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FLASH CARD 1 FLASH CARD 2

Labial D M Lingual
Labial D M Lingual
Incisal
Incisal

Mesial Distal

Mesial Distal

FLASH CARD 3 FLASH CARD 4

Buccal Lingual
D M

Labial D M Lingual
Occlusal

Incisal

Mesial Distal

Mesial Distal
Maxillary Right Lateral Incisor Maxillary Right Central Incisor
Universal: 7   International (FDI): 12   Palmer: 2 Universal: 8   International (FDI): 11   Palmer: 1
CHARACTERISTICS LATERAL INCISOR CHARACTERISTICS CENTRAL INCISOR
Facial/Labial Aspect Facial/Labial Aspect
Proximal contacts Proximal contacts Cervico-incisal location
  Mesial Junction incisal/middle thirds   Mesial Incisal third
  Distal Middle third   Distal Junction incisal/middle third
Mesioincisal angle Slightly rounded Mesioincisal angle Sharp right angle
Distoincisal angle Distinctly rounded Distoincisal angle Slight rounding
Mesiodistal width Comparatively narrow Mesiodistal width Comparatively wide
Pulp horn(s) Usually 2 (facial view) Pulp horn(s) 3 (facial view)
Lobes 4 Lobes 4
Lingual Aspect Lingual Aspect
Marginal ridges More prominent Marginal ridges Moderate
Cingulum More prominent Cingulum Moderately pronounced
Fossa Deep Fossa Moderately deep
Incisal Aspect Incisal Aspect
Outline Ovoid Outline Triangular
Labial More convex Labial Slightly convex

Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
Dimensions Dimensions
Crown length 9 mm (cervico-incisal) Crown length 10.5 mm (cervico-incisal)
Crown diameter Crown diameter
  Mesiodistal 6.5 mm   Mesiodistal 8.5 mm
  Labiolingual 6.0 mm   Labiolingual 7.0 mm
Contour height 0.5 mm Contour height 0.5 mm
  Facial/lingual Both cervical third   Facial/lingual Both cervical third
Root Root
Length 13.0 mm Length 13.0 mm
Pulp canal(s) Less frequent apical accessory canals Pulp canal(s) 1
Chronology Chronology
Eruption 8–9 yr Eruption 7–8 yr
Root completed 11 yr Root completed 10 yr

Maxillary Right First Premolar Maxillary Right Canine

Universal: 5   International (FDI): 14   Palmer: 4 Universal: 6   International (FDI): 13   Palmer: 3
CHARACTERISTICS FIRST PREMOLAR CHARACTERISTICS CANINE
Facial/Buccal Aspect Facial/Labial Aspect
Proximal contacts Mesial/distal: middle third Proximal contacts
Shoulders Prominent   Mesial Junction incisal/middle third
Buccal cusp Tipped more to distal   Distal Middle third
Cusp ridges Longer mesial ridge Mesial Aspect Wider faciolingually
Cusp size, height Slightly wider, longer Lingual Aspect Deeper lingual fossae
Lingual Aspect Buccal profile visible Marginal ridges Pronounced; 2 fossae
Mesial Aspect Cingulum Large, centered mesiodistally
Mesiomarginal groove Crosses marginal ridge   Lingual pits, grooves Common
Mesial concavity Present Incisal Aspect Marked asymmetry of mesial/distal halves
Mesial root depression Present Incisal/Proximal Aspects Cusp tip may be at or labial to root axis
Occlusal Aspect line
Profile Hexagonal Dimensions
Central groove Long Mesiodistal 7.5 mm
Supplemental groves Usually not present Labiolingual 8.0 mm
Lobes 4 Incisal-cervical 10.0 mm
Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
Pulp horn(s) 2 Contour height 0.5 mm
Dimensions   Facial/lingual Both cervical third
Crown length 8.5 mm (cervico-occlusal) Pulp horn(s) 1
Crown diameter Lobes 4
  Mesiodistal 7.0 mm Root
  Cervical 5.0 mm Terminal (number) 1
  Buccolingual 9.0 mm Length 17 mm
Contour height Chronology
  Facial/buccal crest Cervical third Eruption 11–12 yr
  Lingual Middle third Root completed 13–15 yr
Root
Length 14.0 mm
Grooves Distinct, longitudinal
Number of roots Usually 2
Pulp canal(s) Often 2
Chronology
Eruption 10–11 yr
Root completed 12–13 yr
FLASH CARD 5 FLASH CARD 6

Buccal D M Lingual

Buccal Lingual
D M
Occlusal

Occlusal

Mesial Distal

Mesial Distal

FLASH CARD 7 FLASH CARD 8

Buccal Lingual
Buccal Lingual D M
D M

Occlusal Occlusal

Mesial Distal
Mesial Distal
Maxillary Right First Molar Maxillary Right Second Premolar
Universal: 3   International (FDI): 16   Palmer: 6 Universal: 4   International (FDI): 15   Palmer: 5
CHARACTERISTICS FIRST MOLAR CHARACTERISTICS SECOND PREMOLAR
Facial/Buccal Aspect Facial/Buccal Aspect
Dimensions Widest of three maxillary molars Proximal contacts Mesial/distal: middle third
Distobuccal cusp height Equals mesiobuccal cusp height Shoulders Narrow
Proximal contacts Cervical-occlusal location of mesial contact Buccal cusp Not tipped
is at middle, distal contact is at middle Cusp ridges Similar
third Cusp size, height Shorter
Lingual Aspect Lingual Aspect Profile not visible
Distolingual cusp Largest distolingual cusp Mesial Aspect
Lingual root Widest mesiodistally Mesiomarginal groove Does not cross ridge
Occlusal Aspect Mesial concavity Not present
Crown form Square to rhomboid Mesial root depression Present
Lobes 5 Occlusal Aspect
Dimensions Profile Ovoid
Crown length 7.5 mm (cervico-occlusal) Central groove Short
Crown diameter Supplemental groves Many; often present
Lobes 4

Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
  Mesiodistal 10.0 mm Pulp horn(s) 2
  Cervical 8.0 mm Dimensions
  Buccolingual 11.0 mm
Contour height 0.5 mm Crown length 8.5 mm (cervico-occlusal)
  Buccal crest Cervical third Crown diameter
  Lingual crest Middle third   Mesiodistal 7.0 mm
Root   Cervical 5.0 mm
Length, buccal 12.0 mm   Buccolingual 9.0 mm
Length, lingual 13.0 mm Contour height
Chronology   Facial/buccal crest Cervical third
Eruption 6 yr   Lingual Middle third
Root completed 9–10 yr Root
Length 14.0 mm
Grooves No distinct grooves
Number of roots 1 root
Pulp canal(s) Usually 1
Chronology
Eruption 10–12 yr
Root completed 12–14 yr

Maxillary Right Third Molar Maxillary Right Second Molar

Universal: 1   International (FDI): 18   Palmer: 8 Universal: 2   International (FDI): 17   Palmer: 7
CHARACTERISTICS THIRD MOLAR CHARACTERISTICS SECOND MOLAR
Facial/Buccal Aspect Facial/Buccal Aspect
Dimensions Smallest of three maxillary molars Dimensions Width between that of first and third
Distobuccal cusp height Much less than mesiobuccal maxillary molars
Proximal contacts Cervical-occlusal location of mesial contact Distobuccal cusp height Slightly less than mesiobuccal cusp
is at middle, the distal contact is at Proximal contacts Cervical-occlusal location of mesial contact
middle third is at middle, the distal contact is at
Lingual Aspect middle third
Distolingual cusp Usually missing Lingual Aspect
Lingual root Narrowest Distolingual cusp Smaller width/height
Occlusal Aspect Lingual root Narrower
Crown form Heart-shaped Occlusal Aspect
Lobes 3 or 4 Crown form More rhomboidal
Dimensions Lobes 4
Crown length 6.5 mm (cervico-occlusal) Dimensions
Crown diameter Crown length 7.0 mm (cervico-occlusal)

Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

  Mesiodistal 8.5 mm Crown diameter

  Cervical 6.5 mm   Mesiodistal 9.0 mm
  Buccolingual 10.0 mm   Cervical 7.0 mm
Contour height 0.5 mm   Buccolingual 11.0 mm
  Buccal crest Cervical third Contour height 0.5 mm
  Lingual crest Middle third   Buccal crest Cervical third
Root   Lingual crest Middle third
Length, buccal 11.0 mm Root
Length, lingual Roots fused usually Length, buccal 11.0 mm
Chronology Length, lingual 12.0 mm
Eruption 17–21 yr Chronology
Root completed 18–25 yr Eruption 12–13 yr
Root completed 14–16 yr
FLASH CARD 9 FLASH CARD 10

Facial/Labial Lingual Facial/Labial Lingual

D M
D M
Incisal
Incisal

Mesial Distal Mesial Distal

FLASH CARD 11 FLASH CARD 12

Facial/Labial Lingual Buccal Lingual

M D

D M Occlusal

Incisal

Mesial Distal Mesial Distal

Mandibular Right Lateral Incisor Mandibular Right Central Incisor
Universal: 26   International (FDI): 42   Palmer: 2 Universal: 25   International (FDI): 41   Palmer: 1
CHARACTERISTICS LATERAL INCISOR CHARACTERISTICS CENTRAL INCISOR
Facial/Labial Aspect Facial/Labial Aspect
Symmetry Asymmetrical Symmetry Symmetrical bilaterally
Proximal contacts Proximal contacts
  Mesial Incisal third   Mesial Incisal third
  Distal Incisal third   Distal Incisal third
Mesioincisal angles Some rounding Mesioincisal angles Sharp right angles
Distoincisal angles More rounded than mesioincisal angle Distoincisal angles Sharp right angles
Incisal Aspect Incisal Aspect Fig. 7-11
Incisal edge (ridge) Distolingual twist to a line bisecting Incisal edge (ridge) Right angle to line bisecting cingulum
cingulum Pulp horn(s) 1 or 0
Pulp horn(s) Variable; more prominent Lobes 4
Lobes 4 Dimensions
Dimensions Crown length 9.0 mm (cervico-incisal)
Crown length 9.5 mm (cervico-incisal) Crown diameter
Crown diameter   Mesiodistal 5 mm
  Mesiodistal 5.5 mm   Cervical 3.5 mm

Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
  Cervical 4.0 mm   Labiolingual 6.0 mm
  Labiolingual 6.5 mm Contour height Less than 0.5 mm; Fig. 7-7
Contour height Less than 0.5 mm   Facial/lingual Both cervical third
  Facial/lingual Both cervical third Root
Root Length 12.5 mm
Length 14.0 mm Pulp (root) canal(s) Usually 1; 2 possible
Pulp (root) canal(s) 1 Chronology
Chronology Eruption 6–7 yr
Eruption 7–8 yr Root completed 9 yr
Root completed 10 yr

Mandibular Right First Premolar Mandibular Right Canine

Universal: 28   International (FDI): 44   Palmer: 4 Universal: 27   International (FDI): 43   Palmer: 3
CHARACTERISTICS FIRST PREMOLAR CHARACTERISTICS CANINE
Facial/Buccal Aspect Facial/Labial Aspect
Proximal contacts Proximal contacts
  Cervico-occlusal Mesial/distal, middle third   Mesial Incisal third
Form Asymmetrical   Distal Middle third
Lingual Aspect Mesial Aspect Narrower, longer than maxillary canine
Buccal profile All buccal profile seen Lingual Aspect Flat lingual surface
Cusp height Lingual less than buccal Marginal ridges Parallel or slightly converging
Mesial Aspect Cingulum Smaller, may be off center distally
Occlusal plane Tilted lingually   Lingual pits, grooves None
Transverse ridge or buccal triangular Transverse ridge present Incisal Aspect Greater symmetry than max. canine; distal
ridge cusp ridge rotated
Occlusal Aspect Incisal/Proximal Aspects Cusp tip lingual to root axis line
Outline form Diamond-shaped Dimensions
Cusps 2 Mesiodistal 7.0 mm
Lobes 4 Labiolingual 7.5 mm
Dimensions Incisal-cervical 11.0 mm
Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

Crown length 8.5 mm (cervico-occlusal) Contour height Less than 0.5 mm

Crown diameter   Facial/lingual Both cervical third
Pulp horn(s) 1
  Mesiodistal 7.0 mm Lobes 4
  Cervical 5.0 mm Root
  Buccolingual 7.5 mm
Contour height Terminal (number) Maybe 2
Length 16 mm
  Facial Cervical third Chronology
  Lingual Middle third
Root Eruption 9–10 yr
Root completed 12–14 yr
Length 14.0 mm
Pulp canal(s) 1
Pulp horn(s) 1
Chronology
Eruption 10–12 yr
Root completed 12–13 yr
FLASH CARD 13 FLASH CARD 14

Buccal Lingual
M D
Buccal M D Lingual

Occlusal
Occlusal

Mesial Distal

Mesial Distal

FLASH CARD 15 FLASH CARD 16

Buccal M D Lingual
Buccal M D Lingual

Occlusal
Occlusal

Mesial Distal

Mesial Distal
Mandibular Right First Molar Mandibular Right Second Premolar
Universal: 30   International (FDI): 46   Palmer: 6 Universal: 29   International (FDI): 45   Palmer: 5
CHARACTERISTICS FIRST MOLAR CHARACTERISTICS SECOND PREMOLAR
Facial/Buccal Aspect Facial/Buccal Aspect
Crown size Largest; widest mesiodistally Proximal contacts
Cusps 5 Cusps: mesiobuccal, distobuccal,   Cervico-occlusal Mesial/distal, middle third
mesiolingual, distolingual, distal Form Bilaterally symmetrical
Proximal contacts Cervical-occlusal location of mesial contact Lingual Aspect
is at middle, distal contact is at middle Buccal profile None seen
third Cusp height Buccal/lingual cusps nearly equal
Groove(s)/pit(s) 1 Mesiobuccal ± pit, 1 distobuccal Mesial Aspect
Root(s) Widely separated; nearly vertical Occlusal plane Essentially horizontal
Lingual Aspect Transverse ridge or buccal triangular ridge No transverse ridge present
Cervix Crown narrower Occlusal Aspect
Occlusal Aspect Outline form Square
Crown form Quadrilateral or hexagonal, pentagonal Cusps 2 or 3
Lobes 5 Lobes 4 or 5
Pulp horn(s) 5 Dimensions
Dimensions Crown length 8.0 mm (cervico-occlusal)

Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
Crown length 7.5 mm (cervical-occlusal) Crown diameter
Crown diameter   Mesiodistal 7.0 mm
  Mesiodistal 11.0 mm   Cervical 5.0 mm
  Cervical 9.0 mm   Buccolingual 8.0 mm
  Buccolingual 10.5 mm Contour height
Contour height   Facial Middle third
  Buccal crest Cervical third, 0.5 mm   Lingual Middle third
  Lingual crest Middle third, 1.0 mm Root
Root Length 14.5 mm
Length 14.0 mm Pulp canal(s) 1
Chronology Pulp horn(s) 2
Eruption 6–7 yr Chronology
Root complete 9–10 yr Eruption 11–12 yr
Root completed 13–14 yr

Mandibular Right Third Molar Mandibular Right Second Molar

Universal: 32   International (FDI): 48   Palmer: 8 Universal: 31   International (FDI): 47   Palmer: 7
CHARACTERISTICS THIRD MOLAR CHARACTERISTICS SECOND MOLAR
Facial/Buccal Aspect Facial/Buccal Aspect
Crown size Smallest of three mandibular molars Crown size Smaller than first mandibular molar
Cusps 4 Cusps: mesiobuccal, distobuccal, Cusps 4 Cusps: mesiobuccal, distobuccal,
mesiolingual, distolingual mesiolingual, distolingual
Proximal contacts Cervical-occlusal location of mesial contact Proximal contacts Cervical-occlusal location of mesial contact
is at middle, distal contact is at middle is at middle, distal contact is at middle
third third
Groove(s)/pit(s) 1 Buccal ± pit Groove(s)/pit(s) 1 Buccal ± pit
Root(s) Most short, fused, less inclination Root(s) Close together, parallel; distally inclined
Lingual Aspect Lingual Aspect
Cervix Less narrow Cervix Less narrow
Occlusal Aspect Occlusal Aspect
Crown form Quadrilateral or ovoid Crown form Quadrilateral or rectangular
Lobes 4 Lobes 4
Pulp horn(s) 4 Pulp horn(s) 4
Dimensions Dimensions
Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

Crown length 7.0 mm (cervico-occlusal) Crown length 7.0 mm (cervico-occlusal) Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
Crown diameter Crown diameter
  Mesiodistal 10.0 mm   Mesiodistal 10.5 mm
  Cervical 7.5 mm   Cervical 8.0 mm
  Buccolingual 9.5 mm   Buccolingual 10.0 mm
Contour height Contour height
  Buccal crest Cervical third, 0.5 mm   Buccal crest Cervical third, 0.5 mm
  Lingual crest Middle third, 1.0 mm   Lingual crest Middle third, 1.0 mm
Root Root
Length 11.0 mm Length 13.0 mm
Chronology Chronology
Eruption 17–21 yr Eruption 11–13 yr
Root complete 18–25 yr Root complete 14–15 yr
FLASH CARD 17 FLASH CARD 18

Labial M D Lingual Labial M D Lingual

Incisal
Incisal

Mesial Distal
Mesial Distal

FLASH CARD 19 FLASH CARD 20

Buccal Lingual
M D

Labial M D Lingual
Occlusal

Incisal

Mesial Distal

Mesial Distal
Maxillary Left Lateral Incisor Maxillary Left Central Incisor
Universal: 10   International (FDI): 22   Palmer: 2 Universal: 9   International (FDI): 21   Palmer: 1
CHARACTERISTICS LATERAL INCISOR CHARACTERISTICS CENTRAL INCISOR
Facial/Labial Aspect Facial/Labial Aspect
Proximal contacts Proximal contacts Cervico-incisal location
  Mesial Junction incisal/middle thirds   Mesial Incisal third
  Distal Middle third   Distal Junction incisal/middle third
Mesioincisal angle Slightly rounded Mesioincisal angle Sharp right angle
Distoincisal angle Distinct rounding Distoincisal angle Slightly rounded
Mesiodistal width Comparatively narrow Mesiodistal width Comparatively wide
Pulp horn(s) Usually 2 (facial view) Pulp horn(s) 3 (facial view)
Lobes 4 Lobes 4
Lingual Aspect Lingual Aspect
Marginal ridges More prominent Marginal ridges Moderate
Cingulum More prominent Cingulum Moderately pronounced
Fossa Deep Fossa Moderately deep
Incisal Aspect Incisal Aspect
Outline Ovoid Outline Triangular
Labial More convex Labial Slightly convex

Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
Dimensions Dimensions
Crown length 9 mm (cervico-incisal) Crown length 10.5 mm (cervico-incisal)
Crown diameter Crown diameter
  Mesiodistal 6.5 mm   Mesiodistal 8.5 mm
  Labiolingual 6.0 mm   Labiolingual 7.0 mm
Contour height 0.5 mm Contour height 0.5 mm
  Facial/lingual Both cervical third   Facial/lingual Both cervical third
Root Root
Length 13.0 mm Length 13.0 mm
Pulp canal(s) Less frequent apical accessory canals Pulp canal(s) 1
Chronology Chronology
Eruption 8–9 yr Eruption 7–8 yr
Root completed 11 yr Root completed 10 yr

Maxillary Left First Premolar Maxillary Left Canine

Universal: 12   International (FDI): 24   Palmer: 4 Universal: 11   International (FDI): 23   Palmer: 3
CHARACTERISTICS FIRST PREMOLAR CHARACTERISTICS LEFT CANINE
Facial/Buccal Aspect Facial/Labial Aspect
Proximal contacts Mesial/distal: middle third Proximal contacts
Shoulders Prominent   Mesial Junction incisal/middle third
Buccal cusp Tipped more to distal   Distal Middle third
Cusp ridges Longer mesial ridge Mesial Aspect Wider mesiodistally
Cusp size, height Slightly wider, longer Lingual Aspect Deeper lingual fossae
Lingual Aspect Buccal profile visible Marginal ridges Pronounced; 2 fossae
Mesiomarginal groove Crosses marginal ridge Cingulum Large, centered mesiodistally
Mesial concavity Present   Lingual pits, grooves Common
Mesial root depression Present Incisal Aspect Marked asymmetry of mesial/distal halves
Occlusal Aspect Incisal/Proximal Aspects Cusp tip may be at or labial to root axis
Profile Hexagonal line
Central groove Long Dimensions
Supplemental groves Usually not present Mesiodistal 7.5 mm
Lobes 4 Labiolingual 8.0 mm
Pulp horn(s) 2 Incisal-cervical 10.0 mm
Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
Dimensions Contour height 0.5 mm
  Crown length 8.5 mm (cervico-occlusal)   Facial/lingual Both cervical third
Crown diameter Pulp horn(s) 1
  Mesiodistal 7.0 mm Lobes 4
  Cervical 5.0 mm Root
  Buccolingual 9.0 mm Terminal (number) 1
Contour height Length 17 mm
  Facial/buccal crest Cervical third Chronology
  Lingual Middle third Eruption 11–12 yr
Root Root completed 13–15 yr
Length 14.0 mm
Grooves Distinct, longitudinal
Number of roots Usually 2
Pulp canal(s) Often 2
Chronology
Eruption 10–11 yr
Root completed 12–13 yr
FLASH CARD 21 FLASH CARD 22

Buccal Lingual
M D
Buccal M D Lingual

Occlusal
Occlusal

Mesial Distal

Mesial Distal

FLASH CARD 23 FLASH CARD 24

Buccal Lingual
Buccal Lingual M D
M D

Occlusal Occlusal

Mesial Distal
Mesial Distal
Maxillary Left First Molar Maxillary Left Second Premolar
Universal: 14   International (FDI): 26   Palmer: 6 Universal: 13   International (FDI): 25   Palmer: 5
CHARACTERISTICS FIRST MOLAR CHARACTERISTICS SECOND PREMOLAR
Facial/Buccal Aspect Facial/Buccal Aspect
Dimensions Widest of three maxillary molars Proximal contacts Mesial/distal: middle third
Distobuccal cusp height Equals mesiobuccal cusp height Shoulders Narrow
Proximal contacts Cervical-occlusal location of mesial contact Buccal cusp Not tipped
is at middle third, distal contact is at Cusp ridges Similar
middle third Cusp size, height Shorter
Lingual Aspect Lingual Aspect Profile not visible
Distolingual cusp Largest distolingual cusp Mesiomarginal groove Does not cross ridge
Lingual root Widest mesiodistally Mesial concavity Not present
Occlusal Aspect Mesial root depression Present
Occlusal Aspect
Crown form Square to rhomboid
Lobes 5 Profile Ovoid
Dimensions Central groove Short
Supplemental groves Many; often present
Crown length 7.5 mm (cervico-occlusal)
Lobes 4
Crown diameter
Pulp horn(s) 2

Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
  Mesiodistal 10.0 mm Dimensions
  Cervical 8.0 mm
Crown length 8.5 mm (cervico-occlusal)
  Buccolingual 11.0 mm
Crown diameter
Contour height 0.5 mm
  Buccal crest Cervical third   Mesiodistal 7.0 mm
  Lingual crest Middle third   Cervical 5.0 mm
Root   Buccolingual 9.0 mm
Contour height
Length, buccal 12.0 mm
Length, lingual 13.0 mm   Facial/buccal crest Cervical third
Chronology   Lingual Middle third
Root
Eruption 6 yr
Root completed 9–10 yr Length 14.0 mm
Grooves No distinct grooves
Number of roots 1
Pulp canal(s) Usually 1
Chronology
Eruption 10–12 yr
Root completed 12–14 yr

Maxillary Left Third Molar Maxillary Left Second Molar

Universal: 16   International (FDI): 28   Palmer: 8 Universal: 15   International (FDI): 27   Palmer: 7
CHARACTERISTICS THIRD MOLAR CHARACTERISTICS SECOND MOLAR
Facial/Buccal Aspect Facial/Buccal Aspect
Dimensions Smallest of three maxillary molars Dimensions Width between that of first and third
Distobuccal cusp height Much less than mesiobuccal cusp maxillary molars
Proximal contacts Cervical-occlusal location of mesial contact Distobuccal cusp height Slightly less than mesiobuccal cusp
is at middle third, distal contact is at Proximal contacts Cervical-occlusal location of mesial contact
middle third is at middle third, distal contact is at
Lingual Aspect middle third
Distolingual cusp Usually missing Lingual Aspect
Lingual root Narrowest Distolingual cusp Smaller width/height
Occlusal Aspect Lingual root Narrower
Crown form Heart-shaped Occlusal Aspect
Lobes 3 or 4 Crown form More rhomboidal
Dimensions Lobes 4
Crown length 6.5 mm (cervico-occlusal) Dimensions
Crown diameter Crown length 7.0 mm (cervico-occlusal)
Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
  Mesiodistal 8.5 mm Crown diameter
  Cervical 6.5 mm   Mesiodistal 9.0 mm
  Buccolingual 10.0 mm   Cervical 7.0 mm
Contour height 0.5 mm   Buccolingual 11.0 mm
  Buccal crest Cervical third Contour height 0.5 mm
  Lingual crest Middle third   Buccal crest Cervical third
Root   Lingual crest Middle third
Length, buccal 11.0 mm Root
Length, lingual Roots fused usually Length, buccal 11.0 mm
Chronology Length, lingual 12.0 mm
Eruption 17–21 yr Chronology
Root completed 18–25 yr Eruption 12–13 yr
Root completed 14–16 yr
FLASH CARD 25 FLASH CARD 26

Facial/Labial Lingual Facial/Labial Lingual

M D
M D
Incisal
Incisal

Mesial Distal Mesial Distal

FLASH CARD 27 FLASH CARD 28

Facial/Labial Lingual Buccal Lingual

D M

M D Occlusal

Incisal

Mesial Distal
Mesial Distal
Mandibular Left Lateral Incisor Mandibular Left Central Incisor
Universal: 23   International (FDI): 32   Palmer: 2 Universal: 24   International (FDI): 31   Palmer: 1
CHARACTERISTICS LATERAL INCISOR CHARACTERISTICS CENTRAL INCISOR
Facial/Labial Aspect Facial/Labial Aspect
Symmetry Asymmetrical Symmetry Symmetrical bilaterally
Proximal contacts Proximal contacts
  Mesial Incisal third   Mesial Incisal third
  Distal Incisal third   Distal Incisal third
Mesioincisal angles Some rounding Mesioincisal angles Sharp right angles
Distoincisal angles More rounded than mesioincisal angle Distoincisal angles Sharp right angles
Incisal Aspect Incisal Aspect
Incisal edge (ridge) Distolingual twist to a line bisecting Incisal edge (ridge) Right angle to line bisecting cingulum
cingulum Pulp horn(s) 1 or 0
Pulp horn(s) Variable; more prominence Lobes 4
Lobes 4 Dimensions
Dimensions Crown length 9.0 mm
Crown length 9.5 mm (cervico-incisal) Crown diameter
Crown diameter   Mesiodistal 5 mm
  Mesiodistal 5.5 mm   Cervical 3.5 mm

Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
  Cervical 4.0 mm   Labiolingual 6.0 mm
  Labiolingual 6.5 mm Contour height Less than 0.5 mm
Contour height Less than 0.5 mm   Facial/lingual Both cervical third
  Facial/lingual Both cervical third Root
Root Length 12.5 mm
Length 14.0 mm Pulp (root) canal(s) Usually 1; 2 possible
Pulp (root) canal(s) 1 Chronology
Chronology Eruption 6–7 yr
Eruption 7–8 yr Root completed 9 yr
Root completed 10 yr

Mandibular Left First Premolar Mandibular Left Canine

Universal: 21   International (FDI): 34   Palmer: 4 Universal: 22   International (FDI): 33   Palmer: 3
CHARACTERISTICS FIRST PREMOLAR CHARACTERISTICS LEFT CANINE
Facial/Buccal Aspect Facial/Labial Aspect
Proximal contacts Proximal contacts
  Cervico-occlusal Mesial/distal, middle third   Mesial Incisal third
Form Asymmetrical   Distal Middle third
Lingual Aspect Mesial Aspect Narrower, longer
Buccal profile All buccal profile seen Lingual Aspect Flat lingual surface
Cusp height Lingual less than buccal Marginal ridges Parallel or slightly converging
Mesial Aspect Cingulum Smaller, may be off center distally
Occlusal plane Tilted lingually   Lingual pits, grooves None
Transverse ridge or buccal triangular ridge Transverse ridge present Incisal Aspect Less symmetry; distal cusp ridge rotated
Occlusal Aspect Incisal/Proximal Aspects Cusp tip lingual to root axis line
Outline form Diamond-shaped Dimensions
Cusps 2 Mesiodistal 7.0 mm
Lobes 4 Labiolingual 7.5 mm
Dimensions Incisal-cervical 11.0 mm
Contour height Less than 0.5 mm
Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
Crown length 8.5 mm (cervico-occlusal)
Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

Crown diameter   Facial/lingual Both cervical third

Pulp horn(s) 1
  Mesiodistal 7.0 mm Lobes 4
  Cervical 5.0 mm Root
  Buccolingual 7.5 mm
Contour height Terminal (number) Maybe 2
Length 16 mm
  Facial Cervical third Chronology
  Lingual Middle third
Root Eruption 9–10 yr
Root completed 12–14 yr
Length 14.0 mm
Pulp canal(s) 1
Pulp horn(s) 1
Chronology
Eruption 10–12 yr
Root completed 12–13 yr
FLASH CARD 29 FLASH CARD 30

Buccal Lingual
D M
Buccal D M Lingual

Occlusal
Occlusal

Mesial Distal

Mesial Distal

FLASH CARD 31 FLASH CARD 32

Buccal D M Lingual
Buccal Lingual
D M
Occlusal

Occlusal

Mesial Distal

Mesial Distal
Mandibular Left First Molar Mandibular Left Second Premolar
Universal: 19   International (FDI): 36   Palmer: 6 Universal: 20   International (FDI): 35   Palmer: 5
CHARACTERISTICS FIRST MOLAR CHARACTERISTICS SECOND PREMOLAR
Facial/Buccal Aspect Facial/Buccal Aspect
Crown size Largest; widest mesiodistally Proximal contacts
Cusps 5 Cusps: mesiobuccal, distobuccal,   Cervico-occlusal Mesial/distal, middle third
mesiolingual, distolingual, distal Form Bilaterally symmetrical
Proximal contacts Cervical-occlusal location of mesial contact Lingual Aspect
is at middle third, distal contact is at Buccal profile None seen
middle third Cusp height Buccal/lingual cusps nearly equal
Groove(s)/pit(s) 1 Mesiobuccal ± pit, 1 distobuccal Mesial Aspect
Root(s) Widely separated; nearly vertical Occlusal plane Essentially horizontal
Lingual Aspect Transverse ridge or buccal triangular ridge No transverse ridge present
Cervix Crown narrower Occlusal Aspect
Occlusal Aspect Outline form Square
Crown form Quadrilateral or hexagonal, pentagonal Cusps 2 or 3
Lobes 5 Lobes 4 or 5
Pulp horn(s) 5 Dimensions
Dimensions Crown length 8.0 mm (cervico-occlusal)

Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
Crown length 7.5 mm (cervical-occlusal) Crown diameter
Crown diameter   Mesiodistal 7.0 mm
  Mesiodistal 11.0 mm   Cervical 5.0 mm
  Cervical 9.0 mm   Buccolingual 8.0 mm
  Buccolingual 10.5 mm Contour height
Contour height   Facial Middle third
  Buccal crest Cervical third, 0.5 mm   Lingual Middle third
  Lingual crest Middle third, 1.0 mm Root
Root Length 14.5 mm
Length 14.0 mm Pulp canal(s) 1
Chronology Pulp horn(s) 2
Eruption 6–7 yr Chronology
Root complete 9–10 yr Eruption 11–12 yr
Root completed 13–14 yr

Mandibular Left Third Molar Mandibular Left Second Molar

Universal: 17   International (FDI): 38   Palmer: 8 Universal: 18   International (FDI): 37   Palmer: 7
CHARACTERISTICS THIRD MOLAR CHARACTERISTICS SECOND MOLAR
Facial/Buccal Aspect Facial/Buccal Aspect
Crown size Smallest of three mandibular molars Crown size Smaller than first mandibular molar
Cusps 4 Cusps: mesiobuccal, distobuccal, Cusps 4 Cusps: mesiobuccal, distobuccal,
mesiolingual, distolingual mesiolingual, distolingual
Proximal contacts Cervical-occlusal location of mesial contact Proximal contacts Cervical-occlusal location of mesial contact
is at middle third, distal contact is at is at middle third, distal contact is at
middle third middle third
Groove(s)/pit(s) 1 Buccal ± pit Groove(s)/pit(s) 1 Buccal ± pit
Root(s) Most short, fused, less inclination Root(s) Close together, parallel; distally inclined
Lingual Aspect Lingual Aspect
Cervix Less narrow Cervix Less narrow
Occlusal Aspect Occlusal Aspect
Crown form Quadrilateral or ovoid Crown form Quadrilateral or rectangular
Lobes 4 Lobes 4
Pulp horn(s) 4 Pulp horn(s) 4
Dimensions Dimensions
Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

Crown length 7.0 mm (cervico-occlusal) Crown length 7.0 mm (cervico-occlusal)

Crown diameter Crown diameter
  Mesiodistal 10.0 mm   Mesiodistal 10.5 mm
  Cervical 7.5 mm   Cervical 8.0 mm
  Buccolingual 9.5 mm   Buccolingual 10.0 mm
Contour height Contour height
  Buccal crest Cervical third, 0.5 mm   Buccal crest Cervical third, 0.5 mm
  Lingual crest Middle third, 1.0 mm   Lingual crest Middle third, 1.0 mm
Root Root
Length 11.0 mm Length 13.0 mm
Chronology Chronology
Eruption 17–21 yr Eruption 11–13 yr
Root complete 18–25 yr Root complete 14–15 yr
 FLASH CARD 33

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Figure 1-2, A

Figure 5-2, B
Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
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Figure 6-1
Figure 1-2, B

Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
 MAXILLARY MAXILLARY
Central incisor (first incisor) Central incisor (first incisor)
Lateral incisor (second incisor)
Canine (cuspid) Lateral incisor (second incisor)
First premolar (first bicuspid) Canine (cuspid)
Second premolar (second bicuspid) First molar
First molar
Second molar
Second molar
Third molar

RIGHT
RIGHT

LEFT
LEFT

Third molar
Second molar Second molar
First molar
First molar
Second premolar (bicuspid)
First premolar (bicuspid) Canine
Canine (cuspid) Lateral incisor (second incisor)
Lateral incisor (second incisor)
Central incisor (first incisor)
Central incisor (first incisor)
MANDIBULAR MANDIBULAR

Gingival
Crevicular crevice
epithelium Free gingival
E margin
DENTIN Keratinized
epithelium
Epithelial
Gingival
attachment
groove
LIE (2) LIE (1) Cementum Junctional
CL
LF epithelium
C DMR Alveolar
crest Attached
MMR DMR C MMR gingiva
Periodontal
LF Mucogingival
membrane
junction
(1) LIE LIE (2)
Alveolar Alveolar Alveolar
bone process mucosa
 FLASH CARD 37

FLASH CARD 39
Figure 7-1

Figure 8-13
Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
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Figure 8-1

Figure 9-1
Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
 IR

DMR
MMR

C LF
CL IR
DMR
CL MMR
DCR MCR C
C
DMR
DLF MLF
MMR DLF
MLF C
LR
MCR DCR

MCR
DCR
LR
MMR DMR
BR LR MLF
C DLF
MCR DCR
CL
MDD
DBCR MBCR C
BCR CL
DMR MMR
MCA DTF MTF
MMDG CDG
LC DLCR MLCR
BC
 FLASH CARD 41

FLASH CARD 43

Figure 11-1
Figure 9-15
Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
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Figure 11-2
Figure 10-1

Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
 A
BC
BTR BC
MMR LC
MCA MLDG MBCR DBCR
BCR
MMR DMR D C
CL
MLDG BTR
CDG
LC

MBCR
BG DBCR
CF
CP
BGCF DMR MTF
TGOR CGCF MMR
DTF

DF MLCR
DOG
FCG
LG DLCR
OR
 FLASH CARD 47
FLASH CARD 45

Figure 11-8
Figure 11-3
Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

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Figure 11-9
Figure 11-5

Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
 LR

DBR MBR
MBR DBR
LR

Root
trunk

CL
CL
BDG
FC LDG
MBC
MLC DLC DBC
MLC

LR DBR
MBR LR
MBR

Root
trunk

CL CR

BDG MCA
DCA FC
DLC MLC
DBC MBC
DMR MMR
 FLASH CARD 51
FLASH CARD 49

Figure 12-1

Figure 12-3
Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

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Figure 12-2

Figure 12-5
Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
 DBCR
Buccal
MMR CP
MBDG
DBDG
MBCR
Mesial

DCR
Distal

SG
MTF DTF
MP DMR MLCR DLCR
Lingual DP
CDG LDG

MLC DLC
DBC MLC

DLC
LDG MBC
DC
CL DBDG MBDG

Root
trunk
CL

DR MR

Apex Apex
 FLASH CARD 55
FLASH CARD 53

Figure 12-8

Figure 13-1
Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.

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Figure 12-9

Figure 14-12
Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
 MMR
MMR
MLC MBC
MLC
DBC MBC
DLC DC MCA
DMR DBDG
CR
DCA
CL
CL

DD
Mesial
root

Distal root
Mesial root
Condyle condyloid
Coronoid process

Body of mandible
Mandibular notch

Neck of condyle

Oblique ridge

Facial notch
process

Ramus

Angle

APICAL FORAMEN

Cementum
Pulp or
root canals

Pulp Dentin
chamber

Pulp horns

Enamel
Incisive fossa
Mental foramen
 FLASH CARD 57

FLASH CARD 59

Figure 15-2
Figure 14-16
Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
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Figure 15-16
Figure 14-35

Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. Copyright © 2010, 2003, 1993, 1984, 1974, 1965, 1958, 1950, 1940 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc.
 Bregma
Central sulcus
Anterior branch
Superior-parietal
lobule
Superior frontal gyrus
Temporalis Zygomatic Lambda
muscle arch
Middle temporal gyrus
Posterior branch
Anterior Lateral cerebral fissure
External Superficial
temporalis temporal artery
auditory muscle Nasion
meatus
Inion
Lateral Infraorbitala
Styloid pterygoid
process muscle Middle meningeal
artery Posterior superioris
alveolar
Internal maxillary artery
Medial artery
Occipital pterygoid
condyles muscle Inferior alveolar
artery
External carotid
artery
Internal carotid
artery
Common carotid
artery

Temporal bone articulating surface

Superior cavity
Articular
surface
Avascular part of
of condyle
meniscus
External
Synovial Mylohyoid line oblique ridge
membrane
Canine
eminence of
Synovial Incisive fossa mandible
membrane Lateral pterygoid
Mental
muscle:
foramen Symphysis
Superior head Mental
protuberance Mental
Posterior Inferior head tubercles
capsule
 FLASH CARD 61

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Figure 15-19

Figure 16-32
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Figure 15-25

Figure 16-34
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 Expansion of the Arcus dentalis
levator veli palatini superior
Veli palatina major artery Palatum durum
Hamulus Palatum molle
pterygoideus
Arcus
Pharyngopalatinus muscle glossopalatinus
Raphe pterygomandibularis

CDG
Uvula (palatina)

MP
Mesial
Buccopharyngeus muscle Arcus

MMR
Buccinator muscle pharyngopalatinus
Glossopalatinus muscle Tonsilla
Tonsilla palatina palatina
Palatina Pharyngea

Buccal

Lingual
descendens artery Constrictor
Maxillaris pharyngis superior
interna artery A e muscle
ngu

CP
Tonsillaris artery To Lateral band of
Distal lymphoid tissue
Palatina ascendens artery

DP
B Buccopharyngeus

DMR
Pharyngea
ascendens artery muscle
Pharyngopalatinus
Maxillaris muscle
externa artery
Carotis externa artery Ramus dorsalis Glossopalatinus
linguae Tonsilla muscle
Lingualis artery
palatina

Orbicularis
oculi muscle

DLCR
DF
DTF
DMR
DBCR
Temporalis Zygomatic
muscle major muscle

Levator labii
Parotid duct sup. muscle

Styloglossus Orbicularis
oris muscle

OR
muscle
Pterygomandibular Nasalis proc.
raphe alaris muscle
Masseter muscle

CF
Buccinator muscle

MTF
(cut)

MMR

MLCR
MBCR
Depressor angularis
Platysma muscle oris muscle
Risorius muscle