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    Module 3.1.taylor Series

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    Lakshmanan Sakthivel
    This document discusses Taylor series and provides examples of expanding various functions as Taylor series about different points. Taylor's theorem states that an analytic function can be represented by a power series centered at a specific point. The coefficients of the power series are given by the derivatives of the function evaluated at the center point. Several examples are worked out in detail, such as expanding ez, sin z, and rational functions as Taylor series. Exercises are also provided to expand additional functions as Taylor series and identify their regions of convergence.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Module 3.1.taylor Series

    Uploaded by

    Lakshmanan Sakthivel
    24 views3 pages
    This document discusses Taylor series and provides examples of expanding various functions as Taylor series about different points. Taylor's theorem states that an analytic function can be represented by a power series centered at a specific point. The coefficients of the power series are given by the derivatives of the function evaluated at the center point. Several examples are worked out in detail, such as expanding ez, sin z, and rational functions as Taylor series. Exercises are also provided to expand additional functions as Taylor series and identify their regions of convergence.

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    Module_3.1.Taylor_Series

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    This document discusses Taylor series and provides examples of expanding various functions as Taylor series about different points. Taylor's theorem states that an analytic function can be represented by a power series centered at a specific point. The coefficients of the power series are given by the derivatives of the function evaluated at the center point. Several examples are worked out in detail, such as expanding ez, sin z, and rational functions as Taylor series. Exercises are also provided to expand additional functions as Taylor series and identify their regions of convergence.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    24 views3 pages

    Module 3.1.taylor Series

    Uploaded by

    Lakshmanan Sakthivel
    This document discusses Taylor series and provides examples of expanding various functions as Taylor series about different points. Taylor's theorem states that an analytic function can be represented by a power series centered at a specific point. The coefficients of the power series are given by the derivatives of the function evaluated at the center point. Several examples are worked out in detail, such as expanding ez, sin z, and rational functions as Taylor series. Exercises are also provided to expand additional functions as Taylor series and identify their regions of convergence.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    of 3

    Module 3: Taylor Series

    Dr. T. Phaneendra

    January 9, 2020

    1 Taylor’s Series
    Let f (z) be analytic in a domain D ⊂ C and z0 ∈ D. Then, f can be represented by
    a power series
    ∞
    an (z − z0 )n = a0 + a1 (z − z0 ) + a2 (z − z0 )2 + · · · ,
    P
    f (z) = (1.1)
    n=0

    where the coefficients a0n s are given by

    f (n) (z0 )
    an = n! , n = 1, 2, 3, ..., (1.2)

    Remark 1.1. If there exists a positive integer R such that (1.1) converges for all z
    with |z − z0 | < R, then R is its radius of convergence and the circle |z − z0 | = R is
    its circle of convergence. We write R = ∞, if (1.1) converges for all z, and R = 0, if it
    converges only at the center z0 .
    f (n) (2) e2
    Example 1.1. Let f (z) = ez for all z ∈ C and z0 = 2. Then an = n! = n! for
    all n = 1, 2, .... Therefore, its Taylor series about z0 = 2 is given by
    ∞ ∞
    f (z) = ez = an (z − 2)n = e2 1
    · (z − 2)n ·
    P P
    n! (1.3)
    n=0 n=0

    About z0 = 0, we have
    ∞ ∞
    zn
    f (z) = ez = an z n =
    P P
    n! · (1.4)
    n=0 n=0

    1
    CVPDE (MAT3003) Module 3

    Example 1.2. Let f (z) = sin z for all z ∈ C. Then f (0) = sin 0 = 0, and

    f 0 (z) = cos z, f 0 (0) = cos 0 = 1;


    f 00 (z) = − sin z, f 00 (0) = − sin 0 = 0
    f 000 (z) = − cos z, f 000 (0) = − cos 0 = 1;
    ..
    .
    (
    (n)
    0, n is even
    f (0) =
    (−1)n+1 , n is odd
    ..
    .

    Therefore, its Taylor series about z = 0 is given by


    ∞ ∞
    f (n) (z0 ) (−1)n+1
    · zn = · z 2n+1 ·
    P P
    f (z) = sin z = n! (2n+1)! (1.5)
    n=0 n=1

    ∞ ∞
    z 2n 1
    Example 1.3. We see that f (z) = z cosh z 2 = z · z 2n+1 is a
    P P
    (2n)! = (2n)!
    n=0 n=0
    Taylor series about the origin
    1
    Example 1.4. To find a Taylor series of f (z) = (z−1)(z+2) about z = 0, we split f
    into partial fractions and apply the binomial expansion. Now
    h i h −1 i
    f (z) = 1
    (z−1)(z+2) = 1
    3
    1
    z−1 − 1
    z+2 = 1
    3−(1 − z)−1 − 12 1 + z2
     ∞ ∞
     ∞ n
    P n u n
    n+1 o n
    1 1
    (−1)n = 13 −1 + − 21
    P  P
    = 3 − z − 2 3 z
    n=0 n=0 n=0

    The first series converges on the region S1 : |z| < 1, while the second series con-
    verges on the region |z/2| < 1 or S2 : |z| < 2. Therefore, the region of convergence
    of f (z) is S1 ∩ S2 : |z| < 1, which contains z = 0.
    Exercise 1.1. Expand (z+2)21(z−3) in Taylor series about the origin. What is the region
    of validity?
    1
    Exercise 1.2. Expand (z2 +1)(z−1) in Taylor series about the origin. What is the region
    of validity?
    1
    Exercise 1.3. Expand f (x) = z 2 +z+1 in Taylor series about the origin.
    1
    Example 1.5. To find a Taylor series of f (z) = (z−1)(z−3) about z = 4, we write
    u = z − 4 or z = u + 4 in this, and split f into partial fractions and then apply the

    Dr. T. Phaneendra 2 511, A10, SJT


    CVPDE (MAT3003) Module 3

    binomial expansion. Now,


    h i h −1 i
    f (z) = 1
    (u+3)(u+1) = 1
    2
    1
    u+1 − 1
    u+3 = 1
    2 (1 + u)−1 − 13 1 + u3
    ∞ ∞ ∞ 
     
    u n
    1
    (−1)n un − 1
    (−1)n 1 1
    (−1)n un
    P P  P
    = 2 3 3 = 2 1 − 3n+1
    n=0 n=0 n=0

    The first series converges on the region S1 : |u| < 1, while the second series con-
    verges on the region |u/3| < 1 or S2 : |u| < 3. Therefore, the region of convergence
    of f (z) is S1 ∩ S2 : |u| < 1, which contains u = 0. In other words, the region of
    validity is |z − 4| < 1, which is the interior of the circle with centre at 4 and radius 1
    Exercise 1.4. Find the Taylor series about the given point for the following functions,
    and mention the region of validity in each case:

    1 1
    (a) f (z) = (z−3)(z+2)2 at z = −1 (b) f (z) = z2 at z = i
    2
    z +3z z−1
    (c) f (z) = 1−z 2 at z = 2 (d) f (z) = z2 at z = 1
    1 1
    (e) f (z) = z 2 −1 at z = i (f ) f (z) = (z+1)2 at z = −i

    Exercise 1.5. Expand f (z) = cos z in ascending powers of π/2

    Dr. T. Phaneendra 3 511, A10, SJT

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