ISSN 2354-9114 (online), ISSN 0024-9521 (print)

Indonesian Journal of Geography Vol.54 , No. 1, 2022 (62 – 69)

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijg.66500 website: https://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/ijg
©2022 Faculty of Geography UGM and The Indonesian Geographers Association
RESEARCH ARTICLE

A New Approach of the Tsunami Mitigation Strategies for the City of Banda
Aceh, Indonesia
Halis Agussaini1,2*, Sirojuzilam1, Rujiman1 and Agus Purwoko1
1
Doctoral Program of Regional Planning, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jl. Dr. T. Mansyur No.9, 20155, Medan,
Indonesia, 2Department of Architecture and Planning, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Jl. Tgk. Syech Abdurrauf No. 7, Banda
Aceh 23111, Indonesia

Received: 2021-08-04 Abstract. Ten years after rehabilitating and reconstructing some coastal areas of Banda Ache struck by the tsunami, and
Accepted: 2022-01-31
the city is currently repopulated, with most of its open land and community ponds converted into settlements. This rise
in population needs to be controlled to minimize damages and casualties, assuming the tsunami hits again. Presently,
the Banda Aceh City spatial plan for 2029 does not have a clear concept of tsunami mitigation, specifically in the spatial
Keywords: pattern of coastal areas. Therefore, this research aims to remap the vulnerability level of the Banda Aceh City coastal
spatial planning; area from the tsunami hazard and determine alternative strategies based on the tsunami level in achieving safe,
tsunami mitigation strategies; comfortable, productive, and sustainable spatial planning goals. This starts by analyzing the wave height generated by
coastal areas;
Banda Aceh City the earthquake that triggered this natural disaster and mapping the spatial distribution of the area and the tsunami's
inundation height. The results showed that the proportionate regions prone to Level-2 tsunami were worse than the
2004 disaster based on the water level markers built in the city. The spatial planning strategies for the coastal area of
Banda Aceh City are carried out by determining the level of tsunami-prone and the potential of the area's resources
through a new approach of the multi-layer tsunami defence systems by combining sea dike, greenbelt, silvo-fishery, and
Correspondent email: the elevated road.
halisagussaini@unsyiah.ac.id
©2022 by the authors. Licensee Indonesian Journal of Geography, Indonesia.
This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution(CC BY NC) licensehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/.

1. Introduction
The tsunami wave that struck Aceh on December 26, the coast, where socio-economic factors dominate and
2004, was one of the biggest natural disasters in the modern promoted the increase in built-up areas affected by the
age, killing more than 89,000 people, with approximately tsunami. The future possibility of this wave hitting Aceh
132,000 still missing (Tejakusuma, 2005). This natural again was suggested by Sieh et al. (2014) based on
disaster caused damage to 1.3 million houses and buildings, geological and archaeological evidence of ancient tsunamis
8 ports, 4 fuel deportations, 85% water channels, 92% and from the results of paleoseismology and paleo-tsunami
sanitation systems, 120 km of roads, and 18 bridges. research conducted by Natawidjaja (2015). This finding is
According to (National Development Planning Agency not only a warning of the possible repeat of the 2004 event
(2005), the damage and losses were estimated at Rp.42.7 that caused tremendous damage to lives and properties.
trillion. After ten years of restoration and reconstruction Rather it is an indicator that the city does not follow the
(2009-2019), Banda Aceh has developed rapidly, inseparable principles of sustainable development because a major
from its role as the provincial capital, business service, and natural disaster can erase the progress made and take years
education city. Physically, the built-up area increased by to rebuild (Uitto and Shaw, 2016).
2.5%, and the population grew rapidly, reaching 265,111 Since tsunamis are still rare in Indonesia, Banda Aceh did
people (BPS Banda Aceh, 2019), surpassing its initial 265,098 not include a mitigation aspect in its spatial planning
people before the 2004 tsunami (BPS Banda Aceh, 2006). patterns before its occurrence. However, after the tsunami,
Coastal areas are expected to contribute to improving the the spatial planning unsuccessfully changed to the
city's economy, in addition to protecting against natural rehabilitation and reconstruction period, specifically in
disasters in coastal areas. Territorial development and coastal areas, where residential buildings with a radius of
growth constraints are often factored into spatial planning 500 m were identified as protected regions in the form of
for disaster risk management (Hasyim et al., 2014). green belts. One of the causes of this failure was the
The tsunami had been a driving factor for population government's inability to provide another place that
migration from the coast, but due to other factors such as guarantees the economy of the citizens (Susanto, 2014).
low land prices, urban residents selected to live in the area After rehabilitation and reconstruction, coastal spatial
(Akbar and Ma’rif, 2014; Syamsidik et al., 2017; McCaughey planning became more accommodating by allowing the
et al., 2018). This is represented by the conversion of construction of new fishing and low-density housing estates
33.32% pond land to other uses, of which 22.67% was through the construction of escape buildings and route
utilized for residential purposes (BPS Banda Aceh, 2019). facilities as a containment strategy, though it is still
Achmad et al., (2015) predicted the growth of cities towards considered vulnerable to tsunami threat (Kurniawan and
A NEW APPROACH OF THE TSUNAMI MITIGATION... Halis Agussaini, et al
Wijaya, 2013; Syamsidik et al., 2017). Presently, there is no conducted based on the classification of the tsunami level to
significant difference in the spatial planning (RTRW) of the determine alternative strategies generated by the triggering
2009-2029 revision 2017 in reducing the level of tsunami- earthquake and evaluate regional resources' potential to
prone. This means that land-use change is insufficient to achieve the goal of safe and sustainable spatial planning.
reduce the tsunami's impact as the only mitigating factor.
After the Great Tsunami that struck the city of Sendai on 2. Methods
March 11, 2011, tsunami waves were classified into two Location
different levels based on the frequency of events and its This research was conducted in the administrative area
associated height in accordance with the earthquake of Banda Aceh City, Aceh, Indonesia (Figure 1), which is
magnitude, i.e., Level-1 and Level-2. This classification aims geographically located between 05o30' – 05o35' north
to define an appropriate mitigation model for the latitude and 95o30' – 99o16' east longitude. The altitude of
application. Level-1 tsunami represents the wave frequency the city ranges from 0.45 m - 1.00 m above sea level, with an
for 100-years resulting in relatively low (less than 10 m) average height of 0.80 m. The land surface (physiography) is
inundation depth. Meanwhile, the Level-2 tsunami for relatively flat, with a slope between 2% - 8%.
evacuation model, which represents the frequency events Banda Aceh City is located at the intersection of the
for 1000-years, has relatively high submersion depths of Eurasian and Australian plates, about 130 km away from the
more than 10 m (Suppasari, 2012; Shibayama et al., 2013; western coastline; therefore, it is prone to tsunamis
Sato, 2015; Bhattacharya et al., 2017). (Diposaptono, 2014). Based on the inundation area due to
Previous research on tsunami risk and mitigation efforts the 2004 tsunami, the government of Banda Aceh City
by Jokowinarno (2011), (Muhari et al (2012), and Pratomo designated four coastal areas as tsunami-prone regions in its
and Rusiarto (2013) stated that practicality needs to be regional spatial plan (Banda Aceh City Government, 2009).
improved by developing more specific spatial planning However, this provision was later changed in the revised
strategies. Similarly, mitigation research using coastal regional spatial plan by designating the entire area as
vegetation structures by Yanagisawa et al (2010), Fuady vulnerable to the wave (Banda Aceh City Government,
(2015); and Edyanto (2019) are still generic and have not 2018). There is no explanation regarding the change in the
been accounted for based on tsunami frequency and wave determination, but it is possible based on the
heights. Pakoksung et al (2018) proposed the latest recommendations of recent research related to the city's
research as a tsunami mitigation strategy based on its tsunami hazard level.
impact on Sendai City in 2011. The layered defence concept
is based on structured computing scenarios and 24 cases of Procedure
simulated tsunami protection in Sendai City. The This research starts by determining the tsunami's height,
combination of existing and new seawalls, green belts, which is generally triggered by earthquakes on the seabed at
elevated roads, and highways was used to withstand the a depth of less than 60 km from an ascending or descending
tsunami that hit Japan in 2011. However, this research did fault type with a magnitude above 6 Mw (S. Hidayatullah,
not consider the resource potential of the area. 2015). The tsunami height is needed to classify its levels
Based on the description above, it is necessary to based on the magnitude of the associated triggering
conduct research to remap the vulnerability level of the earthquake. This utilized the magnitude from the 2004
Banda Aceh coastal area from the tsunami hazard. This is tsunami, which ranged from 7.0 Mw to 9.0 Mw, namely 7.0

Figure 1. Research Area Map

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 Indonesian Journal of Geography, Vol. 54, No.1, 2022 : 62 – 69
Mw, 7.5 Mw, 8.0 Mw, 8.5 Mw, and 9.0 Mw. The generated 3. Result and Discussion
height by the magnitude of the earthquake in Indonesia can The Tsunami Height Caused by Earthquake Magnitudes
be calculated by referring to the Public Work Ministerial The tsunami waves' height due to the magnitudes of the
Decree No. 6/2009 (Indonesian Government, 2009), which earthquakes is shown from equations (1) and (2) in Table 1.
uses Abe's equation as follows: Based on the wave height generated in Table 1 above,
Log (Hr) = 0.5 Mw – 3.3 + C ……………………………………………..(1) Levels-1 and -2 tsunami were obtained by earthquakes
where Hr is the limit tsunami height (meter), Mw is the below and above 8.0 Mw, respectively.
earthquake magnitude, and C is a constant, (C = 0 for the
fore-arc and C = 1 for the back-arc). The maximum run-up Inundations Area and Levels of Tsunami-Prone
height (Hm) is expressed by the following equation: The inundation area caused by Level-1 tsunami (8.0 Mw
Hm = 2 Hr ……………………………………………………………………….(2) earthquake as the maximum magnitude) and Level-2
The next step is to create a tsunami hazard map for tsunami (9.0 Mw earthquake in 2004) was calculated using
Banda Aceh City using the (Berryman, 2006) equation. The equation (3). Furthermore, the results of the tsunami
parameters used include the height of the incoming wave inundation areas are then classified based on the level of
(run-up), the slope value, and surface roughness. The run- proneness, as shown in Table 2 as well as Figures 1 and 2.
up, slope value, and surface roughness were obtained from The numerical tsunami simulation results show that the
equation (2), Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data processing, higher the incoming waves, the wider the inundated areas.
and land cover analysis processed by high-resolution This research's difference in the tsunami waves' height
satellite imagery in 2017. The equation is formulated as shows that varying altitudes strongly influence the affected
follows: areas. The tsunami wave height of 10.02 m inundated the
land at a very prone (R3), prone (R2), and none-prone (R1)
areas of 1,736.06 ha or 29.42%, 3,068.94 ha or 52.01%, and
1,198.48 ha or 20.31%, respectively. Meanwhile, at a
where Hloos is the decrease in the amount of water tsunami wave height of 31.69 m, the land was inundated
entering the land per 1 meter of inundation distance, Ho is with a very prone (R3), prone (R2), and non-prone (R1)
the tsunami wave height in the coastline, S is the slope in levels covering areas of 1,812.89 or 30.73%, 3,119.38 ha or
degrees, and n is the Manning surface roughness coefficient 52.87%, and 1,090.97 ha or 18.49%, respectively. The
(Kalyanapu et al., 2009; Bunya et al., 2010; Kaiser et al., inundation area at this height is worse than the 2004
2011; Liu et al., 2019) . The equation is processed using a tsunami according to the water level markers built in Banda
model builder and adding the Geographic Information Aceh City (Iemura et al., 2008), as shown in Figure 4. Many
System (GIS) to generate Hloss. The distribution of natural coastal protectors, such as mangroves and other
inundation is obtained through a cost distance plants damaged in 2004, have not been fully replanted.
mathematical process by entering the run-up height
parameter, annotated as Ho (Purbani et al., 2013), where its The Tsunami Multi-Layer Defence Systems
value equals Hm. The tsunami hazard index refers to the The multi-layer tsunami defence systems are designed
annexe of the National Disaster Management Agency No. based on velocity and inundation (Pakoksung et al., 2018),
2/2012 (BNPB, 2012), which divides the disaster index into which are influential in reducing damages due to the wave
three classes, namely: (1) low (no prone), (2) moderate (Risi et al., 2017). According to Syamsidik et al. (2019),
(prone), and (3) high (very prone) assuming the depths are reducing the wave's velocity and inundation due to natural
below 1 meter, approximately 1-3 meters and above 3 and man-made structures has been proven correct by
meters. previous researchers, namely Matsutomi et al. (2010) and
Nandasena et al. (2012). The concept of tsunami
Table 1. The Relationship between The Magnitudes of The countermeasures combines structure-based flood
Earthquake and the Height of The Tsunami protection designed for Level-1 tsunami and non-structure-
based damage reduction planned for Level-2 tsunami for
Earthquake magnitudes (Mw) Run-up heights (m) disaster mitigation (Kobayashi et al., 2015; Koshimura and
7.0 3.16 Shuto, 2015; Sato, 2015).
The multi-layer tsunami defence systems implemented
7.5 5.62
in Sendai City after the Great Earthquake and 2011 Tsunami
8.0 10.02 in Japan can also be applied in Banda Aceh City, with several
8.5 17.82 modifications to suit its morphological, environmental,
9.0 31.69 social, and financial conditions. Table 3 provides a detailed

Table 2. The Inundation Areas and The Tsunami Hazard Levels in Banda Aceh City
Inundation areas based on the levels of tsunami hazard
Earthquake magnitudes R1 R2 R3
(run-up height) (no prone <1 m) (prone 1-3 m) (very prone >3 m)
ha % ha % ha %
8.0 Mw (10.02 m) 1,198.48 20.32 2,965.66 50.26 1,736.06 29.42
9.0 Mw (31.69 m) 967.93 16.41 3,119.38 51.21 1,812.89 32.38
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A NEW APPROACH OF THE TSUNAMI MITIGATION... Halis Agussaini, et al

Figure 2. Map of Tsunami Inundation Level-1 (8.0 Mw)

Figure 3. Map of Tsunami Inundation Level-2 (9.0 Mw)

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Figure 4. Map of TheWater Level Markers Built in Banda Aceh City

description of tsunami mitigation strategies levels in this trunks per 100 m2). Tanaka (2012) reported that the
research. breaking phenomena of trees estimate the capacity of a
Level-1 tsunami (protection) strategy is planned for the coastal forest to reduce the washout region of houses
coastal area of this city through the multi-layer tsunami around 150 m by setting at 10 m (Level-1 tsunami) of the
defence systems, as follows: maximum tsunami water depth at the shoreline. The
Layer-1: combination of mangroves and coastal forests can also be
Strengthen and maintain the existing breakwater and sea used for ecotourism activities by involving local communities
dikes, which protect against sea-level rise and tidal flooding. as managers, thereby increasing their economy and efforts
However, these structures are not significant to protect to meet the needs of urban green open space.
against tsunami (Esteban et al., 2015), but they can reduce Layer-3:
the shallow effect (Suppasri et al., 2016; Lampela, 2021). Changing the opened ponds into the silvo-fisheries system
The sea dikes' heights follow the sea level rise due to global using komplangan modification with the alternating
warming, as opposed to seawalls that need large funds arrangement is part of the tsunami hazard mitigation
(Linham and Nicholls, 2010) and have a negative impact by efforts. An open pond system with large standing water
reducing the visual appeal of the beach (Shibayama et al., creates gaps, thereby enabling the washed debris to cause
2013). Sea dikes have the least environmental and economic damage to the buildings (N. Tanaka, 2012). Various research
impact (Nikoo et al., 2014). on the silvo-fishery system's choice also shows that it is
Layer-2: more profitable than an open pond system from an
Establishing greenbelts of mangroves by freeing land along ecological, social, and economic perspective (Shilman, 2012;
the coastline of at least 100 m from the highest tide point Pangarevo, 2017).
and providing area by around 150 m to the coastal forest. In this area, fishing settlement with very low and limited
According to Tanaka (2009) and Esteban et al (2015), density is still permitted. However, it is only reserved for
mangroves and coastal forests play key roles in reducing the fishermen, and the construction of the house on the ground
effect of natural disasters, such as tsunamis. Danielsen et al. was returned to a stilt (rumoh Aceh) which has local wisdom
(2005) stated that a dense mangrove of Rhizophora spp. values for earthquake and tsunami disaster mitigation
and Avicennia spp. (density = 14-26 tree trunks per 1002 m) (Hairumini et al., 2017).
decreased damage in 96% of surveyed cases in India. Layer-4:
Similarly, Hiraishi and Harada (2003) stated more than a The Banda Aceh Outer Ring Road (BORR), originally
90% reduction in maximum tsunami flow pressure by a 100 planned as an alternative road to reduce traffic congestion
m–wide forest belt when the tree density increased (30 tree in the city centre, is designed as a protection structure

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A NEW APPROACH OF THE TSUNAMI MITIGATION... Halis Agussaini, et al

Figure 5. Conceptual Illustration of A New Approach of Tsunami Mitigation Strategies to Reduce The Risk of Tsunami Disasters
and to Optimize The Resources Through The Multi-Layer Defence Systems

Table 3. Description of Tsunami Mitigation Strategies Levels

Description of strategies

Mitigation strategies Sendai City

Banda Aceh City
(Kobayashi et al., 2015; Koshimura and Shuto,
(authors' modification)
2015; Pakoksung et al., 2018)
Level-1 tsunami (protection)
Layer-1 Strengthen the existing sea wall and build a Strengthen and maintain the existing
new sea wall. breakwater and sea dikes.
Layer-2 Establish coastal forests as a greenbelt Establish mangroves and coastal forests as
(coastal protection forest). greenbelt (coastal protection forest).
Layer-3 Build a park (artificial hill). Convert ponds into silvo-fisheries;
Allow housing for fishermen with special re-
quirements (such as the shape of the house
on stilts).
Layer- 4 Build elevated roads to minimize the potential Elevate the ring road to reduce the potential
losses. losses.
Level-2 tsunami (evacuation)
Move settlements from high to low-risk areas
affected by the tsunami.
Does not allow new housing in high-risk areas
affected by the tsunami.
Establish evacuation sites to protect citizens' Establish locations of evacuation in safe
lives. zones.

against tsunami waves by raising it 5 m above sea level (S. elevating a road's height by 5 m from the original route
Tanaka et al., 2010; Koshimura and Shuto, 2015). The route reduces the inundation area by approximately 22% in the
was shifted behind the silvo-fisheries at 1,000 m from the case of 8.5 Mw earthquakes.
coastline, which was originally approximately 800 m. The Level-2 tsunami (evacuation) strategy planned for the
recent research by Syamsidik et al (2019) showed that coastal area of Banda Aceh City is to provide evacuation

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 Indonesian Journal of Geography, Vol. 54, No.1, 2022 : 62 – 69

Figure 6. Conceptual Illustration of A Section of A New Approach of Tsunami Mitigation Strategies to

Reduce The Risk of Tsunami Disasters and To Optimize The resources Through The Multi-Layer Defence Systems

routes and sites, which must be in a safe zone against Perumahan Pasca Bencana Tsunami di Kota Banda Aceh. Teknik
tsunami hazards, have easy accessibility, clean water, Perencanaan Wilayah Kota, 3(2), 274–284.
sanitation facilities, and meet the standards set by disaster Bappenas (National Development Planning Agency. (2005).
Damage Assessment and Recovery Strategy for Aceh and North
management agencies (BPB Aceh, 2017). The strategic
Sumatra. Minister of State for National Development Planning.
concept of the two tsunami levels is shown in Figures 5 and
Jakarta.
6. Berryman, K. (2006). Review of Tsunami Hazard and Risk in New
Zealand. Ministry of Civil Defence and Emergency
4. Conclusion Management. Ministry of Civil Defence and Emergency
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worse than the 2004 tsunami because many natural coastal Bencana Nomor 02 Tahun 2012 tentang Pedoman Umum
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