DWDM
DWDM
DWDM
Fundamentals
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Agenda
Introduction and Terminology
Optical Propagation and Fiber Characteristics
Attenuation and Compensation
Dispersion and Dispersion Compensation
Non Linearity
SM Optical Fiber Types
Simple SPAN Design
DWDM Transmission
ROADM: Operational Benefits
Cisco ONS 15454 MSPP/MSTP Functionality
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Introduction
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Modern Lightwave Eras
10,000 OXC’s
1,000 ROADMs
Capacity (Gb/s)
10 Commercial Systems
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Year
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Optical Spectrum
UV IR 125 GHz/nm
λ
Visible 850 nm
Light
980 nm
Ultraviolet (UV) 1,310 nm
Visible 1,480 nm
Infrared (IR) 1,550 nm
1,625 nm
Communication wavelengths
C =ƒ x λ
850, 1310, 1550 nm
Low-loss wavelengths
Specialty wavelengths
Wavelength:λ (Nanometers)
Frequency: ƒ (Nerahertz)
980, 1480, 1625 nm
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Terminology
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Terminology—Fiber Impairments
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ITU Wavelength Grid
The International Telecommunications Union (ITU) has divided the
telecom wavelengths into a grid; the grid is divided into bands;
the C and L bands are typically used for DWDM
ITU Bands
O E S C L U
λ(nm)
1675
1625
1460
1260
1360
1530
1565
λ0 λ1 λn
1553.86 nm
λ
1530.33 nm
0.80 nm
195.9 THz 193.0 THz ν
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Channel Spacing = 100 GHz
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Bit Error Rate (BER)
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Optical Power
Definition:
Optical Power Is the Rate at Which
Power Is Delivered in an Optical Beam
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Optical Power Budget
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Optical Power Budget—Example
Calculate
CommonPower
PowerBudget
Budgets= ??
Short Reach (SR) 6 dB (75% Power Loss)
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Eye Diagram
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A Few Words on Optical Safety
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Laser Classifications/Safety Icons
Class 1
Lasers that are incapable of causing damage when the beam is directed into the eye
under normal operating conditions. These include helium-neon lasers operating at
less than a few microwatts of radiant power.
Class 4
Lasers that have outputs exceeding 500 mW. These devices produce a beam that is
hazardous directly or from reflection and can produce skin burn. Many ruby, carbon
dioxide, and neodymium-glass lasers are class 4.
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Protective Eyewear Available
Protective goggles or glasses
should be worn for all routine
use of Class 3B and Class 4
lasers
Remember: eyewear is
wavelength specific, a pair of
goggles that effectively blocks
red laser light affords no
protection for green
laser light
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Optical Propagation
in Fibers
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Analog Transmission Effects
Attenuation:
Reduces power level with distance
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Fiber Geometry
An Optical Fiber Is Made of Three Sections:
The core carries the
light signals
The cladding keeps the light Core Cladding
in the core
The coating protects
the glass
Coating
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Fiber Dimensions
1 human hair ~ 50 µm
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Geometrical Optics
Light Is Reflected/Refracted at an Interface
θ1 = Angle of incidence
θ1r = Angle of reflection n1 n2
θ2 = Angle of refraction
θ1 θ1r
n1 n2
θc
>
θ2
θc
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Wavelength Propagation in Fiber
n2 Cladding
θ0 θ1
n1 Core
Intensity Profile
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Different Types of Fiber
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Attenuation in Fiber
Scattering
850 nm Highest
1310 nm Lower
1550 nm Lowest
Rayleigh Scattering
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Other Causes of Attenuation in Fiber
Microbends—Caused by small
distortions of the fiber in
manufacturing
Macrobends—Caused by
wrapping fiber around a corner
with too small a bending radius
Back reflections—Caused by
reflections at fiber ends, like
connectors
Fiber splices—Caused by poor
alignment or dirt
Mechanical connections—
Physical gaps between fibers
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Optical Attenuation
Pulse amplitude reduction limits “how far” Examples
(distance) 10 dBm 10 mW
Attenuation in dB=10xLog(Pi/Po) 0 dBM 1 mW
Power is measured in dBm: –3 dBm 500 uW
P(dBm)=10xlog(P mW/1 mW) –10 dBm 100 uW
–30 dBm 1 uW
Pi
P0
T T
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Attenuation Response at
Different Wavelengths
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Attenuation: Compensated by
Optical Amplifiers
Optically transparent
Wavelength transparent Input
Coupler Isolator
Bit rate transparent
Output
1480 or 980 nm
Pump Laser
Erbium Doped Fiber
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Dispersion
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Types of Dispersion
Chromatic Dispersion
• Different wavelengths travel at different speeds
• Causes spreading of the light pulse
Interference
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Limitations from Chromatic Dispersion
10 Gbps
t
60 Km SMF-28
40 Gbps
4 Km SMF-28 t
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Combating Chromatic Dispersion
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Polarization Mode Dispersion
Caused by ovality of core due to:
Manufacturing process
Internal stress (cabling)
External stress (trucks)
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Polarization Mode Dispersion (PMD)
Ey
nx
Ex ny
Pulse as It Enters the Fiber Spreaded Pulse as It Leaves the Fiber
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Dispersion Compensation
Total Dispersion Controlled
Cumulative Dispersion
+100
0 No Compensation
With Compensation
–100
(ps/nm)
–200
–300
–400
–500
Distance from Transmitter (km)
Transmitter
Dispersion
Compensators
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Nonlinearity
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From Linear to Non-Linear Propagation
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Effects of Nonlinearity
Self-Phased Modulation (SPM) and Cross Phase
Modulation (XPM)
A Single Channel’s Pulses Are
Self-Distorted as They Travel (SPM)
Interference
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Interference
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Four-Wave Mixing (FWM)
ω1 ω2 2ω1-ω2 ω1 ω2 2ω2-ω1
Into Fiber Out of Fiber
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Four-Wave Mixing (FWM)
ω1 ω2 2ω1-ω2 ω1 ω2 2ω2-ω1
Into Fiber Out of Fiber
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FWM and Dispersion
Dispersion Washes out FWM Effects
0
D=0
FWM Efficiency (dB)
–10
–20
D=0.2
–30
D=2
–40
D=17
–50
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
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The Three “R”s of Optical Networking
The Options to Recover the Signal from
Attenuation/Dispersion/Jitter Degradation Are:
Pulse as It Enters the Fiber Pulse as It Exits the Fiber
Re-Shape DCU
O-E-O
Re-Time
t t t
ts Optimum ts Optimum Re-gen, Re-Shape, and ts Optimum
*Simplification Sampling Time Sampling Time Remove Optical Noise Sampling Time
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SM Optical
Fiber Types
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Types of Single-Mode Fiber
SMF (standard, 1310 nm optimized, G.65)
Most widely deployed so far, introduced in 1986, cheapest
DSF (Dispersion Shifted, G.653)
Intended for single channel operation at 1550 nm
NZDSF (Non-Zero Dispersion Shifted, G.655)
For WDM operation in the 1550 nm region only
TrueWave™, FreeLight™, LEAF, TeraLight™, etc.
Latest generation fibers developed in mid 90s
For better performance with high capacity DWDM systems
MetroCor™, WideLight™
Low PMD ultra long haul fibers
20
15
10
–5
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Span Design Limits
Attenuation
Source and receiver characteristics
Tx: 0dBm
Rx sensitivity: –28dBm
km Rx
120
Dispersion tolerance: 1600ps/nm
OSNR requirements: 21dB km
100
Span characteristics –30dBm
Distance: 120km
m
Span loss: .25dB/km 20k
(30dB total) –25dBm
Dispersion: 18ps/nm*km
Tx –5dBm
main 0dBm
e Do
Tim th
le ng
ve n
Wa omai
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Span Design Limits
Amplification
Source and receiver characteristics
Tx: 0dBm
Rx sensitivity: –28dBm km Rx
120
Dispersion tolerance: 1600ps/nm
OSNR requirements: 21dB km
100
–13dBm
Span characteristics
Distance: 120km m
20k
Span loss: .25dB/km –8dBm
(30dB total) FA
ED
Dispersion: 18ps/nm*km
+12dBm
Bm 6d
B
0d
-6dBm
Tx +17dBm
EDFA characteristics
in Gain: 23dB (max = 17dBm
oma th
e D le ng Noise figure: < 6dB
Tim ve n
Wa omai Max input: –6dBm
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Span Design Limits
Dispersion
Source and receiver characteristics
Tx: 0dBm
Rx sensitivity: –28dBm
k m Rx
Dispersion tolerance: 1600ps/nm 120
OSNR requirements: 21dB
k m
Span characteristics 100
2160ps/nm
Distance: 120km
m
Span loss: .25dB/km 20k
(30dB total) 1800ps/nm
Dispersion: 18ps/nm*km
Tx 360ps/nm
in
oma 0ps/nm
e D
Tim gth
e n
vel n
Wa omai
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Span Design Limits
Dispersion Compensation
Source and receiver characteristics dB)
(10
F
Tx: 0dBm DC Rx
Rx sensitivity: –28dBm
km
Dispersion tolerance: 1600ps/nm 120
OSNR requirements: 21dB –23dBm
km 1560ps/nm
Span characteristics 100
–13dBm
Distance: 120km 2160ps/nm
Span loss: .25dB/km m
(30dB total) 20k
–8dBm
Dispersion: 18ps/nm*km 1800ps/nm
DFA
E
EDFA characteristics
+12dBm
Bm 6d
B
0d 360ps/nm Gain: 23dB (Max +17dBm)
–6dBm
Noise figure: < 6dB
Tx +17dBm
0ps/nm Max input: –6dBm
in DCF characteristics
oma gth
e D e n Dispersion: –600ps/nm
Tim a vel ain
W om Loss: 10dBo
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Span Design
Limits of Amplification (OSNR)
Source and receiver characteristics
Tx: 0dBm FA Rx
ED
Rx sensitivity: –28dBm
F
m DC
Dispersion tolerance: 1600ps/nm
FA 60k
OSNR requirements: 21dB ED Noise
F
Span characteristics 60k
m DC
+17dBm
Distance: 60km x 4 Spans F A
ED OSNR 15dB
Span loss: .25dB/km (15dB/span) Noise Too Low
F
k m DC
Dispersion: 18ps/nm*km A 60 F
+17dBm
ED Noise OSNR 21dB Noise
F +17dBm
60k
m DC
FA OSNR 27dB
ED Noise
Noise
Bm 6d
B +17dBm
0d OSNR 33dB Noise
Tx Noise
+17dBm EDFA characteristics
OSNR Noise
ain 39dB Gain: 23dB (Max +17dBm)
om ng
th
eD le Noise figure: < 6dB
i m ve n Noise
T Wa omai
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Real Network Design Challenges
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Network Design Tools?
Concept to Creation Easier
• GUI-based network
design entry
• Any-to-any demand
• Comprehensive analysis =
first-time success
• Bill of materials
• Rack diagrams
• Step-by-step interconnect
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DWDM
Transmission
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DWDM Systems
Transponder
Mux-Demux
Amplifier OADM
DCU
Mux-Demux
OA OADM
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More DWDM Components
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Intelligent DWDM Network Architecture
VOA VOA
Intelligent DWDM SYSTEM Intelligent DWDM SYSTEM
OSC OSC
EDFA EDFA
DCM DCM
EDFA EDFA
OSC
OSC
VOA VOA
Service Mux Service Mux
2.5G DataMuxponder
8xESCON
2x1G FC/FICON
2xGigabit Ethernet 1x2G FC/FICON
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10Gb Service Cards
OTN SONET/SDH Ethernet SAN
10Gb Enhanced Transponder
10Gb LAN and WAN PHY 10Gb FC
10Gb SONET/SDH
10Gb DataMuxponder
8xGigabit Ethernet
8x1G FC/FICON/ISC-1
4x2.5G Muxponder 4x2GFC/FICON/ISC-3
4xOC-48/STM-16 2x4GFC
ODU-1->OTU-2 Enhanced GE/10GE XPonder
20xGigabit Ethernet
2x10GE
16xOC-3/STM-1
16xOC-1/STM-4
4xOC-48/STM-16 8xGigabit Ethernet
MSPP on a Blade
OTU-2 10Gb FC
10Gb SONET/SDH 10Gb LAN and WAN PHY
10Gb ODU-2 XPonder
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40Gb Service Cards
OTN SONET/SDH Ethernet SAN
40Gb Transponder
40Gb SONET/SDH 40Gb LAN
40Gb OTU-3
40Gb Muxponder
4x10Gb SONET/SDH 4x10Gb LAN
4x10Gb OTU-2 4x10Gb FC
4x10Gb OTU-2e 4x8Gb FC
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Optical Protection Schemes
Unprotected Client Protected
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Availability Solutions Comparison
100.00%
99.999%
99.998% 99.99%
99.9%
99%
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Unprotected
1 Transponder 1 Client
Interface
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Client Protected Mode
2 2 Client
Transponders interfaces
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Optical Trunk Protection
Working
trunk
Optical Trunk-
Splitter Trunk-Switch
protected
trunk
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Optical Splitter Protection
Working
lambda
Optical Splitter
Switch
protected
lambda
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Line Card / Y- Cable Protection
working Only one
2 Transponders lambda TX active
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ROADM:
Operational Benefits
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Manual DWDM Network Life-Cycle:
Present Mode of Operation (PMO)
Complicated Labor-intensive
Network Planning operation
Physical Rings
O
O
O
O
O
O
O 1-8ch OADM
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ROADM Based DWDM Networks
Simplify Opex, Simplify Network Architecture, Simplify Network Planning
Physical Rings R
O
O R R
O
O
R
O
Improve R
Opex Efficiency
O R
O R
O R
O
Physical Rings
PhysicalRings
Physical Rings
Ring-Based Architecture
Traffic must follow ring topology, constricted
Inefficient traffic routing increase regeneration
Costly transponders for OEO ring interconnects
Single choice for service path & protect path
Physical Rings
PhysicalRings
Physical Rings
4 Transponders
Eliminated
Automated provisioning of
all parameters
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Automated DWDM Network Life-Cycle:
Next-Generation Cisco ONS 15454 MSTP
Automated provisioning of
all parameters
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Automated DWDM Network Life-Cycle:
Next-Generation Cisco ONS 15454 MSTP
Automated provisioning of
all parameters
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Automated DWDM Network Life-Cycle:
Next-Generation Cisco ONS 15454 MSTP
Automated provisioning of
CTM learns everything from the
all parameters
network and stays in sync
Easy design changes based
on actual fiber plant
Easy planning with Automated optical layer for end- Simplified, graphical A-Z
Cisco MetroPlanner to-end connection setup; provisioning & trouble
Manual patching of client at end- shooting via CTM
points only
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Automated DWDM Network Life-Cycle:
Next-Generation Cisco ONS 15454 MSTP
Automated provisioning of
CTM learns everything from the
all parameters
network and stays in sync
Easy design changes based Automated end-to-
on actual fiber plant end setup
Easy planning with Automated optical layer for end- Simplified, graphical A-Z
Cisco MetroPlanner to-end connection setup; provisioning & trouble
Manual patching of client at end- shooting via CTM
points only
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Cisco Vision: Flexible and Intelligent Optical
Network
Individual Technology
Products Solutions
Business
Solutions
Traditional Vendors Cisco Optical
Inflexible Flexible
• Preplanning • ROADM: Fully flexible design rules
• Rigid configurations • ROADM: Any wavelength anywhere
• Limited application support • Wide variety of applications
• No linkage with service • Integrated TDM / Layer2 functionalities +
delivery/enables Direct interconnection with L2 / L3
ROADM
Solution
Multiservice
Transport Platform
Multiservice
Provisioning Platform
Efficient Core Cisco IP NGN:
Transport:
2-Degree ROADM: Integrated Intelligent Optical Vision
Industry-Leading DWDM and Core
Intelligent DWDM: ROADM Technology Routing Solution: Operationalize,
MSPP Consolidating Drives Deployable SW Management
Introduction: MSPP and DWDM Wavelength Packetize and
and Tunable ITU Deliver Connected
SONET/SDH + Functionality onto a Services into Optics on CRS-1
Ethernet (EoS) Single Platform the Metro Life Experiences
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Compatible to Existing Management
System (CTM)
MGX Voice
NOC Higher Layer ONS 15302 Gateway
OSSs
CTM
GateWays ONS 15305 ONS 15305
Repository
Repository
(Oracle
(Oracle9i)
9i)
CRS-1
CTM Clients XR 12000
(Solaris 10, Windows CTM Server ONS 15305
Catalyst 7609
2000/XP and (Solaris 10)
Qualified X-
Terminals)
Data Communications
Network (DCN) ONS 15305
ONS 15327 ONS 15454 ONS 15305
MSTP ONS 15454
ONS 15454 SDH
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Summary
Introduction on terminology
Optical Propagation
Attenuation and Compensation
Chromatic
PMD
Non-Linearity
Fiber types
Basic span design
DWDM System/ROADM
ONS 15454 MSPP/MSTP Functionality
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Q and A
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