Astme662 2017

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles
for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E662 − 17 An American National Standard
Standard Test Method for

Specific Optical Density of Smoke Generated by Solid
Materials1
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E662; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* D2843 Test Method for Density of Smoke from the Burning
1.1 This fire-test-response standard covers determination of or Decomposition of Plastics
the specific optical density of smoke generated by solid E176 Terminology of Fire Standards
materials and assemblies mounted in the vertical position in E662 Test Method for Specific Optical Density of Smoke
thicknesses up to and including 1 in. (25.4 mm). Generated by Solid Materials
1.2 Measurement is made of the attenuation of a light beam 3. Terminology
by smoke (suspended solid or liquid particles) accumulating 3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms found in this test
within a closed chamber due to nonflaming pyrolytic decom- method refer to Terminology E176.
position and flaming combustion.
4. Summary of Test Method
1.3 Results are expressed in terms of specific optical density
which is derived from a geometrical factor and the measured 4.1 This test method employs an electrically heated radiant-
optical density, a measurement characteristic of the concentra- energy source mounted within an insulated ceramic tube and
tion of smoke. positioned so as to produce an irradiance level of 2.2 Btu/s·ft2
(2.5 W/cm2) averaged over the central 1.5-in. (38.1-mm)
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded diameter area of a vertically mounted specimen facing the
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical radiant heater. The nominal 3 by 3-in. (76.2 by 76.2-mm)
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only specimen is mounted within a holder which exposes an area
and are not considered standard. measuring 29⁄16 by 29⁄16 in. (65.1 by 65.1 mm). The holder is
1.5 This standard measures and describes the response of able to accommodate specimens up to 1 in. (25.4 mm) thick.
materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame under This exposure provides the nonflaming condition of the test.
controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all 4.2 For the flaming condition, a six-tube burner is used to
factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the apply a row of equidistant flamelets across the lower edge of
materials, products or assemblies under actual fire conditions. the exposed specimen area and into the specimen holder
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the trough. This application of flame in addition to the specified
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the irradiance level from the heating element constitutes the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- flaming combustion exposure.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 4.3 The test specimens are exposed to the flaming and
nonflaming conditions within a closed chamber. A photometric
2. Referenced Documents system with a vertical light path is used to measure the varying
light transmission as smoke accumulates. The light transmit-
2.1 ASTM Standards:2
tance measurements are used to calculate specific optical
density of the smoke generated during the time period to reach
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on Fire
the maximum value.3
Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke and
Combustion Products.
5. Significance and Use
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2017. Published March 2017. Originally 5.1 This test method provides a means for determining the
approved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E662 – 15a. DOI:
specific optical density of the smoke generated by specimens of
10.1520/E0662-17.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Additional parameters, such as the maximum rate of smoke accumulation, time
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on to a fixed optical density level, or a smoke obscuration index provide potentially
the ASTM website. useful information. See Appendix X1.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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1
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E662 − 17
materials and assemblies under the specified exposure condi- weights will assist in assessing the reasons for any observed
tions. Values determined by this test are specific to the variability in measurements. Preselection of samples with
specimen or assembly in the form and thickness tested and are identical thickness or weight, or both, are potential methods to
not to be considered inherent fundamental properties of the reduce the variability but are likely to not be truly indicative of
material tested. Thus, it is likely that closely repeatable or the actual variability to be expected from the material as
reproducible experimental results are not to be expected from normally supplied.
tests of a given material when specimen thickness, density, or 6.3 The results of the test apply only to the thickness of the
other variables are involved. specimen as tested. There is no common mathematical formula
5.2 The photometric scale used to measure smoke by this to calculate the specific optical density of one thickness of a
test method is similar to the optical density scale for human material when the specific optical density of another thickness
vision. However, physiological aspects associated with vision of the same material is known.
are not measured by this test method. Correlation with mea- 6.4 The test method is sensitive to small variations of the
surements by other test methods has not been established.4 position of the specimen and radiometer relative to the radiant
5.3 At the present time no basis is provided for predicting heat source.
the density of smoke generated by the materials upon exposure 6.5 It is critical to clean the test chamber, and to remove
to heat and flame under other fire conditions. accumulated residues from the walls when changing from one
5.4 The test method is of a complex nature and the data test material to another, to ensure that chemical or physical
obtained are sensitive to variations which in other test methods recombination with the effluents or residues produced does not
might be considered to be insignificant (see Section 6). A affect the data obtained. Even when testing the same material,
precision statement based on the results of a roundrobin test by excessive accumulations of residue shall not be permitted to
a prior draft version of this test method is given in 14.1 build up since ruggedness tests have indicated that such
5.5 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to one or accumulations serve as additional insulators tending to reduce
more specific sets of laboratory test conditions. If different test normally expected condensation of the aerosol, thereby raising
conditions are substituted or the end-use conditions are the measured specific optical density.
changed, it is not always possible by or from this test method 6.6 With resilient samples, take extreme care to ensure that
to predict changes in the fire-test-response characteristics each replicate sample in its aluminum foil wrapper is installed
measured. Therefore, the results are valid only for the fire test so that each protrudes identically through the front sample
exposure conditions described in this procedure. holder opening. Unequal protrusion will subject the samples to
different effective irradiances and to slightly different ignition
6. Limitations exposures. Excessive protrusion of specimens has the potential
6.1 If during the test of one or more of the three replicate to cause drips or for the specimen to sag onto the burner,
samples there occurs such unusual behavior as (1) the speci- clogging the flame jets and thereby invalidating the test.
men falling out of the holder, (2) melted material overflowing 6.7 The measurements obtained have also proven sensitive
the sample holder trough, (3) self-ignition in the pyrolysis to small differences in conditioning (see Section 9). Many
mode, (4) extinguishment of the flame tiplets (even for a short materials such as carpeting and thick sections of wood,
period of time), or (5) a specimen being displaced from the plastics, or plywood require long periods to attain equilibrium
zone of controlled irradiance, then an additional three samples (constant weight) even in a forced-draft humidification cham-
of the identical preconditioned materials shall be tested in the ber.
test mode in which the unusual behavior occurred. Data
obtained from the improper tests noted above shall not be 7. Apparatus
incorporated in the averaged data but the occurrence shall be 7.1 Fig. 1 shows examples of the test apparatus, with a
reported. The test method is not suitable if more than three of detailed description contained in the remainder of Section 7
the six replicates tested show these characteristics. and in Annex A2. The apparatus shall include the following:
6.2 The test method has proven sensitive to small variations 7.1.1 Test Chamber—As shown in Fig. 1, the test chamber
in sample geometry, surface orientation, thickness (either shall be fabricated from laminated panels5 to provide inside
overall or individual layer), weight, and composition. It is, dimensions of 36 by 24 by 36 6 1⁄8 in. (914 by 610 by 914 6
therefore, critical that the replicate samples be cut, sawed, or 3 mm) for width, depth, and height, respectively. The interior
blanked to identical sample areas, 3 by 3, +0, −0.03 in. (76.2 surfaces shall consist of porcelain enameled metal, or other
by 76.2, +0, −0.8 mm), and that records be kept of the coated metal, which shall be resistant to chemical attack and
respective weights with the individual test data. It is feasible corrosion, and suitable for periodic cleaning. Sealed windows
that evaluation of the obtained data together with the individual shall be provided to accommodate a vertical photometric
system. All other chamber penetrations shall be sealed. When
all openings are closed, the chamber shall be capable of
4
Other test methods for measuring smoke available at the time of the publica-
tions referenced have been reviewed and summarized in “The Control of Smoke in
5
Building Fires—A State of the Art Review.” Materials Research and Standards, Vol Commercially available panels of porcelain-enameled steel (interior surface)
42, April 1971, pp. 16–23 and “A Report on Smoke Test Methods,” ASTM permanently laminated to an asbestos-magnesia core and backed with galvanized
Standardization News, August 1976, pp. 18–26. steel (exterior surface), total thickness 3⁄16 in. (9.6 mm), have been found suitable.
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A—Photomultiplier tube housing N—Flowmeter shutoff valves

B—Chamber O—Sample mover knob
C—Blow-out panel (in floor of chamber) P—Light source switch
D—Hinged door with window Q—Light source voltage jacks
E—Exhaust vent control R—Line switch
F—Radiometer output jacks S—Base cabinet
G—Temperature (wall) indicator T—Indicating lamps
H—Autotransformer U—Microphotometer (photomultiplier)
I—Furnace switch V—Optical system rods
J—Voltmeter (furnace) W—Optical system floor window
K—Fuse holder (furnace) X—Exhaust vent damper
L—Radiometer air flowmeter Y—Inlet vent damper
M—Gas and air (burner) flowmeter Z—Access ports
FIG. 1 Smoke Density Chamber Assembly
developing and maintaining positive pressure during test 7.1.1.1 If the interior wall surfaces become corroded or the
periods, in accordance with 11.12. The air-tightness of the coating starts to peel off, users shall repair the damaged area
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chamber shall be tested at least one per test day in accordance using any suitable coating material, installed to the coating
with 11.2. manufacturer’s instructions.

3
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NOTE 1—Some high temperature paints have been found satisfactory conditions with the chamber door closed, of 2.20 6 0.04
for this purpose. Btu/ft2·s (2.50 6 0.05 W/cm2) for 20 min.
7.1.1.2 Fit the chamber with a safety blow-out panel, 7.1.2.1 The control system shall consist of one of the
consisting of a sheet of aluminum foil of thickness not greater following:
than 1.63 × 10–3 in. (0.04 mm) and having a minimum area of (1) An autotransformer and a voltmeter for monitoring the
125 in.2 (80 600 mm2), fastened in such a way as to provide an electrical input. Where line voltage fluctations exceed 62.5 V,
airtight seal. a constant voltage transformer is required to maintain the
7.1.2 Radiant Heat Furnace—As shown in Fig. 2, an prescribed irradiance level.
electric furnace with a 3-in. (76.2-mm) diameter opening shall (2) An electronic temperature controller capable of main-
be used to provide a constant irradiance on the specimen taining furnace temperature 6 37.4°F (3°C). If this option is
surface. The furnace shall be located along the centerline used, a thermocouple for monitoring the furnace temperature
equidistant between the front and back of the chamber, with the shall be required, and the furnace temperature shall be dis-
opening facing toward and about 12 in. (305 mm) from the played on the controller or software.
right wall. The centerline of the furnace shall be about 73⁄4 in. 7.1.3 Specimen Holder—Specimen holders shall conform in
(195 mm) above the chamber floor. The furnace control system shape and dimension to that shown in Fig. 3 and be fabricated
shall maintain the required irradiance level, under steady-state to expose a 29⁄16 by 29⁄16-in. (65.1 by 65.1-mm) specimen area.
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A—Stainless steel tube G—Stainless steel spacers

B—Front insulating ring H—Stainless steel reflectors (3)
C—Ceramic tube J—Center insulating disk
D—Heater/plate 525 W K—Insulating spacer ring
E—Stainless steel mounting screw L—Rear insulating disk
F—Insulating gasket M—Sheet metal screw (2)
P—Heater leads/porcelain beads
FIG. 2 Furnace Section

4
E662 − 17
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FIG. 3 Details of Specimen Holder and Pilot Burner
Also shown in Fig. 3 are the spring and rods for retaining the 7.1.5.1 The light source shall be an incandescent lamp
specimen within the holders. operated at a fixed voltage in a circuit powered by a constant-
7.1.4 Framework for Support of Furnace and Specimen voltage transformer. The light source shall be mounted in a
Holder—The furnace and specimen supporting framework sealed and light-tight box. This box shall contain the necessary
shall be constructed essentially in accordance with Fig. 4. optics to provide a collimated light beam passing vertically
7.1.5 Photometric System—The photometric system shall through the chamber. The light source shall be maintained at an
consist of a light source and photodetector, oriented vertically operating voltage required to provide a brightness temperature
to reduce measurement variations resulting from stratification of 2200 6 100°K.
of the smoke generated by materials under test. The system
shall be as shown in Figs. 5 and 6 and include the following:

5
E662 − 17
FIG. 4 Furnace Support
7.1.5.2 The photodetector shall be a photomultiplier tube, (38.1-mm) aperature on the front and a finned cooler supplied
with an S-4 spectral sensitivity response and a dark current less with compressed air mounted on the rear to maintain a constant
than 10−9 A. A set of nine gelatin compensating filters varying body temperature of 200 6 5°F (93 6 3°C).
from 0.1 to 0.9 neutral density are mounted one or more as 7.1.6.1 As an option to the air-cooled radiometer, a water-
required in the optical measuring system to correct for differ- cooled heat flux meter is suitable for use in measuring the heat
ences in the luminous sensitivity of the photomultiplier tube. flux. The heat flux meter shall consist of a Schmidt-Boelter
These filters also provide correction for light source or photo- (thermopile) sensor approximately 1.0 in. (25 mm) in diameter
multiplier aging and reduction in light transmission, through mounted in a specimen holder. The specimen holder shall
discolored or abraded optical windows. An additional criterion include the millboard described in 8.3.3.2, with a hole in the
for selection of photomultiplier tubes requires a minimum center to accommodate the meter. The meter shall be mounted
sensitivity equivalent to that required to give a full scale such that the sensing surface is flush with the millboard. The
reading with only the No. 5 compensating filter in the light meter shall have an operating range of 0-4.4 Btu/s·ft2 (0-5.0
path. A light-tight box located directly opposite the light source W/cm2) and an accuracy of within 63 %.
shall be provided to mount the photodetector housing and the 7.1.7 Thermocouple—A thermocouple shall be fixed to the
associated optics. A glass window shall be used to isolate the center of the inner surface of the wall opposite the door.
photodetector and its optics from the chamber atmosphere. 7.1.8 Output Instrumentation—The outputs of the radiom-
7.1.5.3 In addition to the above compensating filter, a eter shall be measured using a potentiometer and the results
neutral density range extender filter permitting the system to recorded. The photodetector output shall be measured with a
measure to Optical Density 6 is incorporated in the commercial potentiometer or other suitable instrument capable of measure-
version of the smoke density chamber. The accuracy of ment over the range of the apparatus. See Annex A1.
read-outs in the range above Ds 528 is affected by the excessive 7.1.9 Sensor for Chamber Pressure Measurements —A
light scattering present in such heavy smoke concentration. pressure sensor (for example, a manometer or pressure trans-
Where Ds values over 500 are measured, it is necessary to ducer) with a range up to 6 in. (152 mm) of water (1.5 kPa)
provide a chamber window cover to prevent room light from shall be provided to monitor chamber pressure and leakage.
being scattered into the photomultiplier, thereby providing an The pressure measurement point shall be through a gas-
incorrect higher transmission value. sampling port in the chamber.
7.1.6 Radiometer—The radiometer for standardizing the 7.1.10 Chamber Pressure Relief System—A simple water
output of the radiant heat furnace shall be of the circular foil column or relief valve shall be provided to permit control of
type, the operation of which was described by Gardon.6 The chamber pressure (see A2.8).
construction of the radiometer shall be as shown in Fig. 7. It
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7.1.11 Multiple Flamelet Burner—For a flaming exposure

shall have a stainless steel reflective heat shield with a 11⁄2-in. test, a six-tube burner, with construction details as shown in
Fig. 3, shall be used. The burner shall be centered in front of
6
Gardon R., “An Instrument for the Direct Measurement of Intense Thermal and parallel to the specimen holder. The tips of the two
Radiation,” Review of Scientific Instruments , Vol 24, 1953, pp. 366–370. horizontal tubes shall be centered 1⁄4 6 1⁄16 in. (6.4 6 1.5 mm)

6
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A—Photomultiplier housing K—Optical system platforms (2)

B—Photomultiplier tube and socket L—Optical windows (2)
C—Upper shutter blade, with ND2 filter M—Chamber roof
over one aperture
D—Lower shutter blade, with single N—Alignment rods (3)
aperture
E—Opal diffuser filter P—Parallel light beam, 1.5-in. (37.5-
mm) diameter
F—Aperature disk Q—Chamber floor
G—Neutral density compensating filter R—Optical window heater, silicone-
(from set of 9) fiberglass 50 W/115 V
H—Lens, 7 diopter (2) S—Regulated light source transformer,
115/125 V-6 V
J—Optical system housing (2) T—Adjustable resistor, light source,
adjusted for 4 V
U—Light source
FIG. 5 Photometer Details
above the lower opening of the specimen holder and 1⁄4 6 1⁄32 position during nonflaming exposures. The fuel shall be
in. (6.4 6 0.8 mm) away from the face of the specimen surface. propane having a 95 % purity or better. Filtered oil-free air and
Provision shall be made to rotate or move the burner out of propane shall be fed through calibrated flowmeters and needle
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7
E662 − 17
greater than 1 in. (25.4 mm) thick shall be sliced to 1-in.
(25.4-mm) thickness, and each original (uncut) surface tested
separately if required under 8.3.1. The results are valid only for
the thickness and form in which it is tested.
8.2 Specimen Orientation—If visual inspection of a material
indicates a pronounced grain pattern, process-induced orienta-
tion or other nonisotropic property, a minimum of three
specimens shall be tested for each orientation in each test
mode. Exception: Where data are available and to show that
orientation of a specimen has no significant effect on test
results, the specimen is only required to be tested in one
orientation with each test mode (Note 2). When specimens
require testing in different orientations, results of tests for each
orientation shall be reported separately. Test results from
specimens tested under different orientations shall not be used
to obtain average values.
NOTE 2—It has been shown the orientation of carpet test specimens in
terms of length and width (parallel and perpendicular to manufactured
direction) has no statistically significant effect on the specific optical
density obtained using this test method (1).7
8.3 Specimen Assembly:
FIG. 6 Photometer Location 8.3.1 The specimen shall be representative of the materials
or composite and shall be prepared in accordance with recom-
mended application procedures. Flat sections of the same
valves at 500 cm3/min for air and 50 cm3/min for the propane thickness and composition are to be tested rather than curved,
and premixed prior to entry into burner. molded, or specialty parts. Substrate or core materials for the
7.1.11.1 It is possible that sample drippings or residue will test specimens shall be the same as those for the intended
cause constrictions (or even completely seal) the small open- application. If a material or assembly has the potential to be
ings in the individual burner tiplets unless the test residues are exposed to a fire on either side, both sides shall be tested. If an
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immediately removed while still warm and viscous. One way adhesive is intended for field application of a finish material or
to correct or prevent this situation, is for the user to prepare a substrate, the prescribed type of adhesive and the spreading
set of six tempered spring steel wires each approximately 31⁄2 rate recommended for the assembly of test specimen shall be
in. (89 mm) long fabricated from 30-gage (0.014 in.) wire, with used and reported.
one end crimped or brazed to a knob to facilitate handling and 8.3.1.1 Finish materials, including sheet laminates, tiles,
to prevent possible loss of the wire by complete insertion. fabrics, and others secured to a substrate material with
When a burner tiplet becomes clogged as indicated by flame adhesive, and composite materials not attached to a substrate,
extinguishment and inability to relight or by a distorted flame have the potential to be subject to delamination, cracking,
shape, thus invalidating the test, insert one of the wires and peeling, or other separations affecting their smoke generation.
work it through several times to clear the obstruction. Imme- To evaluate these effects, it is often necessary to perform
diately upon removal of the burner from the chamber while still supplementary tests on a scored (split) exposed surface, or on
warm, insert all six wires in a like manner but leave them in interior layers or surfaces. When supplementary tests are
place until the next time the burner is used. Where residues and conducted for this purpose, the manner of performing such
clogging persist, prepare a suitable solvent bath so as to supplementary tests, and the test results, shall be included in
immerse the complete burner and use the wires to loosen any the report with the conventional test results.
hardened residue. Because of the construction, it is impossible 8.3.2 For comparative tests of finish materials without a
to service the individual burner tiplets from the opposite normal substrate or core, and for screening purposes only, the
direction, but because of ratio of diameters any obstruction following procedures shall be employed:
pushed through the small diameter tiplets is likely to readily 8.3.2.1 Rigid or semirigid sheet materials shall be tested by
drop through the large diameter body tubing. Since most of the standard procedure regardless of thickness.
these solvents are hazardous, take proper precautions for 8.3.2.2 In the absence of a specified assembly system,
handling and protection of personnel. If flammable solvents are paints, adhesives, etc., intended for application to combustible
used, take care to ensure that “hot” burners are not immersed base materials, shall be applied to the smooth face of 1⁄4-in.
until cooled to room temperature. (6.4-mm) thick tempered hardboard, nominal density 50 to 60
lb/ft3 (800 to 960 kg/m3), using recommended (or practical)
8. Test Specimens application techniques and coverage rates. Tests shall also be
8.1 Size—The test specimens shall be 3 by 3, +0, −0.03 in.
(76.2 by 76.2, +0, −0.8 mm) by the intended installation 7
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
thickness up to and including 1 in. (25.4 mm). Materials this standard.

8
E662 − 17
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FIG. 7 Radiometer Details
conducted on the hardboard alone, and these values shall be 8.3.3.1 All specimens shall be covered across the back,
recorded as supplemental to the measured values for the along the edges, and over the front surface periphery with a
composite specimen. single sheet of aluminum foil (0.001 6 0.0005 in. or approxi-
8.3.2.3 Paints, adhesives, etc., intended for application to mately 0.04 mm) with the dull side in contact with the
noncombustible substrate materials, shall be applied to the specimen. Care shall be taken not to puncture the foil or
smooth face of 1⁄4-in. (6.4-mm) thick inorganic reinforced introduce unnecessary wrinkles during the wrapping operation.
cement board, nominally 110 6 10 lb/ft3 (1762 6 160 kg/m3) Fold in such a way so as to minimize losses of melted material
in density, using recommended (or practical) application tech- at the bottom of the holder. Excess foil along the front edges
niques and coverage rates. shall be trimmed off after mounting. A flap of foil shall be cut
8.3.2.4 If fabrics or thin flexible films tend to shrink, to and bent forward at the spout to permit flow from melting
bunch, to blister, or to pull out from under the specimen holder specimens.
during the test, the three test specimens shall be stapled with its 8.3.3.2 All specimens shall be backed with a sheet of 1⁄2-in.
aluminum foil wrapper to the inorganic insulation millboard (12.7-mm) thick inorganic insulation millboard. The specimen
backing. Five wire staples,8 approximately 1⁄2 by 1⁄4 by 0.02 in. and its backing shall be secured with the spring and retaining
(12.7 by 6.3 by 0.5 mm),9 shall be positioned horizontally at rod. A modified C-shape retaining rod or similar device shall be
the center, and at the center of the four quadrants.8 used with specimens from 5⁄8 to 1 in. (16 to 25 mm) thick. Do
8.3.2.5 Electrical and Optical Fiber Cables—For test speci- not deform compressible specimens below their normal thick-
mens of electrical or optical fiber cables up to 1 in. in diameter, ness.
cut the cables to 3 + 0, −0.03 in. (76.2 + 0 − 0.8 mm) lengths
and insert enough pieces in the specimen holder to fill it, 9. Conditioning
arranged vertically. Wrap a sheet of 1⁄2-in. (12.7-mm) thick 9.1 Pre-dry specimens for 24 h at 140 6 5°F (60 6 3°C) and
inorganic insulation millboard with aluminum foil and place it then condition to equilibrium (constant weight) at an ambient
behind the wires as a backing board before inserting the spring temperature of 73 6 5°F (23 6 3°C) and a relative humidity of
and retaining rod. 50 6 5 % (see 6.7).
8.3.3 Specimen Mounting:
9.2 While in the conditioning chamber, specimens shall be
supported in racks so that air has access to all surfaces.
8
Bostitch B8, Swingline 888, Acc. Monarch No 1 FT, or similar, have been Forced-air movement in the conditioning chamber will assist in
found satisfactory. accelerating the conditioning process.

9
E662 − 17
10. Number of Test Specimens increase chamber wall surface temperature to the stated level it
10.1 Conduct three tests under flaming exposure and three is permissible for an auxiliary heater to be used but it shall be
tests under nonflaming exposure on each material (total of six removed prior to performing tests; conversely to decrease this
specimens) in accordance with the conditions described herein. temperature, the exhaust blower is a useful tool to introduce
10.1.1 When any result in any set of three replicates is such cooler air from the laboratory. Standardize the furnace output
that it exceeds the minimum result by 50 %, test an additional irradiance at periodic intervals according to test experience
set of three replicates and report the average of all six results. (normally twice per test day).
10.1.2 Where one or more of the three replicate tests 11.5 A “blank” specimen holder, with the inorganic insula-
demonstrate an unusual behavior such as detailed in 6.1, test tion millboard backing exposed shall always be directly in
three additional replicates. Average only the data from the front of the furnace except when displaced to the side by (1) the
successful tests. specimen holder during a test or (2) the radiometer during
10.2 Prior to use in a test, record the weight of each sample. calibration. It shall be returned immediately to this position
Comparison of the weights with the individual optical density when testing or calibration is completed to prevent excessive
results has the potential to assist in assessing the reasons for the heating of the adjacent wall surface.
variability in measurements.
11.6 Perform a furnace calibration in accordance with
11.6.1 if using the radiometer, or 11.6.2 if using a heat flux
11. Procedure
meter.
11.1 Conduct all tests in a room or enclosed space having an 11.6.1 Place the radiometer on the horizontal rods of the
ambient temperature of 73 6 5°F (23 6 3°C) at the time of the furnace support framework and accurately position in front of
test. After conditioning, (see 9.1), specimens shall be moved the furnace opening, by sliding and displacing the “blank”
directly to the room or enclosed space where the smoke density specimen holder against the pre-positioned stop. With the
chamber is located. Specimens shall not be exposed to an chamber door closed and inlet vent opened, adjust the com-
environment with an uncontrolled relative humidity for more pressed air supply to the radiometer cooler to maintain its body
than 15 min prior to testing. Take precautions to provide a
temperature at 200 6 5°F (93° 6 3°C). Adjust the autotrans-
means for removing potentially hazardous gases from the area
former or temperature controller setting so as to obtain the
of operation.
calibrated millivolt output of the radiometer corresponding to a
11.1.1 Caution is urged during use of apparatus to prevent
steady-state irradiance of 2.2 6 0.04 Btu/s·ft2 (2.5 6 0.05
explosion of pyrolyzates, particularly under nonflaming condi-
W/cm2) averaged over the central 1.5-in. (38.1-mm) diameter
tions. Good laboratory procedure is urged also to prevent
area. Use the recorder or meter described in 7.1.8 to monitor
exposure of the operator to smoke, particularly during removal
the radiometer output. After the prescribed irradiance level has
of the sample from the chamber or in clean-up.
reached steady-state, remove the radiometer from the chamber
11.2 Measure the air-tightness of the test chamber at least and replace with the “blank” specimen holder.
once per test day (with the door, vents and spare gas sampling 11.6.2 Place the heat flux meter on the horizontal rods of the
pipes closed) by introducing compressed air into the test furnace support framework and accurately position in front of
chamber. Air shall be introduced through one of the gas the furnace opening, by sliding and displacing the “blank”
sampling pipes or through the cooling air supply to the specimen holder against the prepositioned stop. With the
radiometer until the pressure is between 3 and 3.5 in. of water chamber door open and inlet vent opened, turn on the cooling
gauge (0.76 – 0.87 kPa) and then shutting the air supply off. water supply. Adjust the autotransformer or temperature con-
The chamber shall be considered airtight if the pressure after 5 troller setting so as to obtain the calibrated millivolt output of
min is greater than 2 in. of water (0.5 kPa). the heat flux meter corresponding to a steady-state irradiance of
11.3 Clean the chamber walls whenever periodic visual 2.2 6 0.04 Btu/s·ft2 (2.5 6 0.05 W/cm2) as measured by the
inspection indicates the need.9 Clean the exposed surfaces of heat flux meter. Use the recorder or meter described in 7.1.8 to
the glass windows separating the photodetector and light monitor the heat flux meter output. After the prescribed
source housing from the interior of the chamber, before each irradiance level has reached steady-state, remove the heat flux
test (ethyl alcohol is generally effective). Charred residues on meter from the chamber and replace with the “blank” specimen
--`,,,```,``,,```,``,,,,`,`,,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
the specimen holder and horizontal rods shall be removed holder.

between tests to avoid contamination.
11.7 After the system has reached steady-state conditions,
11.4 During the warm-up period all electric systems adjust the zero of the meter or recorder, or both. Adjust the
(furnace, light source, photometer readout, etc.) shall be on, the amplifier sensitivity to obtain a full-scale reading of the
exhaust vent and chamber door closed, and the inlet vent open. photodetector (100 % transmittance) on the recorder or readout
When the temperature on the center surface of the back wall meter. Determine the “dark current” (0 % transmittance) on the
reaches a steady-state value in the range of 95 6 4°F (35 6 maximum sensitivity range of the readout meter by blocking
2°C) the chamber is ready for furnace calibrating or testing. To the light. Adjust the “dark current” reading to zero.
11.8 For nonflaming exposures, remove the multiple flame-
9
An ammoniated spray detergent and soft scouring pads have been found let burner. For flaming exposures, position the burner across
effective. the lower edge of the specimen as described in 7.1.11. Check

10
E662 − 17
the burner distances relative to the “blank” specimen before off or adjust the scale to minimize sensitivity. Replace the filter
fuel adjustment and ignition. before exhausting smoke from the chamber.
11.9 Before positioning the test specimen, flush the chamber 11.16 Extinguish the burner on flaming exposures and start
with the door and exhaust and inlet vents open for about 2 min, exhausting the chamber within 1 min after terminating the test
and verify the starting temperature of the chamber, using the (see 11.14 and Note 3). Displace the specimen from the front
procedure described in 11.4. of the furnace by pushing the “blank” specimen holder with the
positioning rod. Continue to exhaust with the inlet vent open
11.10 Close the exhaust vent and blower. Place the loaded
until maximum transmittance is reached. Record this transmit-
specimen holder on the bar support and push it into position in
tance value as the Tc, “clear beam” reading.
front of the furnace (with burner in position for flaming
exposure) by displacing the “blank” holder. Quickly close the NOTE 3—In some cases the transmittance will increase somewhat and
chamber door and simultaneously start the timer or recorder subsequently decrease to the ultimate minimum transmittance.
chart drive, or both. Close the inlet vent completely only when
the photometer indicates the presence of smoke. 12. Calculation
11.11 Record the light transmittance and the corresponding 12.1 Calculate specific optical density, Ds, at any given time
time either as a continuous plot with a multirange recorder or as follows:
at time intervals no greater than 30 s with a multirange meter D s 5 G @ log10 ~ 100/T ! 1F #
readout. Make and note the necessary full-scale range changes
where:
in decade steps.
G = V/AL,
11.11.1 The photometer used with this instrument shall have V = volume of the closed chamber, ft3 (or m3),
an accuracy of 63 % or better of the maximum reading on any A = exposed area of the specimen, ft2 (or m2),
range. As such, the percentage error of a given reading L = length of the light path through the smoke, ft (or m),
becomes progressively worse at the lower portion of the scale. T = percent light transmittance as read from the light-
Avoid light transmittance on scale readings less than 10 by sensing instrument, and
making the appropriate decade range change. F = depends on the following:
11.11.2 Some chambers are equipped with a switch that not (1) If the movable filter (see 7.1.5.3) is in the light path at
only incorporates ranges of 100, 10, 1, and 0.1 but also ranges the time that T is being measured, F = 0, and T is the actual
of 30, 3, and 0.3. With such an instrument the greatest accuracy percent transmittance.
would be achieved in light transmittance readings by making a (2) If the filter has been moved out of the light path (see
range change in these intermediate ranges when the light 7.1.5.3 and 11.15) at the time that T is being measured, F = the
transmittance reading reaches 30 on the 0-to-100 meter scale or known optical density of the filter (see A1.1.4), and T is an
10 on the 0-to-33 scale. apparent percent transmittance.
(3) If the optical system is not equipped with a movable
11.12 Observe the increase in chamber pressure with the
filter in accordance with 7.1.5.3, F = 0, and T is the actual
manometer described in 7.1.9. Use regulator (see A2.8) to
percent transmittance.
maintain the pressure in the range of 4 6 2 in. (100 6 50 mm)
of water during most of the test. If negative pressure develops 12.1.1 For an instrument constructed in accordance with
after very intense specimen flaming, open the inlet vent slightly this standard, corrections for the volume of the furnace
to equalize the pressure. As a result of pressure rise, adjust the assembly and the volume included in the door recess are
fuel and air valves during the flaming test to maintain constant generally less than 1 %. As such, G = 132.
flow rate. 12.1.2 A table for Ds versus actual percent light transmit-
tance is given in Appendix X2. The Ds values above 528 are
11.13 Record any observations pertinent to the burning and
based on an assumed optical density of 2.00 for the movable
smoke generating properties of the material under test, in
filter.
accordance with 13.1.6 and 13.1.7.
12.2 Calculate the maximum specific optical density, Dm,
11.14 Continue the test for a period of 3 min after a
using the equation in 12.1 with a light transmittance corre-
minimum light transmittance value is reached or after an
sponding to the minimum level reached during the test.
exposure of 20 min, whichever occurs first.
12.2.1 Similarly, calculate Dc using the Tc value.
11.14.1 Optionally, the test shall be permitted to be con-
12.2.2 Calculate Dm (corrected) as follows:
ducted for periods in excess of 20 min at the request of the test
D m ~ corr! 5 D m 2 D c
--`,,,```,``,,```,``,,,,`,`,,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
sponsor.
11.15 If transmittance falls below 0.01 %, the chamber 12.3 For systems without “dark current” cancellation or
window shall be covered with an opaque screen to avoid “blank adjust” provisions, a correction shall be made for any
possible light-scattering effects from room light. Also any light transmittance reading, T, approaching the dark current
supplementary optical filter in the photometer system shall be value, Td. Calculate the corrected light transmittance, T', as
removed or displaced in order to extend the measuring range. follows:
If the potential exists for extraneous light to reflect into the 12T T 2 Td
T' 5 1 2 5
photometer during removal of the filter, turn the high voltage 1 2 Td 1 2 Td

11
E662 − 17
and is used for the specific optical density calculations melting, collapse, and any other relevant details, including the
described in 12.1 and 12.2. time of such occurrence. The time of any change in exposure
12.4 Determine tDm, the time in minutes for the smoke to mode shall be noted.
accumulate to the maximum specific optical density. 13.1.7 Observations of the smoke-generating properties of
the specimens during exposure, such as color of the smoke,
12.5 When the test is continued beyond the standard 20-min nature of the settled particulate matter, etc.
exposure, make all calculations in accordance with 12.1 – 12.4 13.1.8 A tabulation or curve of time versus either percent
and identify the results as “Extended Exposure.” transmittance or D s (rounded to two significant figures) for
each run of the three test specimens.
13. Report
13.1.9 Test results rounded to two significant figures as
13.1 Report the following information: described in Section 12 including the average and range on
13.1.1 Complete description of the material tested includ- each set of specimens for Dm with time of occurrence, and
ing: type, manufacturer, shape, thickness, or other appropriate Dm(corr).
dimensions, weight or density, coloring, and any other relevant
NOTE 4—Prior to the adoption of this test method, it was customary to
details. report the maximum smoke accumulated as Dm(corr), and for that reason
13.1.2 Complete description of the test specimens, includ- it has been included as a part of the test report. Subsequently, a statistical
ing: substrate or core, special preparation, mounting, specimen analysis of the round-robin data upon which the precision statement is
orientation, and any other relevant details. based, showed that the Dm values were more uniform. Therefore, it is
13.1.3 Information regarding the test specimen, condition- required that both Dm and Dm (corr) be reported.
ing procedure and the duration of conditioning.
13.1.4 Number of specimens tested. 14. Precision and Bias10
13.1.4.1 When nonisotropic materials are not tested for each 14.1 Precision:
orientation, information on the data and appropriate criteria 14.1.1 Tables 1 and 2 are calculated from the results
used to justify the use of only one orientation shall be included obtained when 25 materials were tested by 20 laboratories in a
(see 8.2). Such information shall include the source and round-robin study conducted by ASTM Subcommittee E05.02,
availability of the data. following a prior draft version of this method. That study
13.1.5 Test conditions: relative humidity in the room or indicated several sections of the test procedure that required
enclosed space where the smoke density chamber is located, additional description, and this version has been revised
type of exposure, the exposure period, and temperature of
chamber wall.
13.1.6 Observations of the behavior of the specimen during 10
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may
test exposure, such as delamination, sagging, shrinkage, be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:E05-1002.
TABLE 1 Precision Statement for Dm—FlamingA

Coefficients of Variation, % Relative Precision, %
Material Within a Between

Within a Between
Laboratory Laboratories
Laboratory Laboratories
(R1) (R2)
Hardboard, unfinished, 1⁄4 in. 21.2 10.7 33.9 45.1
Particleboard, untreated, 3⁄8 in. 29.7 25.3 47.5 84.7
Lauan hardwood, plywood, unfinished, grade AD, 1⁄4-in. 25.2 24.5 40.3 78.9
Hemlock, untreated, 3⁄4-in. 24.8 24.5 39.7 78.6
Hemlock, treated, 3⁄4-in. 26.2 11.9 41.9 53.2
Red oak, 3⁄4-in. 27.2 39.3 44.4 117.7
Acoustical ceiling tile, untreated, 1⁄2-in. 22.3 24.4 35.7 76.5
Nonacoustical ceiling tile, untreated, 1⁄2-in. 26.9 28.8 43.1 90.8
Standard gypsum board, 1⁄2-in. 18.0 35.6 28.8 102.9
1⁄32-in. high-pressure standard decorative laminate, urea 17.2 23.1 27.5 69.7
glue, on 3⁄4-in. untreated particleboard
1⁄32-in. high-pressure, fire retardant decorative laminate, 9.3 14.5 14.8 42.8
resorcinol adhesive, on 3⁄4-in. treated particleboard
Linoleum 9.5 14.6 15.2 43.2
Wool plush carpet 15.4 10.2 24.7 37.4
Polyester twist carpet 19.6 13.5 31.4 48.9
Nylon twist carpet 3.6 10.9 5.7 30.8
Acrylic carpet 7.5 14.1 12.0 41.0
Fiber glass-reinforced brominated polyester sheet 11.8 9.2 18.9 31.7
Poly(vinyl chloride) flooring 14.3 9.1 22.9 34.1
Poly(methyl methacrylate) sheet 16.9 24.1 27.0 72.0
--`,,,```,``,,```,``,,,,`,`,,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Flexible polyurethane foam, high resiliency, 1⁄2-in. 29.6 23.6 47.3 80.7
Rigid polyisocyanurate foam, 1⁄2-in. 6.2 13.4 10.0 38.4
NBS SRM 1007aB 6.5 7.6 10.4 23.0
A
Precision statements for polystyrene sheet and fiber glass-reinforced polyester sheet are not given because the Dm values fell outside the range of the instrument.
B
The average Dm value obtained by 20 laboratories testing 3 samples each (60 samples) was 433.

12
E662 − 17
TABLE 2 Precision Statement for Dm—NonflamingA
Coefficients of Variation, % Relative Precision, %
Material Within a Between Within a Lab- Between Lab-
Laboratory Laboratories oratory (R1) oratories (R2)
Lauan hardwood plywood, unfinished, grade AD, 1⁄4-in. 5.6 10.7 8.9 30.9
Untreated hemlock, 3⁄4-in. 16.4 14.1 26.2 47.1
Hemlock, treated, 3⁄4-in. 32.1 11.4 51.4 60.4
Red oak, 3⁄4-in. 7.7 21.1 12.3 59.7
Acoustical ceiling tile, untreated, 1⁄2-in. 9.3 9.9 14.9 31.3
Nonacoustical ceiling tile, untreated, 1⁄2-in. 13.3 14.6 21.4 45.7
Standard gypsum board, 1⁄2-in. 5.6 12.3 8.9 35.3
1⁄32-in. high-pressure standard decorative laminate, urea 6.2 11.9 9.9 34.5
glue, on 3⁄4-in. untreated particleboard
1⁄32-in. high-pressure fire-retardant decorative laminate, 20.1 30.2 32.1 89.7
resorcinol adhesive, on 3⁄4-in. treated particleboard
Wool plush carpet 9.1 14.0 14.6 41.6
Polyester twist carpet 9.6 8.8 15.4 28.8
Nylon twist carpet 8.3 14.0 13.8 41.1
Acrylic carpet 6.8 9.4 10.9 28.9
Fiber glass-reinforced brominated polyester sheet 4.6 10.0 7.4 28.6
Poly(vinyl chloride) flooring 6.3 13.8 10.0 39.5
Polystyrene sheet 15.0 12.8 24.1 42.8
Poly(methyl methacrylate) sheet 24.0 29.9 38.5 91.5
Fiber glass-reinforced polyester sheet 7.1 5.7 11.3 19.4
Flexible polyurethane foam, high resiliency, 1⁄2-in. 10.1 10.6 16.2 33.6
Rigid polyisocyanurate foam, 1⁄2-in. 11.9 18.9 19.0 55.8
NBS SRM 1006B 3.1 5.5 5.0 16.0
A
Precision statements for hardboard, unfinished, 1⁄4-in.; particleboard, untreated, 3⁄8-in.; and linoleum are not given because the Dm values fell outside the range of the
instrument.
B
The average Dm value obtained by 20 laboratories testing 3 samples each (60 samples) was 164.
accordingly. It is reasonable to expect that this version of the 14.1.4.2 Reproducibility, R2—The critical difference within
method will provide better precision than that tabulated. which two averages of three specimens each, obtained by two
14.1.2 The precision statements in these tables are ex- different operators, using different instruments in different
pressed as a percentage of the average Dm of each material and laboratories, can be expected to lie 95 % of the time because of
are based on only the validated results (see Section 3) from the the random variations within and between laboratories.
three replicates submitted to each laboratory.
14.1.3 Coeffıcient of Variation—The ratio of either the 14.2 Bias—The bias is unknown because the value of
“within laboratory” or “between laboratories” standard devia- specific optical density obtained in this procedure is defined
tion to the overall average Dm value for the material, expressed only in terms of this test method.
as a percent.
14.1.4 Relative Precision: 15. Keywords
14.1.4.1 Repeatability, R1—The critical difference within 15.1 fire; fire-test response standard; smoke; smoke cham-
which two averages of three specimens each, obtained on the ber; smoke density; smoke obscuration; solids; specific optical
same material by a single operator using the same instrument, density
can be expected to lie 95 % of the time because of random
variation within a laboratory.
ANNEXES
(Mandatory Information)
A1. CALIBRATION OF TEST EQUIPMENT
A1.1 Photometric System the optical beam may be of importance in cases where light
A1.1.1 A properly used photometer of the type described in scatter takes place, as often occurs in smoke aerosols. Because
this document is an inherently linear device provided that of this, the following instructions are included for use in cases
linear electronic measuring and recording equipment has been where the photometer beam needs to be realigned following
used. The linearity of absorption measurements is not depen- replacement of the light source or some accidental misalign-
dent upon critical beam collimation; however, collimation of ment.
--`,,,```,``,,```,``,,,,`,`,,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

13
E662 − 17
A1.1.2 Alignment: compensating filter holder into the lens mount and replace the
A1.1.2.1 Prepare an opaque templet about 41⁄2 in. (115 mm) enclosure cover. Replace all screws to prevent light leaks.
in diameter with a centered 2-in. (51-mm) diameter drawn A1.1.3 Linearity Check—The photometer used with this
circle.
FIG. A1.1 Copper Disk Calorimeter
A1.1.2.2 Attach the templet with transparent tape to, and instrument shall have an accuracy of 63 % of the maximum
centered on, the upper optical window. With the optical system reading on any range. It involves a spectral band quite similar
in its normal operational mode, observe the projected image on to that corresponding to human vision. This is defined by the
the templet. A properly aligned beam will completely fill the operating condition of the lamp source and the spectral
2-in. (51-mm) circle with some spill-over. Because of the sensitivity of the photodetector. Since no precise control is
filament, the pattern will not be a perfect circle. If the pattern maintained over the size of this spectral band, it would be
is too large or too small, the lower lens will require adjustment. necessary, if accurate calibration were to be attempted, to make
Remove the cover from the light source enclosure. If the use of filters with constant transmission over a spectral band of
pattern is not centered, it will require repositioning of the light at least 350 to 750 nm. Such filters are not readily available.
source or slight readjustment of the lens mount in its track. One Because of this and the inherent linearity of a properly
way to optimize the lens position is by slight adjustment until constructed photometer and measuring circuit, it is not recom-
mended that the test method user attempt precise calibration of
the maximum photometer reading is obtained, whereupon it is
the instrument over its operating range. The following rough
locked. Replace the enclosure cover, making sure that all
calibration procedure is, however, recommended as a means to
screws have been tightly seated.
ensure that no gross failure of the photometric measuring
A1.1.2.3 Switch off the photometer and remove the cover system has occurred:
from the roof-mounted optical enclosure. Remove the compen- A1.1.3.1 Complete alignment as in A1.1.2.
sating filter holder from the lens mount and observe the A1.1.3.2 With the photometer beam blocked, determine that
converging beam of light. A properly focused and aligned the instrument shows zero transmission on all the normal
beam will form a small intense spot at the disk aperture of the photometer ranges without removal of the range extension
photomultiplier housing projecting into the roof of the enclo- filter from the photometer head.
sure. If the beam is misaligned or not properly focused, loosen A1.1.3.3 Measure the transmission of a neutral density filter
the lens mount screws very slightly and carefully refocus. of nominal optical density of 3.0 which has been previously
Tighten the screws and recheck the light spot. Remount the calibrated in another smoke density photometer. The two
--`,,,```,``,,```,``,,,,`,`,,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

14
E662 − 17
transmission measurements shall agree within 5 % of the mean graph, plotting the heat flux received by the radiometer against
of the two measurements. Failing such agreement, investigate its voltage output. The procedure and calculations are as
to determine the reason for the discrepancy. follows:
A1.1.4 Range Extension Filter—If equipped with the nor- A1.2.2 With the furnace operating at a voltage setting
mal commercial microphotometer with incorporated dark cur- between 90 and 95 V place the radiometer on the support rods
rent or blank adjust features, the system is only able to measure so that it is positioned and oriented exactly as a test specimen
to 0.01 % transmittance, equivalent to a specific optical density relative to the furnace. Adjust the air flow to the radiometer
of 528. To permit extension beyond this range, the commercial cooler to maintain the body temperature of the radiometer at
system is equipped with a glass ND2 filter in the shutter 200 6 5°F (93 6 3°C).
assembly. Determine the precise transmission of this filter as A1.2.3 Allow the furnace and radiometer output and body
follows: With the optical system adjusted as stated in 11.6 and temperature to equilibrate until a steady-state, millivolt-output
leaving the filter in the optical path, allow the chamber to of the radiometer is obtained.
stabilize at the operating temperature (35°C). Place over the
lower window a white cloth or tissue sufficiently thick so as to A1.2.4 Remove the radiometer and place a cool rate-of-heat
give a “midscale” reading when the photometer range switch is rise copper disk calorimeter (Fig. A1.1) promptly in front of the
TABLE A1.1 Correction Factors for Range Extension Filter ND2 Neutral Density Filter Removal Correction FactorsA
Meter Correction Optical density of Meter Correction Optical density of
indication, factor neutral density filter, indication, factor neutral density filter,
%T Cf log Po/P=D %T Cf log Po/P=D
31 –27.4 1.79 51 +1.1 2.01
32 –25.6 1.81 52 +2.2 2.02
33 –23.8 1.82 53 +3.3 2.025
34 –22.1 1.83 54 +4.4 2.03
35 –20.4 1.845 55 +5.5 2.04
36 –18.8 1.86 56 +6.5 2.05
37 –17.3 1.87 57 +7.5 2.06
38 –15.7 1.88 58 +8.5 2.064
39 –14.2 1.89 59 +9.5 2.07
40 –12.8 1.90 60 +10.5 2.08
41 –11.4 1.91 61 +11.4 2.086
42 –10.0 1.92 62 +12.3 2.09
43 –8.6 1.93 63 +13.2 2.10
44 –7.3 1.94 64 +14.2 2.107
45 –6.0 1.95 65 +15.0 2.114
46 –4.8 1.96 66 +15.9 2.12
47 –3.5 1.97 67 +16.8 2.13
48 –2.3 1.98 68 +17.6 2.135
49 –1.2 1.99 69 +18.5 2.14
50 0.0 2.00 70 +19.3 2.146
A
Corrections are to be applied to the Ds values equivalent to the 0.01 to 0.001 %T and 0.001 to 0.00001 %T values only.
set to the “1-scale.” Adjust the micrometer knob to give an furnace in the same position as in A1.2.2. Immediately
exact mid-scale reading (0.5 % transmittance). Rotate the thereafter, obtain a short (5 to 15-s) record of the temperature
range switch back to the“ 100-scale” and move the range rise of the disk. Determine this temperature rise of the
extension filter out of the optical path. Observe the meter calorimeter by measuring the electrical output of the thermo-
reading. If the meter reading is 50 % T, the value of the filter couple attached to the back of the disk, employing a recording
is exactly optical density 2.0 and the preprinted conversion potentiometer operating at a fast chart speed (1 in./s; 25 mm/s).
tables, Appendix X2, are suitable for direct use. If the meter Remove the calorimeter and allow it to cool back to room
temperature.
--`,,,```,``,,```,``,,,,`,`,,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
indication is high, the filter value is less than optical density

2.0, and if the meter indication falls below 50 % T the optical A1.2.5 Adjust the furnace voltage to three additional set-
density exceeds 2.0. Determine the correction to be applied to tings and repeat steps A1.2.2 – A1.2.4 for each setting.
the range extension Ds values in Appendix X2 from Table A1.2.6 Choose the furnace settings so that the output of the
A1.1. radiometer, expressed in W/cm2 of radiant heat received,
brackets the value 2.50 W/cm2.
A1.2 Radiometer
A1.2.7 Relate the output of the radiometer, expressed in
A1.2.1 Calibrate the radiometer by comparing its voltage millivolts, to the linear portion of the temperature rise of the
output when exposed to heat from the furnace to that of a copper disk, for each furnace setting by the following calcu-
copper disk calorimeter (see Fig. A1.1) (primary standard) lations:
when the latter is exposed to the same heat flux. Calibrate at Units
four furnace settings, two above and two below the nominal Qr = radiant heat received by W/cm2
2.5-W/cm2 set point of the test method. From this, draw a radiometer,

15
E662 − 17
= radiant heat received by copper from which

disk,
= G (dT/dθ) = (G/k) × [d(mV) ⁄dθ] 4.184 3 29.78 3 0.0927 d ~ mV!
Qr 5 3
where: 11.37 3 0.98 3 0.04 dθ
dT⁄dθ = rate of temperature rise of copper °C·s−1 d ~ mV!
disk, 525.91
⁄
d(mV) dθ = slope of thermocouple millivolt mV·s−1 dθ
output on recording potentiometer, NOTE A1.2—The above is an example only and applies to a disk
k = thermocouple conversion constant weighing 29.78 g and having a net area of 11.37 cm2.
= 0.040 mV × °C−1 for Chromel- mV·°C−1
Alumel between 20°C and 40°C, A1.2.7.1 The use of this copper disk calorimeter in calibrat-
and ing a radiometer is illustrated by the following example:
G = constant for the particular disk
⁄Slope of
d(mV) dθ
used = Kmc/A na,
Furnace Radiometer Disk-
where: Qr, W/cm2
Setting, V Output, mV Thermocouple
K = conversion factor = 4.184, W·s·cal−1
Output, mV/s
m = mass of copper disk, uncoated, g
c = specific heat of copper = 0.0927, cal·g−1·°C
97 3.72 0.043 1.11
An = net area of exposed (blackened) cm2
102 7.30 0.081 2.10
face of copper disk
112 9.50 0.105 2.7
= Ag − nA h,
117 10.13 0.108 2.80
Ag = gross area of exposed face, cm2
n = number of holes for supporting From the above, a graph is obtained by drawing a best
wires, straight line through the plotted points and selecting the
2
Ah = area of each hole, and cm
a = radiation absorption of black indicated output intersecting the line at 2.5 W/cm2 (see Fig.
coating on face of disk11 A1.2). From this graph, the output of the radiometer corre-
sponding to a radiant heat flux of 2.50 W/cm2 is obtained; in
FIG. A1.2 Example—Calibration of Radiometer
NOTE A1.1—As an example of the procedure proposed, it is possible to this case the value is 8.8 mV.
simplify the equation for the radiant heat absorbed by a particular copper
disk, as follows:ASSUME, AS AN EXAMPLE: A1.2.8 Under normal continuous use conditions, the radi-
ometer shall be calibrated at least once every three months.
m = 29.78 g
Ag = 11.40 cm2
Annual recalibrations shall be required in all cases.
n = 4 A1.2.9 The blackened face of the radiometer shall be
Ah = 0.008 cm2
inspected frequently. In case the coating is blistered, cracked,
Then: discolored, or broken, the coating shall be removed, the face of
An = 11.37 cm2 the radiometer cleaned, and a new coating applied. In this case,
C = 0.0927 cal·g−1·°C−1 the recoated radiometer shall be recalibrated before being used.
K = 4.184 cal·g−1·°C−1
0.040 mV·°C−1 A1.2.10 The copper disk standard shall be carefully handled
--`,,,```,``,,```,``,,,,`,`,,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
k =
a = 0.98 when in use, and protected from surface contamination and
mechanical abuse when stored. If the blackened face shows
11
alterations as in A1.2.9 the coating shall be removed and the
Nextel velvet 101-C10 provides a radiation absorption characteristic (a) of
face cleaned. The disk shall then be reweighed and recoated
0.98. Nextel velvet 101-C10 and its replacement, Solar Absorber Coating ECP-
2200, are no longer manufactered by 3M Company. Nextel is a registered trademark and any appropriate corrections made in the calibration
of the 3M Company. constant, G, before it is used again.

16
E662 − 17
A2. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
A2.1 Radiant Heat Furnace that it is 11⁄2 6 1⁄32 in. (38.1 6 0.8 mm) away from, parallel to,
A2.1.1 The furnace shown in Fig. 2 has been found to be and centered with respect to the exposed specimen area.
suitable. The dimensions that are shown in Fig. 2 and the A2.3.2 Adjustment screws shall be provided to align the
components to which they refer are critical. Other portions of furnace with reference to the specimen.
the design are optional. The heating element consists of a
A2.3.3 The framework shall have two 3⁄8-in. (9.5-mm)
coiled wire or other suitable electrical heating element capable
diameter transverse rods of stainless steel to accept the guides
of dissipating about 525 W, mounted vertically in a horizontal
of the specimen holder described in 7.1.3. The rods shall
ceramic tube 3 in. (76.2 mm) in inside diameter by 33⁄8 in. (85.7
support the holder so that the exposed specimen area is parallel
mm) in outside diameter by 15⁄8 in. (41.3 mm) long. The tube
to the furnace opening. Spacing stops shall be mounted at both
is bored out at one end to 31⁄32-in. (77.0-mm) inside diameter
ends of each rod to permit quick and accurate lateral position-
and to a depth of 5⁄8 in. (15.9 mm) to accommodate the heating
ing of the specimen holder.
element. A 1⁄16-in. (1.6- mm) insulation paper gasket and two
stainless steel reflectors are mounted behind the heating A2.4 Photometric System
element. A 3⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) insulation millboard disk, provided
with ventilation and lead wire holes, shall be positioned behind A2.4.1 The photometric system shall consist of a light
the heating element and used to center the assembly with source and photosensitive element as defined in 7.1.5. The
respect to the front 3⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) insulation millboard ring system shall be as shown in Figs. 5 and 6. The window in the
by means of a 6-32 stainless steel screw. The adjustment nuts chamber floor through which the light beam passes shall be
on the end of the centering screw shall provide proper spacing provided with a ring-type electric heater mounted on the
of the furnace components. The cavities adjacent to the heating underside of the window out of the light path. The heater
element assembly shall be packed with glass wool. The furnace maintains the minimum window temperature at 125°F (52°C)
assembly shall be housed in a 4-in. (102-mm) outside diameter on the inner surface of the window to minimize smoke
by 0.083-in. (2.1-mm) wall by 41⁄8-in. (105-mm) long stainless condensation. The collimated beam inside the chamber shall
steel tube. Two additional 3⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) insulation board have a path length of 36 6 1⁄8 in. (914 6 3 mm) and a sensing
spacing rings and a rear cover of 3⁄8-in. (9.5-mm) insulation cross section of 11⁄2 6 1⁄8-in. (38 6 3-mm) diameter (see
board shall complete the furnace. The furnace shall be located Annex A1). A typical photomultiplier photometer system will
centrally along the long axis of the chamber with the opening require a high-voltage d-c power supply and a neutral density
facing toward and about 12 in. (305 mm) from the right wall. filter of sufficient optical density to produce a convenient signal
The centerline of the furnace shall be about 73⁄4 in. (195 mm) level for the indicator or recorder. The photometer system used
above the chamber floor. shall be capable of permitting the recording of reliable optical
densities of at least 6.0, corresponding to transmittance values
A2.2 Specimen Holder of 0.0001 % of the incident light (see Appendix X2).
A2.2.1 The specimen holder shall conform in shape and A2.4.1.1 The two optical platforms and their housings shall
dimension to Fig. 3 and be fabricated by bending and brazing be kept in alignment with three metal rods, 1⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) in
(or spot welding) 0.025-in. (0.6-mm) thick stainless steel sheet diameter, fastened securely into 5⁄16-in. (7.9-mm) thick exter-
to provide a 11⁄2-in. (38.1-mm) depth, and to expose a 29⁄16 by nally mounted top and bottom plates and symmetrically
--`,,,```,``,,```,``,,,,`,`,,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
29⁄16 in. (65.1 by 65.1-mm) specimen area. As described in arranged about the collimated light beam.
7.1.3, the holder shall have top and bottom guides to permit
A2.5 Radiometer
accurate centering of the exposed specimen area in relation to
the furnace opening. A3 by 3-in. (76.2 by 76.2-mm) sheet of A2.5.1 The 200°F (98°C) body temperature of the radiom-
1⁄2-in. (12.7-mm) inorganic insulation millboard, having a eter shall be monitored with a 100 to 200°F (38 to 100°C)
nominal density of 50 6 10 lb/ft3 (800 6 160 kg/m3) shall be thermometer located as shown in Fig. 7 in a 1⁄2 by 1⁄2 by 11⁄2-in.
used to back the specimen. A spring bent from 0.010 in. (12.7 by 12.7 by 38.1-mm) long brass or copper well drilled to
(approximately 0.25-mm) thick phosphorbronze sheet shall be accept the thermometer with a close fit. The use of silicone
used with a steel retaining rod to securely hold the specimen grease is a way to enhance the probability of providing good
and millboard backing in position during testing. thermal contact. The circular receiving surface of the radiom-
eter shall be spraycoated with an infrared-absorbing black
A2.3 Support of Furnace and Specimen Holder paint. The radiometer shall be calibrated calorimetrically in
A2.3.1 The framework as shown in Fig. 4 shall have welded accordance with the procedure summarized in A1.2.
to it a 5-in. (127-mm) outside diameter, 1⁄4-in. (6.4-mm) wall,
A2.6 Chamber Wall Thermocouple
2-in. (50.8-mm) long horizontally oriented steel tube to support
the radiant heat furnace described in 7.1.2. This support tube A2.6.1 A thermocouple suitable for measuring a tempera-
shall have provision to accurately align the furnace opening so ture of 35°C shall be mounted with its junction secured to the

17
E662 − 17
geometric center of the inner rear wall panel of the chamber NOTE A2.1—The two outer tubes shall be directed normal to the surface
using an electrical insulating disk cover and epoxy cement. of the specimen. The two inner tubes shall be directed at an angle of 45°
downward. The two intermediate tubes shall be directed vertically
A2.7 Burner downward into the trough of the specimen holder.
A2.7.1 The multiple burner shall have six tubes with con- A2.8 Chamber Pressure Regulator
struction details as shown in Fig. 3 (Note A2.1). The six tubes
shall be made from 1⁄8-in. (3.2-mm) outside diameter by A2.8.1 A suitable pressure regulator consists of an open,
0.031-in (0.8-mm) wall stainless steel tubing. All tubes shall be water-filled bottle and a length of flexible tubing, one end of
swaged at the tip to reduce the opening diameter to 0.055 in. which is connected to a sampling port on the top of the
(1.4 mm). The manifold section of the burner shall consist of chamber. The other end of the tubing is inserted 4 in. (100 mm)
1⁄4-in. (6.4-mm) outside diameter by 0.035-in. (0.9-mm) wall below the water surface. The bottle shall be located at or below
stainless steel tubing. The other end of the manifold is attached the floor level of the chamber to avoid back-siphoning.
to a fitting in the chamber floor.
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. ADDITIONAL CALCULATIONS
X1.1 The smoke chamber test results in a curve of specific

optical density versus time. The maximum specific optical
SOI 5
~ D m! 2
2000 t 16 S 1
1
1
1
1
1
1
t 0.3 2 t 0.1 t 0.5 2 t 0.3 t 0.7 2 t 0.5 t 0.9 2 t 0.7 D
density, Dm, represents total smoke accumulation. Additional
information that may be of value might include: where t0.1, t0.3, indicate the time in minutes at which the
smoke accumulation reaches 10, 30, etc., % respectively, of the
Rm — maximum rate of increase in specific optical density per
minute, measured over any 2-min period, or 2 min from the maximum density Dm.
start of the test.
t16 — time to reach Ds = 16 (T = 75 %), or other smoke level. This is
a simple measurement of initial smoke generation.
SOI — an abbreviation for the smoke obscuration index and
incorporates the effects of total smoke, generation rate, and
time to reach Ds = 16. It is calculated as follows:
--`,,,```,``,,```,``,,,,`,`,,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

18
E662 − 17
X2. TABULAR CONVERSION OF PERCENT TRANSMITTANCE TO SPECIFIC OPTICAL DENSITY WHEN G = 132.
Copyright ASTM International 19

--`,,,```,``,,``

E662 − 17
X3. SUGGESTED SMOKE DENSITY CHAMBER REPORT FORM

--`,,,```,``,,```,``,,,,`,`,,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---

20
E662 − 17
X4. COMMENTARY
X4.1 Introduction flaming combustion of the specimen in the presence of

X4.1.1 The smoke density chamber test was developed at supporting radiation. These two conditions were selected as
the National Bureau of Standards and was first described in an representative of two types of fire involvement of a product.
ASTM research symposium in 1967 (2). Since that time, there The irradiance level of 2.5 W/cm2 was selected as the highest
have been numerous publications reporting on its application for which most cellulosics would pyrolize without selfignition.
and on studies of the correlation of results of interlaboratory This irradiance level is much lower than that which would exist
tests through its use (3-9). in a compartment after flash-over. It more nearly simulates
conditions in the initial stages of a fire.
X4.1.2 The method is somewhat like the box type test
developed by Rohm and Haas (see Test Method D2843 and Ref X4.2.1.1 The basis of selection of a specimen irradiance
(10)). However, it provides certain modifications in the nature level of 2.5 W/cm2 was discussed in X4.2.1. A further
of specimen exposure and the capability for quantitative comment on the uniformity of irradiance across the specimen
measurement of the smoke produced. Advantages provided by surface seems desirable. From a scientific viewpoint, it would
use of this test method include: (1) the smoke collection be desirable to have constant irradiance over all portions of the
chamber is essentially sealed so all smoke produced during a specimen. From a practical point of view, this was not feasible
test is retained; (2) only one surface of a test specimen is because size and heat input of the furnace would have to be
exposed to fire or radiant heating, thus providing a measure of greatly increased. It was considered, therefore, more practical
effectiveness of surface treatment assisting in control of smoke to accept a modest nonuniformity of irradiance across the
release; (3) a vertical photometer is used as a means for surface of the specimen. This is not defined in terms of
avoiding measurement errors resulting from smoke stratifica- radiance units, but rather by specifying the dimensions of the
tion; (4) provision is included for reporting the result of smoke furnace geometry and the specimen spacing. Thus, radiant
measurements in terms of specific optical density, which is a configuration geometry was selected as a means of specifying
measurement of the amount of smoke produced and hence is the variability of surface irradiance. The average irradiance
useful for comparing one material against another. specified in the test method is that measured by the radiometer
X4.1.3 Measurements made with the test relate to light described in the standard, an instrument sensitive only to the
transmission through smoke. No means are provided for 11⁄2-in. diameter central area of the specimen holder.
predicting the effect of eye irritants in further limiting visual X4.2.1.2 Fig. X4.1 shows the result of one survey of
range. Limited information suggests that eye irritants might irradiance across the specimen diagonal. This suggests that the
further reduce vision by 50 to 95 %. overall average effective flux level during nonflaming pyrolysis
is probably about 2.3 W/cm2. While this degree of nonunifor-
X4.2 Features of Test Method mity is short of technical perfection, it is accepted as being a
X4.2.1 Two exposure conditions are simulated by the test: practical compromise, considering the likely use to which the
--`,,,```,``,,```,``,,,,`,`,,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
(1) radiant heating in the absence of ignition and (2) an open test method might be applied.
FIG. X4.1 Diagonal Survey of Irradiance at Specimen During Operation at Nominal 2.5 W/cm2

21
E662 − 17
X4.2.2 The primary measurement made during the conduct dimension, but its value must be recognized as relating to the
of the test is the amount of light transmitted as a fraction or specimen only in the thickness tested. In theory, it has the
percentage of the initial light transmitted by the optical system. unique advantage of providing a basis for estimating the smoke
The minimum % light transmitted value is, in turn, used to optical density or light obscuring properties of smoke that can
calculate, in accordance with 12.1 of the test method, the be developed by the same product in other fire-involved areas,
maximum specific optical density, Dm, value. There is consid- different light paths, in another enclosure volume, on the
erable advantage to using specific optical density as a value by assumption of uniform smoke-air mixing and under similar fire
which to evaluate results as compared to using percent light exposure conditions (11). At the present time, techniques for
transmittance. making these estimates have not been developed to a practical
X4.2.2.1 The use of this unit of smoke measurement is stage because of (1) variations in types of fire exposure, (2) the
based on Bouguer’s law of light attentuation which is ex- rate of involvement of a material in a fire, (3) the ventilation
pressed as follows: characteristics of the compartment, and (4) the degree of
stratification of the accumulated smoke. These are, in most
T 5 T 0 e 2σL
instances, undetermined variables which greatly influence light
where: transmission through smoke resulting from a fire.
T = % flux transmittance, X4.3 Factors Influencing the Test
T0 = 100, the initial transmitted flux,
σ = attenuation coefficient, and X4.3.1 During development of the test method, many fac-
L = length of the optical path. tors were considered that could influence the measurements.
Some of the more important of these are mentioned and briefly
For a monodispersed aerosol, σ is found to be proportional to
discussed in the following paragraphs:
the product of size and number of particles. Defining log
(100/T) as being the optical density, d, it can then be developed X4.3.2 It was observed that, in spite of significant thermal
that: convection mixing, smoke near the top of the cabinet was
obviously more dense. This fact was verified by experimental
d 5 log~ 100/T ! 5 ~ σT/2.303!
measurements. As a result, it was apparent that a vertical
X4.2.2.2 While the smoke produced from fire usually does photometer would yield a much more representative measure-
not meet the requirement of a monodispersed aerosol, it has ment of smoke accumulation than would be provided by a
been found to behave in a photometric manner such that, for horizontal unit at one position in the chamber.
engineering purposes, optical density may be considered to be X4.3.3 Experiments showed that the optical density of the
roughly proportional to the smoke particulates produced. The accumulated smoke was sensitive to the spacing between the
measurement unit, specific optical density, Ds, has been intro- specimen face and the plane of the furnace opening. The
duced to provide a conveniently factored rating scale as experiments seem to suggest that the sensitivity was caused by
follows: two effects—close spacing caused more smoke to enter the
D s 5 ~ V/AL! d 5 ~ V/AL! log~ 100/T ! where ~ V/AL! 5 132 furnace and become consumed there; on the other hand, it also
reduced air circulation past the specimen and thus inhibited
Previous draft versions of this test method have proposed open flaming combustion. As a result, the separation called for
that, in the situation that the smoke produced exceeds the in A2.3 of 11⁄2 6 1⁄32 in. was selected as a fair compromise for
measurement capability of the apparatus, or if only small the purpose of standardization. If this spacing is not held, a
specimens were available, specimens less than standard size small systematic change should be expected in smoke mea-
could be tested and the results extrapolated to the standard surement. Similarly, it is necessary to maintain the specified
specimen size. This procedure should not be used for several spacing of 3.0 6 1⁄32 in. between the heater face and the
reasons, one of which involves the nonuniformity of irradiance specimen surface.
and pilot flame exposure. X4.3.4 The use of aluminum foil to wrap the back and edges
X4.2.2.3 Certain other test methods report smoke simply in of the specimen was introduced to provide better standardiza-
terms of light transmission. The problem of such a procedure is tion because it was found that if smoke was allowed to leak out
that one not familiar with the characteristics of smoke aerosols the back and edges of the specimen holder, the various ways
might assume that the percent light transmittance is a this could occur introduced an undesirable variability in the
reciprocal, linear function of the quantity of smoke produced. measurements.
That is, making the assumption that as the quantity of smoke
X4.3.5 The question of how to assess, in an equitable
produced is doubled, the percent light transmittance is cut in
fashion, the smoke production of thermoplastics has been a
half. This is incorrect.
vexing one since early development of the test. The decision to
X4.2.3 The concept of specific optical density, while old in use a vertical specimen orientation was based on knowledge
terms of chemical photometric practice, was first introduced that fire behavior and thus smoke production would differ in
for measuring smoke as part of the smoke density chamber test vertical and horizontal arrangement positions. Since the
method. It is based on Bouguer’s law and permits reporting method was considered most likely to be applied to evaluation
smoke development in terms that recognize the area of of interior wall finished products, the vertical specimen posi-
specimen involved, the volume of the box, and the optical path tion was selected as most relevant. Obviously, the thermoplas-
length of the photometer. Specific optical density is without tic problem remained. Portions of such materials were found in
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22
E662 − 17
varying degrees to melt and drip to the floor of the chamber. which data obtained from the test should be excluded. Section
Thus, the smoke resulting from such materials is less than 6 of the test method now contains such information. These data
would be expected if all the material remained in the flux field. were also excluded when calculating the precision data pre-
Whether such materials should be penalized or credited for sented in Section 14. For instance, certain materials were found
such behavior has not been validated by definitive experimen- to ignite under the nonflaming exposure condition. Obviously,
tal and theoretical studies. In spite of this uncertainty, during these were not nonflaming results. Another cause for such
the latter development stages of the test methods, a decision questioning of data involved results that exceeded the mea-
was reached to provide a trough on the specimen holder to surement capability of the photometer.
collect and permit consumption of some of the molten residue.
In processing this standard, questions were raised as to the X4.5 Reporting of Results
usefulness of the trough, since the thermal exposure to the X4.5.1 One of the obvious needs with a test method of this
material within it is less severe than that to material that type is to consider ways in which the experimental data should
remains in the normal specimen position. A small-scale study be reported and used. Early draft versions of this standard
was conducted. It showed that thermoplastic materials differed contained a recommendation that a correction be applied to the
widely. Whereas appreciable smoke developed from one ma- measured Dm by subtracting the smoke deposit on the window
--`,,,```,``,,```,``,,,,`,`,,,,,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
terial placed in the trough, only a small quantity of smoke following a test. In addition, the current version requires
developed when another material was placed in the trough. reporting Dm (corr). The reporting of Dm as a preferred
This did not seem, however, to be too different from that measurement result is based on the following facts:
performance which might be expected from the same materials X4.5.1.1 The deposit remaining following a test represents a
in another fire exposure, and thus there does not seem to be any part of the smoke produced. Thus, it seems irrational to
reason to ban from the test thermoplastic materials that melt or subtract this unless it can be shown that the deposit results from
drip into the trough. late accumulation following a peak smoke reading. The pro-
cedures of the test method seem to make this unlikely.
X4.4 Precision X4.5.1.2 Experience has shown that the determination of Tc
used eventually to calculate D m (corr), is subject to variations
X4.4.1 In any method, one of the important considerations
in operator technique during the chamber venting procedure.
is the degree to which it, when applied to a given material, will
X4.5.1.3 The introduction of the correction, while not in
yield constant results. Since this test results in destruction of
itself a significant technical problem, suggests a technical
the specimen, the results of any test to determine precision are
sophistication that simply is not justified on the basis of
affected not only by the random errors that might be inherent
intended use of the data. The effect of these facts was noticed
in the procedure but also by any variation in the properties of
during analysis of the round-robin experimental data. The
the replicate specimens. Thus, in studying the degree to which
results were found to be more consistent for the uncorrected
experimental results can be repeated within a given laboratory,
data (Dm).
it is desirable to use a material from which specimens of
uniform composition and dimensional characteristics can be X4.6 Limitations on Application of Smoke Measurement
prepared. Data
X4.4.1.1 This fact was recognized in planning the large X4.6.1 The smoke problems that develop during unwanted
interlaboratory study of precision of the measurement method. fires have been recognized for many years. Fire fighters are
In spite of this, some of the experimental variability observed faced with it daily in their work. However, three problems have
was undoubtedly related to variations in the replicate speci- tended to prevent application of standards limiting the accept-
mens. In at least one instance, variation in thickness as great as ability of materials or products on the basis of smoke produc-
20 % was observed. To assist in identifying variability resulting tion: (1) the extent to which the smoke measurement assesses
from this cause, requirements for weighing specimens have the smoke hazard (12, 13); (2) the lack of a well-defined
now been included as a part of the test procedure. measurement method which could be shown to provide a
X4.4.2 Various changes were made in the test method technically valid means for smoke characterization; and (3)
description as adopted as compared to the description used to most materials or products, when burning, release large quan-
advise for the round-robin test conducted. These included: (1) tities of smoke, and there have been only limited ways of
running additional samples when the results of three specimens reducing smoke production.
are highly variable, (2) maintenance of pilot burner, (3) X4.6.1.1 The first problem still exists, although as indicated
deletion of data that are inconsistent with the equipment, and in X4.2.2.1 there is a valid basis for consideration that this type
(4) improved calibration and alignment procedures. These of smoke measurement does in fact serve to measure the light
changes are such that the precision data given should be attenuating properties of the smoke.
assumed to be conservative as they relate to the test method X4.6.1.2 The second problem has been partially alleviated
adopted. Better precision would be expected if another labo- with the development of the smoke chamber. However, it must
ratory round-robin test should be conducted. be recognized that only two of a wide range of fire exposure
X4.4.2.1 When studying the results reported by the various conditions are simulated by the test method. Thus any rank
laboratories participating in the round-robin study, it was ordering of materials by the test must be recognized as only
realized that the test method draft given to the laboratories to based on the fire exposure conditions applied and, in fact, the
follow failed to contain a section describing conditions under test method develops different rankings depending upon

23
E662 − 17
whether a ranking is based upon the nonflaming exposure or
the flaming exposure. All of the parameters that affect fire
behavior will influence the amount of smoke produced. Thus,
it is unrealistic to place great confidence in the smoke
measurement, as unique and absolute measures of smoke
production during building fires.
X4.6.1.3 The third problem still remains. If significant
changes in smoke levels are to be expected when fire occurs it
seems necessary to require large changes in Ds. To limit the
type and size of fire that could develop, very severe limitations
would have to be placed on smoke production of both the
building finish material and the occupancy items, and compre-
hensive fire prevention and protection measures must be
continually maintained.
X4.6.2 It is important to remember that for any given FIG. X4.2 Dm for Spruce as a Function of Specimen Thickness
thermal exposure condition, the smoke produced when a fire Under Nonflaming Conditions
occurs is related to the thickness and density of material
of any application requirements that could be recommended. It
involved. The importance of specimen thickness is wellillus-
also provides a means for reporting rate of smoke production
trated in Fig. X4.2. The indicated deviations from a linear
and time at which specific smoke levels are reached under the
relationship of Dm with specimen thickness result from the
test conditions applied. The original paper describing the test
decreasing pyrolysis rate of the specimen as the burning layer
method (2) suggested one way these properties could be
progresses into the specimen and, also, from the increasing rate
combined with Dm to yield a smoke obscuration index (SOI).
of smoke dropout and condensation as high smoke concentra-
Since then others have suggested refinement of the classifica-
tion develops.
tion method. It seems that refinements such as these are only
X4.6.3 The smoke density chamber provides a means for likely to be of significant value under the most carefully
characterizing smoke production with an accuracy far in excess controlled fire safety conditions.
X5. STANDARD MATERIALS
X5.1 In the 1970s the Office of Standard Reference X5.1.2 The last certificate produced by NIST regarding
Materials, National Bureau of Standards (NBS), Gaithersburg, SRM 1006D described the material as single-layer sheets of
MD, developed two materials, intended for use as standard paper, principally α cellulose. Each sheet was approximately
reference materials for this instrument: a single layer of 172 by 254 by 1.23 mm thick. The NIST certificate further
alpha-cellulose (cotton linters) paper SRM 1006 and a plastic stated that the certified value and expanded uncertainty for
sheet, SRM 1007a. Subsequently, the National Institute of maximum specific optical density of SRM 1006D, at a single-
Standards and Technology (NIST), successor to the National layer thickness was:
Bureau of Standards, developed a new plastic sheet, made of an D m 5 210 6 18 ~ without correction for window deposit !
acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer, SRM 1007b. The (X5.1)
calibration sheets issued with these materials demonstrated a
variability with thickness, so that recommendations were made D m corr. 5 193 6 20 (X5.2)
The NIST certificate explained that the certified values and
to assess the thickness to within 0.0005 in. (0.013 mm). uncertainties were the result of 30 tests on representative
X5.1.1 In 2011, NIST discontinued the production and sale single-layer thickness specimens of the SRM lot, where a
of SRM 1006D, the last version produced of the standard single sheet approximately 76.2 by 76.2 by 1.23 mm thick
was used for each test. The series of 30 tests resulted in ex-
cellulosic reference material for the non-flaming exposure panded uncertainties for 1006D of Dm and Dm corr. of 18
condition in Test Method E662.12 and 20, respectively.
X5.1.3 In the absence of SRM 1006D, no NIST Standard
Reference Material for the non-flaming exposure condition in
12
https://www-s.nist.gov/srmors/view_detail.cfm?srm=1006D Test Method E662 exists.
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24
E662 − 17
X5.1.4 A material is commercially available with similar X5.1.6 The Federal Aviation Administration uses a different
specifications to NIST 1006D, which is appropriate for use as material, intended for use as a reference material for this
a reference material since it yields similar results. This material instrument, in the flaming exposure condition: a phenolic
comes with a certificate listing the expected results.13 aircraft panel laminated with a fire retarded adhesive. It is used
X5.1.5 In 2011, NIST discontinued the production and sale by laboratories conducting tests for aircraft use.15
of SRM 1007B, the last version produced of the standard X5.1.7 Use of any standard material does not obviate the
reference material for the flaming exposure condition in Test need for following the calibration and standardization proce-
Method E662.14
dure outlined in this standard.
13
The sole source of supply of the material known to the committee at this time
is Fire Testing Technology Ltd., Charlwoods Road, East Grinstead, West Sussex,
15
RH19 2HL, United Kingdom. If you are aware of alternative suppliers, please The sole source of supply of the material known to the committee at this time
provide this information to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will is Schneller LLC, 6200 49th St. North, Pinellas Park, FL 33781, USA. If you are
receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical committee,1 aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Interna-
which you may attend. tional Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting
14
Refer to https://www-s.nist.gov/srmors/view_detail.cfm?srm=1007B. of the responsible technical committee,1 which you may attend.
REFERENCES
(1) Hirschler, Marcelo M., “Smoke Results from a Set of Over 100 (7) ASTM Committee E05.2 “Interlaboratory Test Data for the Smoke
Carpets in the NBS Smoke Chamber. Statistical Analysis and Inves- Chamber Test Method,” RR: E-5-1002, 1976.
tigation of Affecting Factors,” Fire and Materials, Vol 16, No. 3, (8) Gaskill, J. R.,“ Smoke Development in Polymers During Pyrolysis or
1992, pp. 127–33. Combustion.” Journal of Fire and Flammability, JFFLA, July 1970,
(2) Gross, D., Loftus, J. J., and Robertson, A. F., “Method for Measuring pp. 183–216.
Smoke from Burning Materials,” Symposium on Fire Test Methods— (9) Chien, W. P., and Seader, J. D., “Prediction of Specific Optical Density
Restraint and Smoke, ASTM STP 422 Am. Soc. Testing Mats., 1966, for a Smoke Obscuration in an NBS Smoke Density Chamber,” Fire
p. 166. Technology, FITCA, Vol. 11, August 1975, pp. 206–217.
(3) Gross, D., Loftus, J. J., Lee, T. G., and Gray, V. E., “Smoke and Gases (10) Bartosic, A. J., Rarig, F. J., “Evaluation of the XP2 Smoke Density
Produced by Burning Aircraft Interior Materials,” NBS Bldg. Sci.
Chamber,” Symposium on Fire Test Methods—Restraint and Smoke,
Series, BSS 18, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.,
ASTM STP 422, Am. Soc. Testing Mats., 1966, p. 106.
February 1969.
(11) Robertson, A. F.,“ Estimating Smoke Production During Building
(4) Brenden, J. J.,“Usefulness of a New Method for Smoke Yield from
Species and Panel Products,” Forest Products Journal, FPJ0A, Vol 21, Fires,” Fire Technology, FITCA, Vol. 11, May 1975, pp. 80–94.
1971, pp. 23–8. (12) “The Control of Smoke in Building Fires. A State of the Art Review,”
(5) Lee, T. G., “Interlaboratory Evaluation of Smoke Density Chamber,” Materials Research and Standards, Vol 11, No. 4, 1971, pp. 16–24.
NBS Tech. Note 708, December 1971. (13) Committee E-5 “A Report on Smoke Test Methods,” Standardization
(6) Lee, T. G., “The Smoke Density Chamber Method for Evaluating the News, August 1976, pp. 18–26.
Potential Smoke Generation of Materials,” NBS Tech. Note 757,
January 1973.
SUMMARY OF CHANGES
The following changes have been made to this test method since the last issue, E662–15a (approved Nov. 1,
2015).
(1) The phrase “for no apparent reason” was removed from (2) Section 1.4 was removed and subsequent sections renum-
10.1.1. bered.
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25
E662 − 17
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles

Designation: E662 − 17 An American National Standard

Standard Test Method for

*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard

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A—Photomultiplier tube housing N—Flowmeter shutoff valves

FIG. 1 Smoke Density Chamber Assembly

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A—Stainless steel tube G—Stainless steel spacers

FIG. 2 Furnace Section

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FIG. 3 Details of Specimen Holder and Pilot Burner

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FIG. 4 Furnace Support

7.1.11 Multiple Flamelet Burner—For a flaming exposure

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A—Photomultiplier housing K—Optical system platforms (2)

FIG. 5 Photometer Details

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FIG. 7 Radiometer Details

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the specimen holder and horizontal rods shall be removed holder.

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TABLE 1 Precision Statement for Dm—FlamingA

Material Within a Between

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A1. CALIBRATION OF TEST EQUIPMENT

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FIG. A1.1 Copper Disk Calorimeter

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indication is high, the filter value is less than optical density

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= radiant heat received by copper from which

FIG. A1.2 Example—Calibration of Radiometer

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A2. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS

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X1. ADDITIONAL CALCULATIONS

X1.1 The smoke chamber test results in a curve of specific

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Provided by IHS under license with ASTM

X3. SUGGESTED SMOKE DENSITY CHAMBER REPORT FORM

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X4.1 Introduction flaming combustion of the specimen in the presence of

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X5. STANDARD MATERIALS

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