EE Compiled
EE Compiled
FUNDAMENTALS
CAPACITANCE
INDUCTANCE
ALTERNATING CURRENT
INTRODUCTION
So far we have limited our study to resistive circuits.
In this chapter, we shall introduce two new and
important passive linear circuit elements: the capacitor
and the inductor. Unlike resistors, which dissipate
energy, capacitors and inductors do not dissipate but
store energy, which can be retrieved at a later time. For
this reason, capacitors and inductors are called storage
elements.
In many practical
applications, the plates
may be aluminum foil
while the dielectric may
be air, ceramic, paper, or
mica.
A typical capacitor.
CAPACITOR
CAPACITANCE
When a voltage source v is
connected to the capacitor, as in
the figure, the source deposits a
positive charge q on one plate
and a negative charge −q on the
other. The capacitor is said to
store the electric charge. The
amount of charge stored,
represented by q, is directly
proportional to the applied
voltage v so that
A capacitor with
applied voltage v.
CAPACITANCE
where C, the constant of proportionality, is known as the
capacitance of the capacitor. The unit of capacitance is
the farad (F), in honor of the English physicist Michael
Faraday (1791–1867).
𝑸 = 𝑰 × 𝒕 , 𝒄𝒐𝒖𝒍𝒐𝒎𝒃𝒔
Capacitors are commercially available in different values and types. Polyester capacitors are light in
weight, stable, and their change with temperature is predictable. Instead of polyester, other dielectric
materials such as mica and polystyrene may be used. Film capacitors are rolled and housed in metal or
plastic films. Electrolytic capacitors produce very high capacitance. The capacitance of a trimmer (or
padder) capacitor or a glass piston capacitor is varied by turning the screw. The trimmer capacitor is
often placed in parallel with another capacitor so that the equivalent capacitance can be varied slightly.
The capacitance of the variable air capacitor (meshed plates) is varied by turning the shaft.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Determine (a) the voltage across a 4µF when charged with 5
mC. (b) Find the charge on a 50 pF capacitor when the
voltage applied to it is 2 kV.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Determine (a) the voltage across a 4µF when charged with 5
mC. (b) Find the charge on a 50 pF capacitor when the
voltage applied to it is 2 kV.
CAPACITORS IN PARALLEL
𝑪 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3 … + 𝐶n
CAPACITORS IN SERIES
Figure shows three capacitors, C1, C2 and C3, connected in
series across a supply voltage V. Let the voltage. across the
individual capacitors be V1, V2 and V3 respectively as
shown. The equivalent capacitance of series-connected
capacitors is the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of
the individual capacitances.
CAPACITORS IN SERIES
Total capacitance in series connection For three or more
capacitors in series, the formula is:
✓ MESH ANALYSIS
✓ NODAL ANALYSIS
✓ THEVENIN’S THEOREM
✓ NORTON’S THEOREM
✓ SOURCE TRANSFORMATION
✓ SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE
✓ MAXIMUM POWER TRANSFER
INTRODUCTION
A mesh is a loop which does not contain any other loops within
it.
KCL at node b:
I1 = I2 + I3
NODAL ANALYSIS WITH
VOLTAGE SOURCE
Consider how voltage sources
affect nodal analysis.
Therefore, we obtain:
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Find the Thevenin equivalent circuit of the circuit shown in the figure below
to the left of the terminals a-b. Then find the current through RL = 6, 16,
and 36 ohms.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
NORTON’S THEOREM
NORTON’S THEOREM
In 1926, about 43 years after Thevenin published his theorem, E.L.
Norton, an American engineer at Bell Telephone Laboratories,
proposed a similar theorem. Norton’s theorem states that a linear
two-terminal circuit can be replaced by an equivalent circuit
consisting of a current source IN in parallel with a resistor RN
(Alexander, 2017).
NORTON’S THEOREM
This is essentially source transformation. For this reason, source
transformation is often called Thevenin-Norton transformation.
Since VTh, IN , and RTh are related, to determine the Thevenin or
Norton equivalent circuit requires that we find:
• The open-circuit voltage voc across terminals a and b.
• The short-circuit current isc at terminals a and b.
• The equivalent or input resistance Rin at terminals a and b when
all independent sources are turned off.
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EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Find the Norton equivalent circuit of the circuit in figure below.
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EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Find the Norton equivalent circuit of the circuit in figure below.
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EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Find the Norton equivalent circuit of the circuit in figure below.
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SOURCE
TRANSFORMATION
SOURCE
TRANSFORMATION
Although mesh analysis and nodal
analysis are powerful tools for solving
circuits, there are other techniques
that can be used to simplify circuits. In
the previous discussions, we have
already noticed that wye-delta
transformation and series-parallel
combination help simplify a circuit.
Source transformation is another tool
for simplifying circuits. The source
transformation allow a voltage source
in series with a resistor to be replaced
by a current source in parallel with a
resistor, or vice versa.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Find the power associated with the 6-V source for the circuit given
below.
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EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Find the power associated with the 6-V source for the circuit given
below.
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EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Find the power associated with the 6-V source for the circuit given
below.
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EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Find the power associated with the 6-V source for the circuit given
below.
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SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE
SUPERPOSITION PRINCIPLE
If a circuit contains two or more independent sources, nodal and
mesh analysis are some of the methods to determine the values
of specific variables (current or voltage). Another method is by
determining the contribution of the individual independent source
to the v variable and then add them up. This method is known as
the superposition principle.
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EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Use the superposition principle to find v in the given circuit below.
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EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Use the superposition principle to find v in the given circuit below.
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EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Use the superposition principle to find v in the given circuit below.
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MAXIMUM POWER
TRANSFER
MAXIMUM POWER
TRANSFER
Maximum power transfer can be best described with the aid
of the circuit shown in figure below. Suppose that a load resistance
RL is connected to a circuit between terminals a and b. We are
interested in finding the power PL delivered to the load and finding
the load resistance RL that maximizes the power delivered to the
load. We first find the Thevenin equivalent circuit with respect to the
terminals a and b. Let Vth be the Thevenin equivalent voltage and
Rth be the Thevenin equivalent resistance.
MAXIMUM POWER
TRANSFER
The current through the load resistor is given by
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EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer in the circuit of
figure below. Then find the maximum power transferred.
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EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer in the circuit of
figure below. Then find the maximum power transferred.
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EXAMPLE PROBLEM
Find the value of RL for maximum power transfer in the circuit of
figure below. Then find the maximum power transferred.
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THANK YOU!