Module 4

Multiplexing
• Under the simplest conditions, a medium can carry only
one signal at any moment in time.

• For multiple signals to share one medium, the medium must

somehow be divided, giving each signal a portion of the
total bandwidth.
• It is the set of techniques that allows
Multiplexing
Frequency Division Multiplexing
• FDM
• Useful bandwidth of medium exceeds required bandwidth of
signal. (That is The bandwidth of a link is greater than the
combined bandwidth of the signals to be transmitted.)
• Assigning non-overlapping frequency ranges to each signal on
a medium. Thus, all signals are transmitted at the same time,
each using different frequencies.
• A multiplexor accepts inputs and assigns frequencies to each
device.
• The multiplexor is attached to a high-speed
communications line.
• guard bands : Carrier frequencies (channels) can be
separated by strips of unused called guard bands. To
prevent from overlapping.
• e.g. broadcast television, radio.
• Channel allocated even if no data.
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Diagram
Multiplexing Process
• Each source generates a signal of a similar
frequency range.
• Inside multilplexer, these similar signals
modulated different carrier frequencies
(f1,f2,and f3).
• The resulting modulated signals are combined
into a single composite signal.
• That is sent out over media link that has enough
bandwidth.
Demultiplexing Process
• Demultiplexer uses series of filters to decompose the
multiplexed signal into its constituent component signal.

• The individual signals are then passed to demodulator that

seprates them from their carriers and passes them to the output
lines.
FDM System
FDM of Three Voiceband Signals
Analog Carrier Systems
• AT&T (USA)
• Hierarchy of FDM schemes
• 1 Group
— 12 voice channels (4kHz each) = 48kHz
— Range 60kHz to 108kHz
• 2. Supergroup
— 60 channel
— FDM of 5 group signals on carriers between 420kHz and 612
kHz
• 3. Mastergroup
— 10 supergroups
— 2.40 to 2.52 MHz
4. Jumbo group
6 master group
15.12 MHz to 16.984MHz.
• A
Dense Wavelength Division
Multiplexing
• DWDM
• No official or standard definition
• Implies more channels more closely spaced that
WDM
• 200GHz or less
Asymmetrical Digital
Subscriber Line
• ADSL
• Link between subscriber and network
—Local loop
• Uses currently installed twisted pair cable
—Can carry broader spectrum
—1 MHz or more
ADSL Design
• Asymmetric
—Greater capacity downstream than upstream
• Frequency division multiplexing
—Lowest 25kHz for voice
• Plain old telephone service (POTS)
—Use echo cancellation or FDM to give two bands
—Use FDM within bands
• Range 5.5km
ADSL Channel Configuration
Discrete Multitone
• DMT
• Multiple carrier signals at different frequencies
• Some bits on each channel
• 4kHz subchannels
• Send test signal and use subchannels with
better signal to noise ratio
• 256 downstream subchannels at 4kHz (60kbps)
—15.36MHz
—Impairments bring this down to 1.5Mbps to 9Mbps
DTM Bits Per Channel
Allocation
xDSL
• High data rate DSL
• Single line DSL
• Very high data rate DSL
Spread Spectrum
Spectrum is a range
of electromagnetic radio frequencies
used for transmission of voice, data
and images.
• Bandwidth refers to a network's capacity to transfer data
between devices or the internet within a particular span of
time.
• Multiplexing combines the signals from several sources to
achieve bandwidth efficiency.
• That is the available bandwidth of a link is divided between the
sources.
• In spread spectrum (SS), we combine signals from different
sources to fit into a larger bandwidth, but our goals are to prevent
eavesdropping (secretly listen to a conversation) and jamming. To
achieve these goals, spread spectrum techniques add redundancy.
• Spread spectrum is designed to be used in wireless
applications(LANs and WANs).
• In wireless applications ALL STATIONS USE AIR or
vacuum as medium for communication.
• Station must be able to share this medium without
interception by an eavesdropper and jammig from malicious
intruder.
• Ex. Military operations, satellite communications.
• To achieve this goal SS add redundancy.
• If the required bandwidth is for each station is B, spread
spectrum expands its to Bss., such that Bss >> B.

• The expanded bandwidth allows the source to wrap its message

in a protective envelope for more secure transmission.

• Ex. GIFT.

• 2 Principals :
• 1. Bandwidth of each station must be larger than its
need.(redundancy).
• The expanding of the original bandwidth B to bandwidth Bss
must be done by a process that is independent of the original
signal.
General Model of Spread Spectrum
System
• There are 2 techniques to spread the
bandwidth.
1] Frequency hopping spread spectrum.
2] Direct sequence spread spectrum.
 Frequency hopping spread
spectrum
• Modulation : is defined as the process of superimposing a low-
frequency signal on a high-frequency carrier signal.

• In FHSS Source signal modulates M different carrier

frequencies.
• At one moment, the signal modulates one carrier frequency,
• At next moment, the signal modulates another carrier frequency
• The bandwidth occupied by a source after spreading is
• BFHSS >>B.
DSSS
Direct Sequence spread spectrum

• Also expands bandwidth of the original signal.

• We replace each data bit with n bits using a

spreading code.

• Mean each bit is assigned a code of n bits,

called chips, where the chip rate is n times that
of the data bit.
6.60
• For example, consider wireless LAN, the famous barker
sequence, where n =11.
• Assume chip and original signal uses NRZ encoding.

• Spreading code = 11chips having

• bit pattern= 10110111000
• If Original signal size is N
• Then the rate of spread signal is 11N.
• Means : The required bandwidth for the spread signal is 11
times larger than the bandwidth of original signal.
• Provides security.
• Immunity against interference.
Code Division Multiple Access
(CDMA)
• Multiplexing Technique used with spread spectrum
• Start with data signal rate D
– Called bit data rate
• Break each bit into k chips according to fixed pattern
specific to each user
– User’s code
• New channel has chip data rate kD chips per second
• E.g. k=6, three users (A,B,C) communicating with base
receiver R
• Code for A = <1,-1,-1,1,-1,1>
• Code for B = <1,1,-1,-1,1,1>
• Code for C = <1,1,-1,1,1,-1>
CDMA Example
Consider A communicating with base
Base knows A’s code
Assume communication already synchronized
A wants to send a 1
Send chip pattern <1,-1,-1,1,-1,1>
A’s code
A wants to send 0
Send chip[ pattern <-1,1,1,-1,1,-1>
Complement of A’s code
Decoder ignores other sources when using A’s code to
decode
Orthogonal codes