blind faiths lead them to reform their religions. The reformers adopted singing hymns and praises
to god in their own language. People from all walks of life became their disciples. They brought
about a lot of reforms in the society. They preached people irrespective of their caste, creed,
religion etc.
What is Bhakti?
Bhakti means a path of loving devotion to a particular deity.When one expresses true devotion,
he/she is selfless in his/her desire to please the beloved. It is thought that by loving and serving
God or deity, one will also love and serve the Divine in everything, thus finding moksha.

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It has the characteristics like universal brotherhood and equality of all in the society. In
Hinduism there are different paths of attaining moksha like karma, Gnana, Bhakti etc. During the
medieval period the path of Bhakti became more popular in all religions.
In Bhakti there is saguna bhakti, nirguna bhakti. Saguna bhakti means worshiping God with
form, nirguna bhakti means worshiping God without form.
Go through the internet and explore with the help of your teacher, List the followers of saguna
and nirguna Bhakthi in all religions and discuss in the class room.
Journey of the Bhakti movement:
The movement was started by Adi Shankaracharya. After that, Ramanujacharya has taken
the lead and promoted the Sri Vaishnava tradition within Hinduism. He promoted the Visisthaadvaita
philosophy and Madhvacharya has promoted Dwaita Philopsophy.
Later the movement was taken forward by Basaveswara in Karnataka, Tukaram, Nam
dev, Samardha Ramadas etc in Maharastra, Ramananda, Kabir, Ravidas, Surdas, Mirabai etc in
North India; Sri Chaitanya in Bengal; Guru Nanak dev in Punjab, and Sankaradev in Assam.Alwars
were Vaishnava saints. Nayanars were Saiva saints. They came from all castes. They spread the
Bhakti movement in south India, mainly in Tamilnadu.
Main features of the Bhakti Movement.
oneness of God.
one of the ways to moksha is Bhakthi.
Bhakthi means to surrender to God.
emphasized equality of all humans.
no discrimination of caste, creed, sect.
the bhakti saints travelled to various places to speak about the path of Bhakti and preached
in the local languages.

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There were eight ministers called
Ashta Pradhans to assist him in administrative
matters. The Prime Minister was called Shivaji was great warrior and just ruler who
Peshwa. The crisis arised after the death of consolidated the Maratha kingdom. He
Sivaji. It was successfully solved by Peshwas practiced religious tolerance, protected Muslim
from here onwards, the administration of women, mosques and tombs.
Maratha Provinces was done by the
Peshwas. Balaji Vishwanath, Bajirao I and
Balaji Bajirao are the important peshwas who
ruled Maratha kingdom.
What conditions necessitated Shivaji for the
establishment of Swaraj during Mughal period?
Warrior : a brave or experienced soldier or fighter.

Regent : a person appointed to administer a state because the monarch is a
minor or is absent or incapacitated
Heretic : a person believing in or practising religious heresy.
Guerrilla warfare : a surprise attack of hit and run tactic by a group of soldiers
Agrarian : relating to the ownership and use of farmland
I. Answer the following questions.

1. Write about the central administration of the Mughals?
2. Appreciate the Art and Architecture of the Mughals?
3. What are the reasons for the decline of Mughal empire?
4. Appreciate the character of Shivaji.
5. Mark the following places in outline map of India.
a) Agra b) Delhi c) Panjab d) Fatehpur Sikri
6. Describe the conquests of Shivaji?
II. Choose the correct answers.
1. The musician we found in Akbars court---------- [ ]
a) Tansen b) Abul Fazal c) Raja Birbal d) Raja Thodarmal
2. Find out the odd one. [ ]
a) Akbar b) Humayun c) Shersha d) Jahangir
3. Ibadatkhana is situated in----------- [ ]
a) Fathehpur sikri b) Delhi c) Jahangirabad d) Aurangabad

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Fill up the following table with suitable words.
Dwaitha
Sankaracharya
Visistadwaitha
Vallbhacharya:
Vallabhacharya was another prominent Vaishnava saint from the South.
He hailed from a Telugu family. He gained great popularity for his talents,
scholarship and his deep knowledge of philosophy. His idealogy is known
as Suddhadvaita (pure Non-Dualism). According to it God is one. Vallabhas
teachings are also known as pushtimarga or the Path of Grace. He had
intense love for the divine incarnation of Lord Shri Krishna. He wrote
commentaries on the Brahma Sutra.
Fig-8.5: Vallbhacharya
The Brahma Suthras is a Sanskrit text. Attributed to the sages Badharayana or Vyasa. It
is also known as Vedanta Sutra.
Basaveswara:
Basaveswara was a statesman, philosopher, poet, and social reformer
of Karnataka. He popularised the Veerasaivism. His literary works are
named Vachanas. He preached to all people irrespective of his birth or
social status. His famous quote "All men are equal. There is no caste or
sub-caste".
Fig-8.6: Basaveswara
Ramananda:
The credit for the spread of Vaishnava religion in northern India goes
to Ramananda. He was born at Prayag (Allahabad). He got his schooling
at Prayag and Banaras. He visited various religious places in northern
India, and he preached Vaishnavism. He believed in Vishistadvaita
philosophy of Ramanuja and carried his teachings much further. He strongly
opposed sectarianism. He adopted Hindi to spread his teachings. Fig-8.7: Ramananda
Why did Ramananda oppose sectarianism in those days ?. Know from your teacher.

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Kabir :
Another prominent saint of the Bhakti movement in northern India
was Kabir. He was brought up by a Muslim weaver named Niru. From
his childhood itself Kabir was a meditative child. When he grew young, he
became the disciple of Ramanand and stayed most of the time at Banaras.
He learnt the Vedanta philosophy in a modified and more acceptable way
from Ramananda. He preached a religion of love which aimed at promoting
unity amongst all castes and creeds. He advocated all are equal before
God. In fact, he was the first saint who tried to reconcile Hinduism and Fig-2.8: Kabir
Islam.
Kabir said that All are equal before God? Do you agree with this statement? Mention
your reasons.
Sant Ravidas:
Sant Ravidas lived at Banares. He earned his living by mending
shoes. He lived a life of simplicity and concentment. There is a spirit
of harmony is his writings. He advocated complete surrunder to
God. His cardial quote was "Hari is in all and all in Hari".
Fig-2.9: Ravidas
Mira Bai:
Mira Bai was another important woman saint of the medieval times.
Mira became a devotee of Krishna right from her childhood. Even after
marriage she continued her devotion towards Krishna and became popular
as a Divine singer. Mira lived a very simple life though she was born in a
royal family. She propagated Krishna Bhakthi among all sections of the
society.
Hermits of various religions visited Chittod (Rajastan) to listen her
Singing in ecstasy. She was the disciple of Santh Ravidas. Her songs have
Fig-8.10: Mira Bai
become popular for centuries.
Hermits of various religions got attracted to the Bhajans of Mira. Why?

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Let us know some of the religious reformers in Hindu, Islam and Sikh religions and their contributions
to the movement.
Adi Shankaracharya:
Sankaracharya was born in Kaladi of kerala. He became a
saint at the age of five. He preached Advaita Philosophy. He established
four Shakthi Peethaas in all the four corners of India i.e Badri in the
North, Srungeri in the South, Puri in the East and Dwaraka in the west.
He Wrote Viveka chudamani, Soundaryalahari, Sivanandalahari,
Atmabodha etc. He attained nirvana at the age of 32. He was considered
the greatest reformer of Sanatana Dharma.
Fig-2.2: Adi Shankaracharya
With the help of your teacher / parents Collect some more preachings of Adi
Sankaracharya from your school library and discuss in class.
Ramanujacharya :
Ramanujacharya was a philosopher and social reformer. He
was born at Sri Perumbudur in Southern India in the year 1017 C.E.
Ramanuja gave a philosophical basis to the teachings of Vaishnavism.
He preached Vishishta advaita. He preached everyone could attain
salvation by completely surrendering to the will of the Almighty. He
wrote a commentary on the Brahma Sutras popularly known as "Sri
Bhasya".
Fig-2.3: Ramanujacharya
What are the contributions of Ramanujacharya to attain social equality?
Madhwacharya:
Madhwacharya was born on the west coast of Karnataka

state in 13th- century. He promoted the Dwaita philosophy. Dvaita
- means duality, dualism. It considers Brahman and Atman as two
different entities and Bhakti (devotion) is the route to eternal salvation.
According to Dwaita philosophy the world is not an illusion but a
Fig-2.4: Madhwacharya
reality. Brahman, Atman and matter are unique in nature.

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Namdev:
He was born in a Tailor family. He was a devotee of Vithoba of Pandharpur.
He conducted Bhajan sessions with people of all sections of society.
According to Namdev there is no need to follow rituals and elaborated
processes to worship god. Simply we have to concentrate our mind on
God to attain moksha.
Fig-2.14: Namdev
Jnaneswar :
Jnaneswar wrote his commentary on the
Bhagawadagita called Bhagavat Namdev preached no need
Deepika.commonly known as to follow rituals and
Jnaneswari.Jnaneswar used Marathi to elaborated process to
convey his thoughts. He advocated to worship god.Why did he
allow all castes to read scriptures. Fig-2.15: Jnaneswar say?
Telugu saints: Let us now discuss some prominent Telugu poets & Scholars who are well known
for their literature as well as social concern.
Molla:
She is also called Mollamamba. She is a Telugu poet from potter
community. She wrote Ramayana in telugu and she is said to be the
contemporary of Krishna devaraya.Her style is simple and attractive.
Fig-2.16: Molla
Annamayya:
Tallapaka annamacharya is popularly known as annamayya. He is from
tallapaka village of kadapa district. He is known as padakavitha
pithamaha. He wrote 32000 keerthanas in praise of lord venkateswara.
His sankeerthanas are very popular among telugu people. In his poems
he resented social in equalities. Fig-2.17: Annamayya
Impact of the Bhakti Movement on the Medieval Indian Society:

The most important social impact of the Bhakti movement was that the followers of the Bhakti
movement rejected the caste distinction.
The movement encouraged religious tolerance.
It encouraged the value of service.
It stresses on earning wealth through hard work and honest means.
A spirit of harmony developed among different sections of the society.
It tried to develop humanitarian attitude.

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Bhakti inculcates honesty, kindness, love, service mindedness etc.? Discuss
8.2.Sufi Movement:
The Sufi movement was a socio-religious movement in Islam. The Sufis emphasised on an
egalitarian society based on universal love. The word Sufi is derived from an Arabic word
Saf. Saf means purity / clean. The Sufi saints were always in meditation and they led a simple
life. They wore woollen clothes.
The salient features of Sufiism:
There is only one God. All are children of God.
To love ones fellow men is to love God.
Devotional music is one of the ways to move nearer to God.
Sufi believes Wahdat-ul-Wujud means worship for a single God.
Khwaja Moinuddin Chisti:

Khwaja Muinuddin Chishti was a great Sufi Saint of India.
The Chishti order was established in India by him. He was
born in 1143 A.D. in Seistan in Persia. He came to India
around 1192 A.D. He spread the message of love and universal
brotherhood. Fig-2.18: Moinuddin
Chishti Dargh
Moinuddin Chishti Dargah is located at Ajmer, Rajasthan in India. The shrine has the grave
of the revered saint, Moinnuddin Chishti.
Farid-ud-din Ganj-i-Shakar :
Farid-ud-din Ganj-i-Shakar was another great Sufi Saint of India. He
was popularly known as Baba Farid. He stressed meditation and
Love for one God. He said we should always remember and obey the
God. One has no right to live who does not pray.
Nizam-ud-din-Aouliya, Shaik Nizamt Ullah and Khwaja-pir-
Fig-2.19: Farid-ud
mohammad are other prominent reformers in Islam.
din Ganj-I-Shakar
Impact of Sufi movement:

Sufis travelled all over the country to reach the poor and rural communities.
They preached in the local languages.
They lived a modest simple life.

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List the similarities of both Hindu and Islamic reformers.
8.3. Inferences from poetry of Bhakti movement & Sufi movement:

1. Bhakti movement and Sufi movement influenced the life style, cultural practices and traditions
of people.
2. The saints and their followers resented caste, religious in equalities that prevailed in society.
3. Dignity of labour enhanced the recognition of the people in Agriculture, Handloom, Art crafts
etc.
4. Inspiration of Bhakti movement lead to the formation of new kingdoms.
Ex : Vijayanagara kingdom has established with the inspiration of Swami vidyaranya and the
Maratha kingdom by Shivaji with the consideration of Samardha Ramadas.
5. Bhakti movement enhanced the essence of local languages. The saints of Bhakti movement
composed songs and poems to attract common man easily. This enhanced the literature in
regional languages.
Ex: Writings of Akkamahadevi, Meera bhajans, Tiruppavai of Godadevi.
6. The Sufi saints propagated the principles of monotheism (belief in one God) simple way of
worship and protested superstitions. Sufi saints propagated their principles in poems, songs.
Music has great prominence in praising God. Ex: Quwwali , simplicity, disciplined life dedication
towards Islam etc. attracted the society towards Sufism
Upanishads : They are known as Vedanta . These are the last parts of Vedas.
Esoteric : The philosophical knowledge attained by few saints with dedicative
effort.
Egalitarian : The concept of equalness.
Ecstasy : A trance or trance like state in which a person transcends.
Salvation : Deliverance of the soul from earthly matters and reach the abode of
God.
I . Answer the following questions.

1. What are the salient features of Bhakthi movement?
2. Write about Sufi saints and their teachings?
3. Who is Mira Bhai? What was her contribution to the Bhakthi movement?
4. What are the literary works of Adi Sankaracharya?
5. Write about the saints of North India. Where are their Mutts?
6. Who was the founder of Sikhism and what were the main principles of Sikhism?
7. What is the impact of Bhakti movement on society?
8. Decribe the prominent saints of South India.

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II. Choose the correct answer
1. Who preached the Visisthaadvaitha philosophy ( )
a) Ramanuja b) Sankaracharya c) Ramananda d) Kabir
2. The concept of Saguna Bhrahman was the outcome of which of the following concept of
Bhakti movement? ( )
a) Nirguna Bhakti b) Vaishnavism c) Saivism d) None of above
3. Who is the founder of sikh religion? ( )
a) Gurunanak b) Sankaracharya c) Ramananda d) Akbar
4. What does it mean oneness of god. ( )
a) Only one god b) Belief in one god c) Unity of god d) All the above
5. In which century did the Bhakti movement begin? ( )
a) 6th b) 7th c) 8th d) 9th
III. Matching.
Group- A Group- B
1. Alvars ( ) a) Worshipping god with form
2. Hindu scripture ( ) b) Worshiping of Vishnu
3. Saguna Bhakti ( ) c) Worship of the divine as formless
4. Nirguna Bhakti ( ) d) Nayanars
5. Shaiva ( ) e) Ramayana, Bhagavadgita
Collect the poems written by various poets and recite them in your
school function.

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understand the background of the Indian
constitution.
explain the role of the Constituent Assembly
and Drafting committee.
3.1. Brief background of the Indian
appreciate the role of Dr. B.R. Ambedkar in Constitution.
making of the Indian Constitution. 3.2. The Preamble of the Indian
understand the constitutional values. Constitution.
know the role of Fundamental Rights and 3.3. Salient features of the Indian
Duties in the development of the individual Constitution.
and the society. 3.4. Values and Responsible Citizenship
Students!
Do we follow any rules to keep our school functioning properly?
Are such rules required? Why?
From the time of arrival at the school in the morning till the time of leaving the school in the evening,
the various activities of the school i.e. assembly, teaching of various subjects, sports etc. are all
conducted in a systematic manner. All this is happening according to a timetable that our Head
Master, teachers, and students have prepared. We know that it is difficult to run a school without
any rules.
In the same way, in order to govern a country, a constitution must be drafted that includes the head
of state, the government, the legislature, the judiciary, and so on. There is an opportunity to provide
proper governance to the people based on its contents.
7th Class - Social Studies 27 Indian Constitution - an Introduction

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Like all the other countries in the world, our country, India has a well-prepared constitution
to rule ourselves smoothly without any disturbance. In this lesson we are going to learn the brief
introduction to the Indian constitution and its salient features like the Fundamental Rights, Fundamental
Duties etc.
An Introduction to
The Indian Constitution
Brief Background Preamble of the Salient features Values and

of the Indian Indian constitution of the Indian Responsible
constitution constitution citizenship
Activities related to Sovereign

the constitution
during British rule Socialist
The Constituent Secular Fundamental Rights

Assembly
Democratic
The Drafting Fundamental Duties
Committee Republic
9.1. Brief background of the Indian Constitution:

Dear learners you know very well that before independence, our India was ruled by the
British. Can you say there was any Constitution for India during the British rule? No, there
was no constitution for India. They ruled India according to the acts made by the British
Parliament. Among them, Government of India Act - 1935 was an important Act. It was
provided for the establishment of an all-India federation consisting of Provinces and Princely
states.The act divided the powers between the Centre and States into three lists. This act
introduced diarchy at the centre.It also introduced the autonomy of the states.
Browse the internet or go through the library books and know more about other acts made
by the British parliament for ruling India. (If necessary, take the help of your teacher).
Our national leaders opposed the acts made by the British

government. Why?
7th Class - Social Studies 2 8 Indian Constitution - an Introduction

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3.1.1.Activities related to the Constitution during British
rule:
In the year 1928, a committee was constituted by all
the parties including Indian National Congress to draft
the constitution for India. Motilal Nehru (father of
Jawaharlal Nehru) acted as the chairman of this
The Constitution::
committee. This committee submitted its report in the
The basic law with a set of
year 1929. It was known as Nehru report. It was the rules of a country which show
first Constitutional Document. But it could not come the nature of the country, form
of the government, rights and
into force because the British did not accept it.
duties of the citizens is called the
In 1931, the Indian National Congress (INC) at Karachi Constitution.
session passed a resolution on how Independent Indias It is either in written form
or non-written form. Our Indian
Constitution should look like. Both Nehru report and
Constitution is in written form,
Karachi resolution were committed to the Universal Adult whereas British constitution is in
Franchise, Right to Freedom and Equality. non-written form.
l Why was the Indian National Congress demanded for a separate Constitution for India.
What were the reasons for it?
l What is the need of a Constitution for a country?
The Indian National Congress: It was the organization that worked for the freedom of India
from the British. It was established in 1885.
3.1.2. The Constituent Assembly:

The Constitution was drafted by an assembly of elected representatives called the Constituent
Assembly.
Historically, in 1934, the Indian National Congress made a demand for a Constituent
Assembly. According to the Cabinet Mission plan 1946, election to the Constituent Assembly was

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held in July 1946. The members of the Constituent Assembly
Dr. Babu Rajendra Prasad
were elected indirectly by the members of the provincial
assemblies. The Cabinet Mission plan allotted seats to each
Province and each Princely State or a group of states.
Accordingly, Provinces or areas under the British

rule elected 292 members and all Princely States together
nominated 93 members. Four members were elected from
Delhi, Ajmer-Mewad, Koorg and British Baluchistan. With
this the total members of the Indian Constituent Assembly
He was the President of
reached 389. Among the 389 members, 26 members were The Indian Constituent Assembly.
from Scheduled Castes and 9 members were from women. Later, he was elected as the first
With the partition of the country in August 1947, the President of Independent India on
24 th January 1950, in the last
Constituent Assembly was also bifurcated into the Indian
session of the Constituent
Constituent assembly and the Pakistan Constituent Assembly.
Assembly. He is the only president
The Indian Constituent Assembly had 299 members. It to have been re-elected for a
elected Dr. Babu Rajendra Prasad, as its President. second term (1950 - 1962).
Fig. 3.1: Some members of Constituent Assembly

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v If the members of the Constituent Assembly were elected through Universal Adult
Franchise, how would its impact be on making of the Constitution.
v Why do you think the Princely- states were allowed to nominate members to the
Constituent Assembly?
v Prepare a photo album with pictures and the biography of prominent members in our
Constituent Assembly.
3.1.3. Drafting Committee:
The Drafting committee was entrusted with the responsibility to prepare the Draft constitution.
It was set up on 29th August, 1947 under the chairmanship of Dr. B.R Ambedkar with seven
members. Draft constitution was prepared and submitted to the Constituent Assembly in 1948. It
contained 315 Articles and 8 Schedules.
The Draft Constitution had been kept before the public for eight months. During this long-
period critics and advisories had more than sufficient time to express their reaction to the provisions
contained in it. After modifications, the Constitution with 395 Articles, 22 Parts and 8 Schedules
was finally adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26th November, 1949 and it came into force
on 26th January 1950.
The man who tried to run the wheel of law towards social justice for all
· Regarded as the Father of the Indian Constitution.

· He was responsible for the prepartion of the Draft Constitution
for independent India.
· Appointed as the first Law Minister of independent India in
1947.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar
Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar, popularly known as Babasaheb Ambedkar, was a jurist,
social activist and a politician. Bhimrao Ambedkar was born to Bhimabai and Ramji on 14th
April 1891 in Mhow Army Cantonment in Central Provinces (Madhya Pradesh). Ambedkars
father was a Subedar in the British Indian Army and after his retirement in 1894, the family
moved to Satara, of Central Provinces. He faced a number of challenges in his formative years,
which shaped his adult writings and philosophies. Ambedkars thoughts as reflected in his writings
and speeches have significant importance in tracing the history and growth of social thought in
India. For most of his life, Ambedkar worked outside the mainstream of politics. He worked for
the welfare of the depressed and poor.

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_ Our Constitution was adopted The Constitution Day :

by the Constituent Assembly on
Constitution Day is celebrated in India on 26th
26th November, 1949. But it
November every year to commemorate the adoption
came into force on 26th
of the Constitution of India on 26th November 1949
January,1950. Why was it
by the Constituent Assembly. The celebration was
delayed? Find out the reason
officially started in 2015.
with the help of your teacher.
_ The Constituent Assembly took 2 years, 11
_ Why do we celebrate Republic
months 18 days for the preparation of our
day on 26th January?
Constitution.
_ Browse the internet or ask your teacher to know more about our Indian Constitution.(At
present, how many Articles, Schedules, Parts are there in the Indian constitution.)
3.2. The Preamble of Indian Constitution:

Dear students.. Observe your textbook. You can find Preface or Foreword or About this
book at the beginning of the text. It tells us the goals and objectives of the textbook. In the same
way the Constitution also consists of a Preamble which is known as an introduction to the
Constitution. It sets out the goals, the values and the ideals to which our country stands. It is the
basic structure of our Constitution.
Fig. 3.2: Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru

addressing the Inaugural session of
the Constituent Assembly on
13.12.1946.
On that day he proposed "objective

resolution" which is the base to the
preamble of Indian Constitution.
v An Article refers to a specific rule or principle on a specific aspect in the constitution.

v A Part refers to a set (group) of articles relating to one concept.
v A Schedule refers to additional information or details not mentioned in the articles.
v Socialist, Secular words were added to the Preamble in 1976 through the 42nd amendment.

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II. Choose the correct answer
1. Who preached the Visisthaadvaitha philosophy ( )
a) Ramanuja b) Sankaracharya c) Ramananda d) Kabir
2. The concept of Saguna Bhrahman was the outcome of which of the following concept of
Bhakti movement? ( )
a) Nirguna Bhakti b) Vaishnavism c) Saivism d) None of above
3. Who is the founder of sikh religion? ( )
a) Gurunanak b) Sankaracharya c) Ramananda d) Akbar
4. What does it mean oneness of god. ( )
a) Only one god b) Belief in one god c) Unity of god d) All the above
5. In which century did the Bhakti movement begin? ( )
a) 6th b) 7th c) 8th d) 9th
III. Matching.
Group- A Group- B
1. Alvars ( ) a) Worshipping god with form
2. Hindu scripture ( ) b) Worshiping of Vishnu
3. Saguna Bhakti ( ) c) Worship of the divine as formless
4. Nirguna Bhakti ( ) d) Nayanars
5. Shaiva ( ) e) Ramayana, Bhagavadgita
Collect the poems written by various poets and recite them in your
school function.

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JUSTICE Citizens cannot be discriminated on the grounds of caste, religion and gender. Social
inequalities have to be reduced. Government should work for the welfare of all, especially the
disadvantaged groups.
LIBERTY It means freedom to all.There are no unreasonable restrictions on the citizens in
what they think, how they wish to express their thoughts and the way, they wish to follow up their
thoughts in action.
EQUALITY All are equal before the law. The traditional social inequalities have to be ended.
The government should ensure equal opportunities for all.
FRATERNITY It means brotherhood.It promotes unity, integrity and loyalty among the people
of the nation.
^ All democratic countries are not Republic countries. Give an example for this statement.
^ Suppose a country has an official religion. Can you say that country is a secular
country?
^ Why is India called a Republic?
^ How can you say that India is a Secular country?
3.3.Salient Features of the Indian Constitution:

The Constitution of India is a very dynamic creation of our law makers. It comprises of
many salient features shown as follows:
l Written Constitution. l Fundamental Duties.
l Lengthiest constitution. l Directive principle of state Policy.
l Democratic form of government. l Single citizenship.
l Sovereignty of the people. l Independent judiciary.
l The Parliamentary form of government. l Adult suffrage.
l Fundamental Rights. l Rigid and flexible Constitution etc.
Now, we shall discuss about the Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties. You will
learn in detail about the remaining features in the higher classes.
3.3.1.Fundamental Rights:
Rights are reasonable claims of persons. Fundamental rights are a set of rights that are
recognized under the Constitution of a country to protect their citizens. These rights give
people a protection from the oppressive governments and the duty of the government is
to uphold them. They are directly protected by the Supreme court of India and High courts.
At present there are six Fundamental Rights that are mentioned from Article 14 to 32 in
Part 3 of the Constitution of India. They are shown in the Fig. 3.5.

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Right to against Exploitation Right to Freedom of Religion
Right to Education and Culture

Right to Freedom
FUNDAMENTAL
RIGHTS
Right to Equality Right to Constitutional

Remedies
Fig-3.5: Fundamental Rights

At the time of our Indian constitution coming into force, we had seven Fundamental Rights.
But, in the year 1978 the Right to Property was deleted from the list of the Fundamental Rights
through 44thConstitutional amendment.
Fundamental Rights
Fundamental Right Explanation
The Indian Constitution guarantees the Right to Equality. It includes
1. Right to Equality equal protection of law, social equality, equal opportunities in employment
(Article 14 - 18) and education, abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles.
2. Right to Freedom The Right to Freedom guarantees the following six freedoms: Freedom
(Article 19 - 22) of speech and expression, Freedom to assemble peacefully without
arms, Freedom to form associations or unions, Freedom to move freely,
Freedom to reside and settle in any part of India, Freedom to participate
in any profession and right to life.
3. Right against Under this Right, all forms of forced labour are prohibited. It also
Exploitation prohibits child labour. The Constitution states, no child below the age
of 14 shall be employed to work in any factory or mines or engaged
(Article 23 - 24)
in any other hazardous work.
4. Right to Freedom All individuals are free to follow their conscience and practise any
of Religion religion. Though our country has many religions like Hinduism, Islamism,
(Article 25 28) Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism etc. there is no official religion
to the State. Government remains neutral in religious matters and so our
country is known as a Secular State.
5. Right to Education The Constitution says, all minorities, either on religious basis or linguistic
and Culture
(Article 29 - 30)
basis, shall have the right to establish and administer educational
institutions of their choice and protect their culture.
6. Right to Constitutional This right protects all the Fundamental Rights through Supreme court
Remedies and High courts.
(Article 32)

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l Right to Property was deleted from the Fundamental l Browse the internet or
Rights. What is your opinion for the reason behind it? visit the library and
(Ask your teacher)
prepare a table on what
l Fundamental Rights were adopted from the American
aspects are adopted
Constitution and some other aspects were also adopted
from the Constitutions of various countries. What do from various countries
you learn from this statement? in our Constitution.
l Based on the study of the above table, how do Locate these countries
Fundamental Rights help your development? Explain. in the world map.
l What would be the situation if we didnt have the Right
to Freedom as a Fundamental Right?
Right to Information:
+ The Right to Information empowers every citizen to seek any information from the
Government.
+ It ensures transparency in administration.
+ The Right to Information Act (RTI) was enacted by the Parliament of India in 2005.
Right to Education:
+ Our Parliament recognized education as a Fundamental Right as a part of The

Right to Freedom.
+ The 86th Amendment of the Constitution that was passed in 2002 added Article
21A which ensures education as a Fundamental Right.
+ It says that the state shall provide free and compulsory education to all children
between the ages 6 and 14 years through a law that it may determine.
+ The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act was enacted in 2009
by the Parliament of India and came in to force on April 1st, 2010.
D Try to know, How the Right to Information

ensures transparency in government administration?
D Have you seen any violation of Fundamental Rights in your surroundings? If so mention
some examples.
D Find out the difference between Article 21A and Article 45 in our Constitution with the
help of your teacher?

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3.3.2. Fundamental Duties:
These are defined as the moral obligations of all citizens to help promote a spirit of
patriotism and to uphold the unity of India. These duties were set out in Article 51A, Part
4A in our constitution through 42ndAmendment in 1976. These were taken from Russian
constitution. Rights and duties are complimentary to each other. Where there are rights,
there are duties. One cant think of rights without duties.
Real rights are a result of the performance of duty

Mahatma Gandhiji
Fig 3.6: Fundamental Duties
What are the rights you enjoy and the duties done by you in your school?
In what way the duties are important?
The Fundamental duties enhance patriotism. How?
"Rights and duties are the two sides of the same coin". Discuss.

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The Constitution of India guarantees some rights to its citizens and people who choose to live
in the country. However, there are also some duties that we as citizens are expected to accomplish.
Example 1: How indiscipline in the classroom can lead to chaos. For example:
What I am allowed to do in the school What I am not allowed to do in the school
Make a good behaviour in the class Indisciplined behaviour in the class.

Use the library Jump on the benches
Play in the ground Write on the walls
Above information denoted that, safeguard public property and abjure violence.
Example :
A group of friends decided to celebrate a festival they blocked the road, set up a stage and
installed massive amplifiers that blared music for a long distance. According to them, it was part
of their Right to Freedom guaranteed under the Fundamental Right. Due to this, the people in the
neighborhood had to spend a sleepless night. Their right is denied.
Given example - denote that protect and improve the natural environment.
The above two examples show the need of awareness on the duties and responsibilities of citizens.
3.4. Values and Responsible Citizenship:
Values are those inner standards that provide
you the motivation to act as you do. Values signify
what is important and worthwhile. They serve as
the basis for moral codes and ethical
reflection.Individuals have their own values, based
on many factors, such as family, peers, social
background,e.t.c.You are willing to publicly stand
by your values.Not only you are proud of your
choice not to cheat.But you will also speak about
your position and even try to convince others not
to cheat.You declare by your actions and words
that you value honesty and integrity.Your value
shows up in every aspect of your life.You don't just Fig. 3.7: Responsible Citizen
talk about having honesty and integrity, you live
it.You will associate with people who also value
honesty and integrity. We should be resposible
citigens in the society. A responsible citigen should
inculcate the following values.

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F Obey the laws and respect authority.
F Contribute to society and community and perform civic duty.
F Patriotism- Love your country.
F Honesty tell the truth.
F Responsibility be accountable for yourself and your actions.
F Respectfulness treat others how you want to be treated.
F Compassion you must have compassion for the victims and the oppressed. Show fellowship
with your compatriots who make voluntary donations to charties.
D Tolerance be tolerant of other races and religions.
D Courtesy be considerate of others.
D Self-Discipline have self-control and cultivate the ability to follow through on what you
say youre going to do.
D Moral Courage stand up for what you consider to be right and defend those who cannot
defend themselves.
D Love of Justice be fair and ask that others be so as well.
How do the above qualities make you a responsible citizen?

Which of the above qualities do you have?
Dear future generation citizens embrace the above qualities in you and become a good and
responsible citizen. These qualities help us and help to develop our society.
Constitutional Amendment : A modification of the Constitution of a country.

Fraternity : Sense of brotherhood.
Province : It is an administrative division in India during British rule.
Princely State : These were states of native rulers (kings) during the British
Period.
Citizen : A person who is a member of a state or country and has
legal rights there.
Citizenship : The position or status of being a citizen of a particular
country.
Compatriot : A person who comes from the same country.
Diarchy : A government in which power vested in two rulers.

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JUSTICE Citizens cannot be discriminated on the grounds of caste, religion and gender. Social
inequalities have to be reduced. Government should work for the welfare of all, especially the
disadvantaged groups.
LIBERTY It means freedom to all.There are no unreasonable restrictions on the citizens in
what they think, how they wish to express their thoughts and the way, they wish to follow up their
thoughts in action.
EQUALITY All are equal before the law. The traditional social inequalities have to be ended.
The government should ensure equal opportunities for all.
FRATERNITY It means brotherhood.It promotes unity, integrity and loyalty among the people
of the nation.
^ All democratic countries are not Republic countries. Give an example for this statement.
^ Suppose a country has an official religion. Can you say that country is a secular
country?
^ Why is India called a Republic?
^ How can you say that India is a Secular country?
3.3.Salient Features of the Indian Constitution:

The Constitution of India is a very dynamic creation of our law makers. It comprises of
many salient features shown as follows:
l Written Constitution. l Fundamental Duties.
l Lengthiest constitution. l Directive principle of state Policy.
l Democratic form of government. l Single citizenship.
l Sovereignty of the people. l Independent judiciary.
l The Parliamentary form of government. l Adult suffrage.
l Fundamental Rights. l Rigid and flexible Constitution etc.
Now, we shall discuss about the Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Duties. You will
learn in detail about the remaining features in the higher classes.
3.3.1.Fundamental Rights:
Rights are reasonable claims of persons. Fundamental rights are a set of rights that are
recognized under the Constitution of a country to protect their citizens. These rights give
people a protection from the oppressive governments and the duty of the government is
to uphold them. They are directly protected by the Supreme court of India and High courts.
At present there are six Fundamental Rights that are mentioned from Article 14 to 32 in
Part 3 of the Constitution of India. They are shown in the Fig. 3.5.

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Right to against Exploitation Right to Freedom of Religion
Right to Education and Culture

Right to Freedom
FUNDAMENTAL
RIGHTS
Right to Equality Right to Constitutional

Remedies
Fig-3.5: Fundamental Rights

At the time of our Indian constitution coming into force, we had seven Fundamental Rights.
But, in the year 1978 the Right to Property was deleted from the list of the Fundamental Rights
through 44thConstitutional amendment.
Fundamental Rights
Fundamental Right Explanation
The Indian Constitution guarantees the Right to Equality. It includes
1. Right to Equality equal protection of law, social equality, equal opportunities in employment
(Article 14 - 18) and education, abolition of untouchability and abolition of titles.
2. Right to Freedom The Right to Freedom guarantees the following six freedoms: Freedom
(Article 19 - 22) of speech and expression, Freedom to assemble peacefully without
arms, Freedom to form associations or unions, Freedom to move freely,
Freedom to reside and settle in any part of India, Freedom to participate
in any profession and right to life.
3. Right against Under this Right, all forms of forced labour are prohibited. It also
Exploitation prohibits child labour. The Constitution states, no child below the age
of 14 shall be employed to work in any factory or mines or engaged
(Article 23 - 24)
in any other hazardous work.
4. Right to Freedom All individuals are free to follow their conscience and practise any
of Religion religion. Though our country has many religions like Hinduism, Islamism,
(Article 25 28) Christianity, Sikhism, Buddhism, Jainism etc. there is no official religion
to the State. Government remains neutral in religious matters and so our
country is known as a Secular State.
5. Right to Education The Constitution says, all minorities, either on religious basis or linguistic
and Culture
(Article 29 - 30)
basis, shall have the right to establish and administer educational
institutions of their choice and protect their culture.
6. Right to Constitutional This right protects all the Fundamental Rights through Supreme court
Remedies and High courts.
(Article 32)

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l understand the formation of State Government
l identify the names of Assembly Constituencies
in AP Map.
l understand the law-making process.
l understand how the State Government is formed
and how it works. 4.1. How is the StateGovernment
l differentiate between Local Government and formed and how it work?
State Government. 4.2. Law making process
l explain about District Level Administration 4.3. District level Administration.
l understand the role of media in Government.
Fig 4.1. Public Amenities
7th Class - Social Studies 42 State Government

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What do you observe in the above picture?
What are the public amenities seen in the picture?
Who provides the public amenities?
What is a Government?
In the earlier class, you have learnt about "what is Government?" Types of government
and local self-government. In this lesson, we will learn how the state government is formed, how
it works and about district level administration.
STATE GOVERNMENT
How the State Law making process District level

Government formed (Enact Laws) Administration
how it and Works?
Legislature Executive Judiciary
Governor Governor High Court
Legislative Legislative Chief Minister Collector

Assembly Council
Council of
Ministers
Election to legislative
Assembly
Who is an MLA?
10.1. How does the State government form and work?
In India we have the government at two levels. One is at the centre and the other is at
the state. All the states and union territories have separate governments to run their own administration
and they work according to our the Indian constitution.

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F Obey the laws and respect authority.
F Contribute to society and community and perform civic duty.
F Patriotism- Love your country.
F Honesty tell the truth.
F Responsibility be accountable for yourself and your actions.
F Respectfulness treat others how you want to be treated.
F Compassion you must have compassion for the victims and the oppressed. Show fellowship
with your compatriots who make voluntary donations to charties.
D Tolerance be tolerant of other races and religions.
D Courtesy be considerate of others.
D Self-Discipline have self-control and cultivate the ability to follow through on what you
say youre going to do.
D Moral Courage stand up for what you consider to be right and defend those who cannot
defend themselves.
D Love of Justice be fair and ask that others be so as well.
How do the above qualities make you a responsible citizen?

Which of the above qualities do you have?
Dear future generation citizens embrace the above qualities in you and become a good and
responsible citizen. These qualities help us and help to develop our society.
Constitutional Amendment : A modification of the Constitution of a country.

Fraternity : Sense of brotherhood.
Province : It is an administrative division in India during British rule.
Princely State : These were states of native rulers (kings) during the British
Period.
Citizen : A person who is a member of a state or country and has
legal rights there.
Citizenship : The position or status of being a citizen of a particular
country.
Compatriot : A person who comes from the same country.
Diarchy : A government in which power vested in two rulers.

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1. Write the Fundamental Duties of our Constitution.
2. What is the impact of Fundamental Rights on present society?
3. Give examples for violation of Fundamental Rights.
4. Read the paragraph under salient features of the Indian Constitution and comment on
it.
5. Appreciate the role of Dr.B.R Ambedkar in the preparation of the Indian Constitution.
6. Make a table on Fundamental Rights and their importance in your life.
7. Locate the following countries in the world map.
a) India b) America c) Russia d) Britain
8. Write the characteristics of a good citizen?

1. Find the odd one out. [ ]
a) Liberty b) Inequality c) Justice d) Fraternity
2. The Chairman of Constituent Assembly is ___ [ ]
a) Dr.B. R Ambedkar b) Jawahar Lal Nehru
c) Mahatma Gandhiji d) Dr. Babu Rajendra Prasad
3. Which of the following is a violation of Fundamental Rights? [ ]
a) A person below 14 years working in tea shop.
b) A child is separated based on the caste in the class room.
c) A person is not allowed to follow religion of his interest.
d) All
4. Which article tells about right to education in our constitution. [ ]
a) 19 b) 20A c) 21 d) 21A
5. Which article tells about Fundamental Duties in our Constitution. [ ]
a) 51 b) 51A c) 21 d) 21A

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Fig 4.2. Election Process
Why should people cast their vote in the Elections?

What is a VVPAT? Know from your teacher.
List out Assembly Constituencies and the respective MLAs of your District.
Examine the Voter ID Card of your parents and prepare an imaginary Voter ID
Card for you with all the details.
Discuss these words in the class: majority, ruling party, opposition party,
constituency, secret ballot system, Universal Adult franchise.
After the General Elections, the leader of the

majority party or coalition of parties, is invited by the
Fill the table with latest results of
Governor to form the government. The swearing Legislative Assembly
ceremony of the Chief Minister will be taken up by
S.No. Political Party No. of Seats
the Governor. The Governor also administrates the
oath of the other Ministers on the recommendation
of the Chief Minister. Thus, the Government is
formed.

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What is the name of your Assembly Constituency?

Which Political party does the MLA from your Constituency is belong to ?
Name the present ruling party in our state.
Legislative Council:
The upper House of the state legislature is called the
Legislative council or Vidhana Parishad. The legislative According to Article
council serves as the indirectly elected upper house of a 171 of Indian
bicameral legislature.1/3 of its members who have constitution, Andhra
compleeted 6 years term resign and new members are elected. Pradesh, Telangana,
So it is a permanent house because it cannot be dissolved. Karnataka, Uttar
Every Member of the Legislative Council (MLC) is elected for Pradesh, Maharashtra,
a six-year term. Bihar, have bicameral
The composition of this house is as follows: houses.
1/3 of the members are elected by the Legislative Assembly, Article 171(1) provides
1/3 of the members are elected by the Local Authorities, that the total number of
members in the
1/12 of the members are elected by the Graduates
Constituency, Legislative Council of
a state shall not exceed
1/12 of the members are elected by the Teachers
Constituency, one-third of the total
number of members in
1/6 of the members are nominated by Governor of the
State. the Legislative
Assembly of that State.
The Legislative Council has Legislative, Financial,
Administrative, and Discretionary powers etc. like the
Vidhana Sabha. But Vidhan Sabha has more economic or
financial powers.
+ Explore the composition of Andhra Pradesh Legislative Council, with the help of your
teacher.
4.1.2. Executive:
Who enforces the laws? The state Executive comprises of the Governor, the Chief
Minister and the Council of Ministers (the Cabinet) and Bureaucracy. The Governor is the
constitutional head of a state. Governor is the head of the state executive, the administration
is carried on in his name. All bills become law only after his assent. The Governor can
exercise his/her authority either directly or through his/her appointed officials.

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Orders of the State Government are issued in the name of the Governor Why?
Lets have a look at a realistic incident. A

woman was travelling on a bus from Visakhapatnam to
Vijayawada. A man, who was sitting behind her seat,
disturbed her with his misbehaviour. In such a helpless
situation, she registered a complaint through the DISHA
App, the novel initiative of Andhra Pradesh government.
The incident took place on Tuesday 11 February 2020,
at 4.21am.in Eluru. Officer in III town police station,
registered it as zero FIR (First Information Report).
Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP) of Eluru, who
was Fig.4.3. Disha App
on night duty responded to the complaint in just seven minutes, intercepted the bus near
Kalaparru Toll Gate and took the accused into custody. What do you understand from this
incident?. This is how the employees work for the implementation of the acts.
Chief Minister:
In the Parliamentary System of Government, provided by the constitution the Governor
is the ceremonial executive authority and the Chief Minister is the actual executive authority. In
other words, the Governor is the head of the State, while the Chief Minister is the head of the
Government.
Make a list of the Chief Minsters of Andhra Pradesh.
According to Article 163(1), there shall be Council of Ministers with the CM as the
head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions.
Council of Ministers:
The Chief Minister allots different portpolios to the members of the Cabinet. The
Minister directs the policy of the departments under his/her charge. These policies are
implemented according to the rules by officials of the departments. The Ministry is responsible
for preparing policies and plans which are submitted to the Assembly, for approval. After
the approval by the Assembly, that will be implemented by the executive body.

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If you get a chance to get into a Ministry, which portfolio Do you like most? Why?
10.1.3. Judiciary - High Court:

Judiciary is one of the three organs
of the state government. It is the system
of courts that interprets, defends and
applies the law in the name of the state.
.
The High court is the highest
Judicial organ at the State level. As a part of
the independent Judiciary, it functions under
the Apex court of the country, the Supreme
Court.The State High court consists of a
Chief Justice and other Judges. Fig.2.4. High Court
The number of judges in the High Court is not the same in all states. The present number
of Judges in the High court of Andhra Pradesh is 37 (Permanent: 28, Additional: 9).
The President of India appoints the Chief Justice and he can hold the office until he/
she completes the age of 62 years. Apart from the High Court at state level, there are tribunals,
and District Courts at lower levels. The Judiciary ensure Justice to the people without any bias.
Lok Adalats (Peoples Court) also are established by the Government of India to settle dispute
through conciliation and compromise.
10.2. Law making Process (Enact Laws):

Who makes Laws? We need laws for the smooth functioning of the systems in the state.
Laws help the state and country to develop and progress. Laws are enacted by the Legislature.
The responsibility of a State Government is limited to a particular state. The functions and powers
of the state and central Government are divided into three lists: 1. The Union list, 2.The State list
3. The Concurrent List. The State Government makes laws on the state list and concurrent list.
Have you read the news below? What do you notice? What is the news about? Yes,
it is about the Disha Act. It says that the Disha bill has been approved by the AP Legislature.
This is an Act made by the Legislature. Let us discuss how the bill becomes an Act.
Generally, a member from the ruling party introduces the bill in the State Assembly or
the State Council. Financial bills should be introduced in the Legislative Assembly with prior
approval of the Governor. Copies of a bill will be distributed to the members of the House.

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After the detailed discussions and
debate, if required, after some modifications,
voting will be taken up. After the approval of
the house by the majority of the members,
the bill will be sent to the next house. The
same procedure will continue to approve the
bill in the next house. Voting will take place
after that. Once it is approved in both the
houses, the bill will be sent to the Governor
for his assent. It becomes an Act only when
the Governor accords his approval. Now the
Act will be notified in the Gazette. The Gazette
will be sent to the Executive for its
enforcement.
Fig 4.5. Paper news about Disha
Make a Law by following the above procedure on any one of the issues related
to your school.
FIRST HOUSE
Second Reading Third Reading
FirstReading (Passed / (Passed or
BILL (Introduced) changed / rejected)
rejected)
SECOND HOUSE
Third Reading Second Reading FirstReading

(Passed or (Passed / changed / (Introduced)
rejected) rejected)
Sent to Assent by Published in

Governor ACT Gazette
Governor
Fig.4.6. Law making Process

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What happens if any one of the

houses has not approved a bill?
(ask your teacher)
Conduct mock assembly with

the help of your teacher.
Fig 4.7. Discussion on a bill in House
4.3. District level Administration:
District Administration means the management of the task of Government so far as it lies
within an area legally recognized as a District. The District is kept under the charge of a district
officer called the District Collector.
4.3.1. The District Collector:

The District Collector is the head of the district administration. He/She is selected
through UPSC, and allotted to states, by the Central Government. He has to take responsibility
of various departments like Revenue (The Collector handles all matters connected to land
records and Revenue Administration.), law & order (to maintain Law and Order to maintain
Social harmony), local self-government, agriculture, disaster management (To take immediate
actions at the time of disasters and prevent or minimize the damage) and Election Officer
(To ensure the conduct of elections) etc. He is the First-class Magistrate at district Level.
Fig.4.8. Duties of Collector

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Orders of the State Government are issued in the name of the Governor Why?
Lets have a look at a realistic incident. A

woman was travelling on a bus from Visakhapatnam to
Vijayawada. A man, who was sitting behind her seat,
disturbed her with his misbehaviour. In such a helpless
situation, she registered a complaint through the DISHA
App, the novel initiative of Andhra Pradesh government.
The incident took place on Tuesday 11 February 2020,
at 4.21am.in Eluru. Officer in III town police station,
registered it as zero FIR (First Information Report).
Deputy Superintendent of Police (DSP) of Eluru, who
was Fig.4.3. Disha App
on night duty responded to the complaint in just seven minutes, intercepted the bus near
Kalaparru Toll Gate and took the accused into custody. What do you understand from this
incident?. This is how the employees work for the implementation of the acts.
Chief Minister:
In the Parliamentary System of Government, provided by the constitution the Governor
is the ceremonial executive authority and the Chief Minister is the actual executive authority. In
other words, the Governor is the head of the State, while the Chief Minister is the head of the
Government.
Make a list of the Chief Minsters of Andhra Pradesh.
According to Article 163(1), there shall be Council of Ministers with the CM as the
head to aid and advise the Governor in the exercise of his functions.
Council of Ministers:
The Chief Minister allots different portpolios to the members of the Cabinet. The
Minister directs the policy of the departments under his/her charge. These policies are
implemented according to the rules by officials of the departments. The Ministry is responsible
for preparing policies and plans which are submitted to the Assembly, for approval. After
the approval by the Assembly, that will be implemented by the executive body.

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Lok Adalat: It is one of the alternative
dispute redressal mechanisms. It is a
forum where disputes/cases pending in
the court of law or at pre-litigation stage
are settled/compromised amicably. Lok
Adalats have been given statutory status
under the Legal Service Authorities Act
1987. Civil cases, matrimonial cases, and
petty offence cases are mainly referred
to Lok Adalat.
Fig.4.10. Lok Adalat
All the activities of the Government, is made known to the people through the media.
Also, the media brings the problems of the people to the attention of the Government. Advances
in communication, largely through the internet, have improved community access to information.
Therefore, the media plays an important role in the society as a source of information, but also
as a watchdog or scrutinizer.
Media is known as a Fourth Estate:

Generally, the organs of the government i.e., Legislature, Executive and Judiciary are considered
as three estates and media as the fourth estate. These are called the four pillars of democracy.
What is media? Media is a communication outlet. Every individual person is a medium of
expression. An individual interacts through the media to reach other individual and institution.
Everything ranging from the stall at the local fair to the programme that you see on TV can be
called media. TV, radio and newspapers are called mass media.
Role of Media: Now a days there is no life without media. Media informs, educates and
entertains people. The media also plays an important role in deciding what stories to focus on, and
therefore decides on what is newsworthy. Due to the significant influence, it plays in our lives and
in shaping our thoughts, it is commonly said that the media sets the agenda.
Types of media: Print media, broadcast media, social media and the internet are the types of
media.
Print media: A medium consisting of print including newspapers, magazines, classifieds, circulars,
Journals, Posters etc.
Electronic media: Broadcasting is the distribution of audio or video content to a dispersed
audience via any electronic mass communication medium. Ex: TV, Radio.
Prepare a poster on impacts of media on your daily life.

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Social media:
Social media is interactive digitally-mediated
technologies that facilitate the creation of shows
/ exchange of information, ideas, career interest,
and other forms of expression via virtual
communities and networks ex: Facebook,
Twitter, WhatsApp, YouTube etc.Social media
is the fifth pillar of the Democracy.
Fig.4.11. Media
Constituency : A particular area from which all the voters living there choose
their representatives
Manifesto : A public declaration of policy and aims, specially issued
before an election by a political party.
Bicameral : A bicameral system is a reference to a government with two
legislative houses.
Gazette : A Gazette is an official publication for the purpose of notifying
the actions and decisions of the Government.
Summons : Summoning is the process of calling all members of the house
Prorogue : Termination of a session of the house.
Bureaucracy : A system of government in which most of the important
decisions are taken by state officials rather than by elected
representatives.
Conciliation : Conciliation is an alternative out-of-court dispute resolution
instrument like mediation.
Coalition : A group formed with two or more people or political parties
for a common purpose.
Survey Stones : A boundary stone is a robust physical marker that identifies
the start of land boundary.

1. Differentiate between Local Government and State Government.
2. What is a Constituency?
3. How can an MLA become Chief Minister? Explain.
4. Who appoints the Chief Minister and other Ministers?
5. If you were elected as a Member of Legislative Assembly (MLA), What would you do
for your Constituency?
6. What will happen if the Governor does not approve the bill?
7. Name some Departments of the State Government.
8. Write a note on Lok Adalat.
9. Make a list of functions of the District Collector.

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II. Choose the correct answer.
1. The word State Government refers to
A) Government Departments in the States B) Legislative Assembly
C)Legislative Council D) All of the above
2. How many states are there in India?
A) 29 B) 28 C) 27 D) 26
3. The real powers in administration in the state government are exercised by
A) Speaker B) Governor C) Chief Minister D) All of the above
4. Who becomes the Chief Minister?
A) Leader of the Opposition Party C) Leader of the Majority Party
B) Member of Legislative Assembly D) Speaker
5. What is the fourth pillar of the democracy?
A)Legislature B)Executive, C) Media D) Judiciary
1. Collector ( ) (i) Income Certificate
2. Volunteer ( ) (ii) Nativity Certificate
3. Superintendent of Police ( ) (iii) Monitoringthe administration
4. VRO ( ) (iv) Distribution of Pensions.
5. Tahsildar ( ) (v) Law and Order.
IV. Segregate the following in suitable heading.Speaker, Magistrate, Judge, Minister,
Member of Legislative Assembly, Lawyer.
Judiciary Legislature
List the Chief Ministers and collect the Photos of all the
Chief Ministers of Andhra Pradesh and prepare an album.
With the help of your teacher, conduct and participate in
Mock Elections in your school.

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understand the concept of road safety.
identify the need and significance of road
safety education.
draws various traffic signs.
5.1. Road Safety
understand the meaning of traffic chaos,
and road marking signs. 5.2. Traffic Chaos
appreciate the role of traffic police 5.3. Traffic Signs
in regulating traffic.
5.4. Road Marking Signs
apply the knowledge of road safety
education in daily life.
Dear students...some pairs of pictures have been given below. Observe each pair of
pictures carefully and put a tick mark against the picture which you would like to follow and write
a reason in the box given below.
7th Class - Social Studies 56 Road Safety Eduction

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Discuss with your Teacher about the magisterial

List out the other duties of the
powers of District Collector.
District Collector.
Superintendent of Police: In Andhra Pradesh there will be a Superintendent of Police in

every district headquarter. He is the chief Police officer of the district. He helps the District
Collector in maintaining law and order in the District.
Revenue Divisional Officer: The responsibility of the Revenue Division officer, is to maintain
law and order in Sub-Division, to collect land revenue, to conduct free and fair elections at
Division level. Land acquisition and rehabilitation as per the directions of District Collector.
Tahsildar: He is the Chief administrative and executive head of the department at Mandal
Level. He is responsible for the proper assessment and prompt collection of revenues and
maintanance of land records. He is the First-class Magistrate at Mandal Level.
Village Revenue Officer: Maintenance of village revenue records and revenue accounts
promptly and accurately. Collection of land revenue, Cesses, Taxes and other sums pertaining
to revenue department in village level administration, which includes inspection of survey
stones. Issue of certificates like Nativity and Residence certificates.
4.3.2. District level Judiciary:
The Judiciary is a branch of the Government, that interprets the law. The District
Judiciary system is the system of courts that administers justice in the District.
District Court: The Court at the district level is known as the District Court. The district
court has a chief District Judge and some other Judges. The main function is to process the
various cases in the District and deliver the judgement. One can appeal against the judgement
of Divisional Court in the District Court.
Subordinate Courts: Subordinate

courts at the level of district have almost
similar structure all over the country. They
deal with civil and criminal cases in
accordance with their respective
jurisdictions and administer the code of
CPC (Civil Procedure Code) and the
code of CrPC (Criminal Procedure
Code).
Fig.4.9. Session in a Court

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5.1.1. Road Safety Education :
The approach that is aimed to educate children and young people to behave responsibly on
the road is known as road safety education thereby ensuring that they become responsible drivers,
passengers, pedestrians and cyclists.
Effective road safety education will give students opportunities to develop the knowledge,
skills and attitudes to help themselves make informed and make safer decisions in traffic and traffic
environment. It involves rules such as speed limits and those about drunk and driving, and control
systems, such as traffic signs and road marking signs.
5.1.2.Need and significance of Road Safety Education:

Due to the lack of awareness and other reasons people are exposed to increased risks.
Especially teenagers are an important group of road users. The following pie chart (Fig 11.3) also
shows the same thing. It is necessary to teach the road safety measures clearly not only to avoid
accidents but also for safe and comfortable road use.
Fig:5.2: Age profile of road

accident - related deaths in
2019 in India
Source:
Road Accidents Report-2019 by

Ministry of Road Transport and
Hiways.
According to the above pie chart, in which age group do you find more accident
cases? Why were more cases recorded at that age?
How many cases are there in the age group of both 1825 and 3545?
The Global status report on road safety 2013 estimates that more than 2,31,000 people
are killed in road accidents in India every year. Approximately half of all deaths on the
countrys roads are among vulnerable road users - motorcyclists, pedestrians and cyclists.

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Road Safety Week:

Road safety week is organized every year in the month of January by the Ministry of Road
Transport and Highways in India. A variety of programmes related to road safety are organized
to aware people on road safety, driving rules and cautions and to reduce road accidents
related to deaths.
Table:5.1 Country wise number of injury accidents, persons

killed and injured with rankings per country
Source: World Road Statistics, 2018 published by International

Road Federation Geneva (data is for the year 2016)
Persons killed per Lakh in
Persons killed per Lakh in 2016

Read the above table and fill up the bar
graph given. 16
14
Discuss with your classmates about the 12
data given in the table and particularly 10
focus on India. 8
6
Locate the countries in the table on the 4
world map. 2
India Brazil Japan Germany UK
Countries
Road Accidents: A road accident is defined as an accident involving at least one vehicle on
a road open to public traffic in which at least one person is injured or killed and damage may occur
to physical properties.

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Causes for Road Accidents:

Over speed and reckless driving.
Drunk and drive
Distractions of the driver.
Signal Jumping.
Avoiding Safety measures like wearing seat Fig.5.3: What are the
belts and helmets. policemen doing?
Non-adherence to lane driving and overtaking in a wrong manner.
Fig-5.4: Distractions to Drive Fig-5.5: Red Signal Jumping
Fig-5.7: Using cellphone

Fig-5.6: Over loading and Over taking
while crossing the road
Identify other reasons for road accidents?

If a person met with a road accident, how will it effect his/ her family?
How do you react when somebody met with an accident on the road?
5.2.Traffic Chaos:
While you were going to school

in the morning you got stuck in the traffic List out the reasons for traffic jams.
jam. Then what will you do? Students, Suggest some measures to prevent traffic jams.
employees, labourers, teachers, doctors
Nowadays traffic is increasing rapidly. Find out
etc. are affected with traffic jams.
the possible solutions for this.

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Fig:5.8 Shops on footpaths Fig:5.9 Motorists drive Fig:5.10 Vehicles parking

on footpaths at no parking zone
As there is an increase in population and the use

of automobiles there has been a rapid increase in the
volume of traffic on roads. To avoid accidents, one
must know and follow the traffic signs, road marking
signs, prescribed rules and regulations.
Fig:5.11: Traffic Jam

5.3. Traffic Signs:
Traffic signs can be divided into two types. They are: 1. Manual traffic signs:
2. Electronic signs.
5.3.1. Manual Traffic signs :
Traffic police regulate the flow of traffic with his /her signals, hand movements at road
junctions. And he/she takes care of the movement of vehicles in an organized manner by responding
in the right time in the right place.
Manual traffic signs include, 1. Mandatory Signs 2. Information signs 3. Cautionary
signs
MANDATORY SIGNS - Red circle instructs what should not be done
STOP GIVE WAY STRAIGHT PROHIBITTED ONE WAY ALL MOTOR

OR NOT ENTRY VEHICLES PROHIBITED
INFORMATION SIGNS -Signs in the Blue rectangle informs
FIRST AID POST PUBLIC TELIPHONE PETROL PUMP HOSPITAL RESTING PLACE

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CAUTIONARY SIGNS Signs in the Triangle is for cautions
SCHOOL ZONE RAILWAY RIGHT HAIR LEFT HAIR RIGHT REVERSE

CROSSING PIN BEND PIN BEND PIN BEND
Fig:5.12: Traffic Signs
A few signs in each type are given in Fig5.11 With the help of your teacher collect the
remaining signs from RTA office/ Traffic Police. Discus about them in the class room.
Or Visit: https://www.aptransport.org/html/roadsigns.html
Fig: 5.13: What are the traffic policemen doing?
5.3.2. Electronic Traffic Signs:
A traffic light, traffic signal or a signal post is a signatory

device positioned at a road intersection to indicate when it is
safe to drive through. Follow traffic signals at the junction.
Some colours and their indications are given below.
Red- stop before the line;
Orange- get ready to go;

Fig:5.14: Electronic
Green- move the vehicle. Traffic Signals

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Browse internet to know more about

What will happen if someone doesnt
follow traffic signals? other electronic signals used at various
place like railway crossing etc. (If
Duration of signals may be different
necessary, take the help of your teacher
in different places. Why?
or elders.)
5.4. Road marking Signs:
1. Footpath:
It is laid on either side of the road for the
use of pedestrians. It is built with a width
of about 2 meters.
Fig:5.15: Footpath
2. Road divider:
The road is divided into two halves for
separating the two directions of the
traffic on the same road. This is known
as road divider.
Fig:5.16: Road divider

3. Zebra Crossings:
Zebra Crossing is the place where the
pedestrians cross the road safely. These are
laid at places where traffic is heavy.
Fig:5.17: Zebra Crossing
Visit a nearby junction with your elders at roads with electronic traffic signals and
observe how traffic signals are working. Note down your observations.
Rules for pedestrians:

Walk on the foot path. If the foot path is not available and the road is narrow, walk on the
right side of the road watching the oncoming traffic.
Must use reflective clothing at night while walking on the road.

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Always carry a torch while on road at night time.
Cross the road at Zebra Crossing.
While crossing the road first look on to your right when it is a clear move to the centre. Then
look to your left finding it safe cross the road.
Dont use the mobile while walking on the road or crossing the road.
Rules for Motor cyclists:

Must hold a valid driving license and required documents.
Wearing a helmet is compulsory both for the rider and the pillion rider.
Pillion rider should not disturb the rider.
It is an offence to drive a vehicle

Discuss with your parent or teacher without a proper driving license.
about the procedure and the Age limit for driving of motor vehicle
required documents to get a driving above 50 CC engine is 18 years.
license. Age limit to drive transport vehicles is
Try to find the documents that a 25 years.
driver should carry while driving. Drunk and drive is an offence.
Lets pick up the placards and make a rally in your village/ town to aware people on road
safety.
Wait for the Red

Dont End up Stop
Dead Look
Traffic Rules are Listen
Life Saving Tools Then Cross

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CAUTIONARY SIGNS Signs in the Triangle is for cautions
SCHOOL ZONE RAILWAY RIGHT HAIR LEFT HAIR RIGHT REVERSE

CROSSING PIN BEND PIN BEND PIN BEND
Fig:5.12: Traffic Signs
A few signs in each type are given in Fig5.11 With the help of your teacher collect the
remaining signs from RTA office/ Traffic Police. Discus about them in the class room.
Or Visit: https://www.aptransport.org/html/roadsigns.html
Fig: 5.13: What are the traffic policemen doing?
5.3.2. Electronic Traffic Signs:
A traffic light, traffic signal or a signal post is a signatory

device positioned at a road intersection to indicate when it is
safe to drive through. Follow traffic signals at the junction.
Some colours and their indications are given below.
Red- stop before the line;
Orange- get ready to go;

Fig:5.14: Electronic
Green- move the vehicle. Traffic Signals

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1. Which of the following colour lights indicate stop before line? [ ]
a) Orange b) Green c) Red d) Yellow
2. Find out the odd one. [ ]
a) Footpath b) Junction c) Divider d) Zebra crossing
3. Which is a road safety hurdle? [ ]
a) Using footpaths by pedestrians
b) Following traffic signals
c) Pedestrians crossing the road at zebra crossing
d) None

Group - A Group- B
1. Footpath [ ] a) Road marking sign
2. Red colour light [ ] b) Get ready to go
3. Green colour light [ ] c) Pedestrians
4. Orange colour light [ ] d) Move the vehicle
5. Road divider [ ] e) Stop before the line
Prepare a model electronic traffic signals with all road marking signs.
Visit your nearby town, observe traffic and record your observation.

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know about various sources of income.
understand and identify what a market is. 6.1. Sources of Income
compare and contrast various types of 6.2. Different Types of Markets
markets. 6.2.1. Physical Markets
understand the relation between producers,
traders and consumers. Collect and 6.2.2. E-Commerce
compare the prices from various e- 6.3. Chain of Markets
commerce sites. 6.4. Consumer Rights
explain consumer rights

Why do we need money?
7th Class - Social Studies 67 Markets Around Us

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What is the source of income of your family?
What do you mean by monthly salary?
Markets Around Us
Sources of Income Consumer Rights
Different Types of Markets Chain of Markets
Physical Market e- Commerce Producer
Based on Geographical Based on nature Trader
Wholesaler
Local Market Neighbourhood Market
Retailer
Regional Market Weekly Market
National Market Shopping Malls
International Market Shopping Complex
6.1. Sources of Income:
Income comes from different sources. The important income sources are salaries, wages,
profits, rents, interest, investment returns, shares and dividends. Agricultural labour and workers
who work in unorganized sectors get wages and the employees working in the organized sector
get salaries. Business people get profit. Moneylenders get interest. Land and property owners get
rent.

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Prepare a list of goods and services and What is the source of income of
categorise them into paid goods and your family?
services and free goods and services.
How does a farmer earn money for
Prepare a list of occupations in different his/her family needs?
sectors.
What is an organised sector and what is an unorganised sector? Know from your
teacher or go through the library books.
6.2. Different Types of Markets:
Fig-6.2: A Cloth Shop Fig-6.3: General Stores
Observe the above pictures and answer Producer

the following questions:
Consumer Trader
What is the shop in the first picture?
What are the persons doing in the MARKET
first picture?
Retailer Buyer
What do you observe in the second
picture?
Name some items kept in the shelves Wholesaler
of the general store.

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Have you ever visited a market?

Name the goods or items which are available in a market.
Do all kind of goods available in a local market?
Market: A market is a place where buyers and sellers interact with each other.
Types of Markets:
Depending upon the nature and geographical location, markets can be broadly classified
into two types. They are: 1. Physical Markets and 2. e-Commerce Markets.
12.2.1. Physical Markets:

A Physical market is a place where buyers can physically meet the sellers and purchase the
desired items from them. Shopping malls, departmental stores, retail stores are some examples of
physical markets.
Markets based on the Geographical Location:

On the basis of geographical location physical markets are classified as:
Local Markets: When the competition between a purchaser and a seller is localised and limited to
specific area is called a local market.
What are the goods available in your local market?
Regional Markets: These markets cover a wider area than local markets depending upon the
availability of the goods in a particular region or even a group of states or districts.
List the goods which are available in your region.
National Markets: This is a market in which the trade for the goods and services takes place in a
nation as a whole.
Name some goods which has a National market.
International Market: Trading of goods and services among different countries is known as the
International market. In other words, we can say the demand for a product is global.
Ex: Jewellery, Petrolium... etc.
Differentiate National and International Markets.

What is the importance of local markets?
Name some spices which are available in your local markets.

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Physcial Markets based on Nature: On the basis of nature physical markets are classified as:
Neighborhood Markets: There are many shops that sell goods in our neighbourhood. We may
buy sugar, rice, wheat or dal etc from a groceries shop, stationary from a bookstall, eatables or
medicines from other shops. Some of these shops are permanent while some are temporary stalls
or movable carts with vegetables, fruits etc.
Fig-6.4: Movable Shops
Shops in the neighbourhood are useful in several ways. They are very near to our home and
we can go there at any time of the day or week.
As the buyer and the seller know each other these shops provide goods on credit also. It
means that you can pay for the purchases later.
Akhil and his mother Vijaya went to a nearby shop to buy
groceries. It is the shop they usually go. It is the only shop where
all the required groceries are available in their area. Vijaya gave
a list of groceries to the shop owner and he began asking his
helpers to weigh and pack the items. Meanwhile, Akhil looked
at the shelves in the shop consisting of different items arranged in
an attractive manner.
It took almost 15 minutes to pack and bill the groceries.

Then Vijaya paid the amount through her credit card but Akhil got
a doubt and asked his mother why she had paid with a card and
where had she got that card from. Then Vijaya explained him
what a credit card is and how payments are done through the
card.
CREDIT CARD: A plastic card issued by financial institution (Eg: Banks) that allows you to buy
things on credit. Example : Banks.

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know about various sources of income.
understand and identify what a market is. 6.1. Sources of Income
compare and contrast various types of 6.2. Different Types of Markets
markets. 6.2.1. Physical Markets
understand the relation between producers,
traders and consumers. Collect and 6.2.2. E-Commerce
compare the prices from various e- 6.3. Chain of Markets
commerce sites. 6.4. Consumer Rights
explain consumer rights

Why do we need money?

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Rythu Bazar: This is a farmers market in our state and it was started in January 1999.This
market is being run by Government of Andhra Pradesh, for the benefit of farmers and to avoid
middle men between the farmers and consumers. Marginal and small scale farmers can directly sell
the vegetables directly to the consumers and can get a good price for their products. These
markets became economical for both farmers and consumers and ensured good quality of products.
What are the advantages of Rythu Bazar?

Do you have any weekend market in your area? If so, write a few lines about the
market?
Shopping Malls:
In the urban and semiurban areas, large multistoried air-conditioned buildings with shops on
different floors are known as shopping malls. In these malls, one can get both branded and non-
branded goods. Branded goods are expensive, often promoted by advertising and claims of better
quality. The companies producing these products sell them through these malls. Mostly during
festival days, these malls announce discounts on products to attract the customers.
Fewer people can afford to buy branded ones.
Fig-6.6: Inside of a Shopping Mall
Collect and display different images of various shopping malls.

Prepare an advertisement on a particular good of your choice.

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"Discounts and offers increase sales. Do you agree with this statement? Discuss.
Shopping Complex:
Many shops are found
in one compound in urban
areas, known as shopping
complex. In these shopping
complexes we can buy
variety of goods in one
compound.
Fig-6.7: Shopping Complex
Differentiate between shopping malls and shopping complexes?
We find floating Market in Srinagar, Jammu and

Kashmir. Vegetable trade takes place through
boats from 5am to 7am in the most picturesque
Dal Lake of Srinagar. These boats are called
Shikara in the local language. Besides vegetables,
wood carvings, saffron and other local goods also
available on these Shikaras. Tourists of various
nations enjoy the shopping in Dal Lake. Fig-6.8: Floating Market
Do you observe any floating market in your area?
12.2.2. e-Commerce: So far, we have discussed physical markets where people directly buy
and sell goods. These markets are confined to a particular place or region and work during
day time or at a particular time of the day.
However, now a days days we are very busy, sometimes we are unable to go to the
market.In such situations we can place orders through our mobile phone or a computer device with
internet and can buy a verity of things which we like without stepping out from our home. This
kind of market is known as e-commerce.

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Electronic commerce or e-commerce is a business platform that allows buyers and sellers
to buy or sell things over the internet.
How can you buy goods through online markets?

What are the advantages and disadvantages of online shopping?
How do you pay for online shopping?
"Buying goods through online market affects the local traders. Do you agree / disagree
with this statement? Give your reasons.
Ask your parents or elders and collect

information about an online platform that
allows you to sell and buy goods.
Fig-6.9: e-Commerce
12.3. Chain of Markets:
So far so we have discussed markets from where we buy goods but the question is from
where are these goods obtained?
Goods are produced by industries and agricultural farms, of course in homes (cottage
industries) too. But the producers of the goods whether they are industrialists or farmers do not
show any interest to sell their products in small quantities. So, they sell their products to traders.
The people in between the producers and the final consumers are the traders.

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Observe the above flow chart and with the help of your teacher, find out which way the
customer is getting cheaper and the reason for it?
The price of the products hike if there is an agent between the producers and consumers.
Discuss.
A person is a wholesale trader of fruits. He purchases different kinds of fruits in bulk
from different areas i.e., Mangoes from Nujiveedu and Vulavapadu, grapes from Ananthapur
and Bangalore, pomegranate from Sholapur, bananas from Mahanandi and Nanded and
stores them in his warehouse. All the retail fruit merchants and hawkers of the town purchase
these fruits from that person and then they sell the same to the consumers in the town and
in the surrounding villages.
Visit a wholesale shop and collect the prices Answer the following questions based on
of different goods and compare the same with the information given in the above box.
the prices of a retail shop. How does a retailer get goods for his
shop?
Collect the products that come from farms
and prepare a list. Categorise them into How do you think a wholesaler is
important in the distribution of goods?
perishable and non-perishable goods.
Cottage industry is a production system that relies on

producing goods or parts of goods, by craftsmen at
home or small workshops, by individuals, small teams
or family units instead of large factories.
Cottage industries are a boon to the rural

unemployed. Discuss. List the goods which are exported
Do you have any cottage industries in your from your region to other areas.
area?
12.4. Consumer Rights:

Consumer: A consumer is a person who buys goods or services for his personal use.
Consumer Protection: Protecting consumer rights is a very important aspect of the market.
Consumer protection is a group of laws enacted to protect the rights of the consumer.

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Consumer protection Act 2019:
On 9th August 2019, consumer protection act was approved. It aims to provide timely and
effective administration and settlement of consumer dispute in the digital age.
This Act has widened the definition of a consumer. It defines any person who buys any
goods, whether through offline or online transactions, electronic means, teleshopping, direct selling
or multi level marketing.
Consumer Rights:
1. The right to be protected against the marketing of goods, products or services which are
hazardous to life and property.
2. The right to be informed about the quality, quantity, potency, purity, standard and price of
goods, products or services, as the case may be, so as to protect the consumer against
unfair trade practices.
3. The right to be assured, wherever possible, access to a variety of goods, products or
services at competitive prices.
4. The right to seek redressal against unfair trade practices or restrictive trade practices or
unscrupulous exploitation of consumers: and
5. The right to consumer awareness.
What is the use of consumer protection Acts?
National Consumer Disputes Redressal Commission (NCDRC) was setup in 1988

under the consumer protection act 1986. Its head office is in New Delhi.
Consumer help line number: National Toll-Free Number 1800-114000 or 14404.
Every year 24th December is observed as National Consumer Day in India.
Producer : A person, a company or a country that grows or makes food, goods or materials
for sale.
Buyer : A person who purchases goods or services for a payment.
Wholesaler : A person or company that buys goods in bulk from the producer, and sells smaller
amounts to other sellers such as the retailers. He usually does not sell directly
to the consumers.

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Retailer : A person or business man that buys smaller amounts of goods from the producer
or wholesaler, and sells directly to the consumer.
Consumer : A person who buys goods or services and utilises them.
Credit : An arrangement that you make, with a shop , to pay later for.
Groceries : Food and other goods sold by a grocer or a supermarket
Occupation : A job or profession.
Firm : A business or company.
Fora : Courts or tribunals that listen to the complaints of the public, and suggest actions
to be taken.
Unscrupulous: Unethical or immoral.

1. What is a market? Briefly explain different types of markets.
2. Weekly markets are gradually disappearing. Do you agree with this statement? If so,
mention the reasons.
3. Festival days increase sales, Do you agree? Support your answer.
4. Prepare a list of goods available in a weekly market and compare them with the goods
available in neighbour markets.
5. What is the aim of Consumer Protection Act 2019?
6. Write any three consumer rights.
II. Choose the correct answer.
1. A person fixed a sum of amount in a National bank and is getting monthly income
on it. This income return is known as. [ ]
A) Salary B) Rent C) Interest D) Commission
2. In which of the following markets are the goods available at cheaper rates.
A) Shopping Mall B) Weekly Markets
C) E-Market D) Neighbour Markets
3. Which of the following goods has a demand in the International market? [ ]
A) Gold B) Jewellery C) Petroleum D) All the above
4. People who buy goods on large scale are known as. [ ]
A) Wholesaler B) Retailer
C) Trader D) None of the above
5. We can pay through the following method for online shopping. [ ]
A) Net banking B) Credit Card C) Debit card D) All the above

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"Discounts and offers increase sales. Do you agree with this statement? Discuss.
Shopping Complex:
Many shops are found
in one compound in urban
areas, known as shopping
complex. In these shopping
complexes we can buy
variety of goods in one
compound.
Fig-6.7: Shopping Complex
Differentiate between shopping malls and shopping complexes?
We find floating Market in Srinagar, Jammu and

Kashmir. Vegetable trade takes place through
boats from 5am to 7am in the most picturesque
Dal Lake of Srinagar. These boats are called
Shikara in the local language. Besides vegetables,
wood carvings, saffron and other local goods also
available on these Shikaras. Tourists of various
nations enjoy the shopping in Dal Lake. Fig-6.8: Floating Market
Do you observe any floating market in your area?
12.2.2. e-Commerce: So far, we have discussed physical markets where people directly buy
and sell goods. These markets are confined to a particular place or region and work during
day time or at a particular time of the day.
However, now a days days we are very busy, sometimes we are unable to go to the
market.In such situations we can place orders through our mobile phone or a computer device with
internet and can buy a verity of things which we like without stepping out from our home. This
kind of market is known as e-commerce.

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Important Places in the Medieval India
Panipat : It is located near Delhi. Three major wars took place here in the history of India. The
first battle of Panipat took place between Babur and Ibrahimlodhi. In this battle Babur defeated
Ibrahim Lodhi and established the Mughal Empire in India.
Vijayanagar : This town was founded by Harihara and Bukkarai, the founders of the
Vijayanagara Empire. The town is located on the south bank of the Tungrabhadra River in
modern Karnataka.
Amritsar : This town was founded by Guru Ram Das, a famous Sikh Guru. It is the main
pilgrimage site of the Sikhs. The city is located in the state of Punjab.
Agra: This town was founded by Sikinder Lodhi. Agra was the second capital of the Lodhi
dynasty. Taj Mahal, Moti Masjid, Fort built by the Mughal Emperor Shah Jahan and Akbar
Fort are some of the famous structures here.
Fatehpur Sikri : It is located near Agra. Here Akbar built the Buland Darwaza as a symbol of
victory over Gujarat.
Ahmedabad : This city was founded by Ahmed Shah in 1411 C.E, the founder of Gujarat's
independence during the reign of the Delhi Sultans. It is currently in Gujarat. The textile industry
is well established here. Akbar established a center here for the printing of coins.
Calicut : It is one of the most famous port cities in the Malabar Coast (Kerala). The port town
played a vital role in medieval trade. When the Portuguese came to India in C.E. 1498, the port
of Calicut was ruled by a Hindu king named Zamorin.
Madurai : It is currently in Tamil Nadu. It was the capital of the Pandyas in the early days.
Malik Kapoor conquered the region in 1310 C.E as part of his conquest of Deccan.
Raigad : It was the capital of the Maratha kingdom during the Shivaji period. After conquering
the Torana, the fort was built in C.E.1646 by Sivaji. Shivaji's coronation ceremony was held
here.
Somnath : This town is located in the Kathiawar region on the coast of Gujarat. It was first
ruled by the Solankis. The Somnath Temple flourished in the early Middle Ages. The temple
was looted by Mohammad Ghazni.
Thallikota (Bani Hatti) : It is presently located in the state of Karnataka. to the Bahmani
Sultans and the Vijayanagara kings. The Battle of Thallikota took place in C.E.1565. It is also
known as the Battle of the Demons. The Vijayanagara Empire came to an end after this war.
80
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Text Book Development Committee

© Government of Andhra Pradesh, Amaravati

First Published 2021

All rights reserved

No part of this publication may be

This book has been printed on 70 G.S.M. SS Maplitho

Free distribution by Samagra Shiksha, Government of Andhra Pradesh

Dr. S. Maheswara Rao, S.A. Smt. Y. A. Mahalaxmi, AGCDO

Sri. A.Abdul Rahim, S.A. Sri. T. Venkataiah, Gr-II HM

Dr. B. Sankara Rao, S.A. Kum. P.Aswini, SGT

Sri. G. Subrahmanyam, S.A. Sri. R. Prasada Rao, S.A.

Smt. M.Swarna Latha, S.A. Sri. B. Pakkeerappa, S.A.

Smt. R. Raja Rajeswari, S.A. Sri. K. Goutham Babu, S.A.

Smt. T. S. Malleswari, Lecturer (P) Sri. D. Murali Krishna, S.A.

Sri. K.V. Sambasiva Rao, Drawing Teacher

Dr. B. Pratap Reddy,

Our National Anthem

India is my country. All Indians are my brothers and sisters.

- Pydimarri Venkata Subba Rao

Lesson No Lesson Name Month Page

1. Mughal Empire November 1 - 15

2. Bhakthi - Sufi December 16 - 26

3. Indian Constitution - an Introduction January 27 - 41

4. State Government February 42 - 55

5. Road Safety Education March 56 - 66

6. Markets Around Us April 67 - 80

Teacher Corner Student Corner

The learner is able to

7th Class - Social Studies 1 Mughal Empire

Rulers of Political, Social &

Babur Political Shivaji Maratha

7th Class - Social Studies 2 Mughal Empire

Map-1.1 Mughal Empire during Akbars Period

Babur (1526-1530 CE):

7th Class - Social Studies 3 Mughal Empire

Rulers of Political, Social &

Babur Political Shivaji Maratha

7th Class - Social Studies 2 Mughal Empire

Akbar (1556-1605 CE) :

Birbal: Raja Birbal was a close associate of

Jahangir (1605-1627 CE):

7th Class - Social Studies 5 Mughal Empire

Shahjahan (1628-1658 CE) :

Aurangzeb (1658 -1707 CE) :

Prepare a timeline chart of the Mughal Empire.

7.2. Political, Social & Economic life :

7th Class - Social Studies 6 Mughal Empire

Relations of Mughals with other rulers:

7.2.2. Social Life :

7th Class - Social Studies 7 Mughal Empire

Akbar, in 1575CE built a meeting house of worship

Din-I-Ilahi could not become a peoples movement.-Why? Ask your teacher to

7.2.3. Economic Life:

Compare the present land revenue system to that of Mughal system.

7th Class - Social Studies 8 Mughal Empire

7.3. Art & Architecture :

7th Class - Social Studies 9 Mughal Empire

The Taj Mahal :

Babur Political Shivaji Maratha

Map-1.1 Mughal Empire during Akbars Period

Babur Political Shivaji Maratha

Din-I-Ilahi could not become a peoples movement.-Why? Ask your teacher to

Din-I-Ilahi could not become a peoples movement.-Why? Ask your teacher to

What do you observe in the picture 2.1.

Bhakti inculcates honesty, kindness, love, service mindedness etc.? Discuss

· Regarded as the Father of the Indian Constitution.