MUSCLES (53)

Grouping Muscle Action Innervation Vasculature

Presses cheek against molar
Buccinator teeth Buccal branch of CN VII Facial a.
Resists detention
Supraorbital a.
Supratrochlear a.
Orbicu laris oculi Closing eyelids (squinting) Infraorbital a.
Angular branch of
facial a.
Inferior labial
Depressor labii inferioris Depresses lower lip branch of facial a.
Mental a.
Draws angle of mouth Transverse facial
Zygomaticus major backward and upward (smile) a.
Facial nerve (CN VII) Facial a.
Face (9) Transverse facial
Zygomaticus minor Elevates upper lip a.
Facial a.
Superior &
inferior labial
Orbicu laris oris Closes lips; kissing muscle branches of facial
a.
Mental a.
Infraorbital a.
Elevates upper lip Infraorbital a.
Levator labii superioris Dilates nares (disgust) Superior labial
branch of facial a.
Inferior labial
Depressor anguli oris Depresses angle of mouth branch of facial a.
Mental a.
Elevates angle of mouth Infraorbital a.
Levator anguli o ris med ially (d isgust) Superior labial
branch of facial a.
Elevates hyoid and floor of Anterior belly – Anterior belly –
Neck (1) Digastric mouth my lohyoid n. of V3 (CN submental a.
Depresses mandible V) Posterior belly –
Posterior belly – facial n. occipital a.
Platysma Tenses skin of inferior face Facial nerve Facial a.
Depresses jaw
Neck (3) Thoracoacromial
Posterior Triangle Subclavius Depresses clavicle N. to subclavius a.-clav icular
branch
Omohyoid Transverse
cervical a.
Sternohyoid Depresses/stabilizes hyoid bone Superior thyroid a.
Neck (4) Sternothyroid Ansa cervicalis
Muscular Triangle Superior belly of Transverse
Infrahyoid muscles omohyoid cervical a.
Thyrohyoid Elevates laryn x Superior thyroid a.
Depresses/stabilizes hyoid bone
Draws thyroid cartilage External branch of Cricothyroid
Neck (2) Cricothyroid forward, lengthening vocal superior laryngeal n. branch of superior
Carotid Triangle ligaments (branch of vagus n.) thyroid a.
Thyrohyoid (also in See above See above See above
muscular triangle)

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 Neck (3) Digastric (ant and post See above See above See above
Submandibular bellies)
(digastric) Triangle Mylohyoid Elevates hyoid bone and tongue N. to my lohyoid (branch Mylohyoid branch
when speaking and swallowing of inferior alveolar n. of inferior alveolar
fro m V3 ) a.
Stylohyoid Elevates and retracts hyoid Facial n. (CN VII) Ascending
bone pharyngeal a.
Neck (2) Digastric muscles (sides) See above See above See above
Submental Triangle Mylohyoid (floor) See above See above See above
Levator scapulae Elevates scapula Dorsal scapular n. (C5) Dorsal scapular a.
Extends, laterally bends neck Dorsal primary rami of
Splenius capitus and head spinal n. Deep cervical a.
Neck (5) Rotates head to same side
Structures deep to Scalenes (3) Anterior & M iddle – elevates Anterior – brachial
floor of triangle (posterior, middle, first rib; flexes and laterally plexus (C5-C7) Ascending
anterior) bends neck Posterior – brachial cervical a. (branch
Posterior – elevates second rib; plexus (C7-C8) of thyrocervical
flexes and laterally bends the Middle – brachial p lexus trunk)
neck (C3-C8)
Neck (1) Geniohyoid -- C1 and C2 coursing with Linguial a.
hypoglossal n. (CN XII) Submental a.
Anterior &
Temporalis Elevates and retracts mandible Deep temporal n. posterior deep
temporal arteries
Protracts and depresses the
Head/Mastication Lateral pterygoid mandib le N. to lateral pterygoid Pterygoid branch
(4) Moves mandible laterally of maxillary a.
Medial pterygoid Elevates and protracts mandible N. medial pterygoid
Moves mandible laterally
Masseter Elevates mandible, closes jaw Anterior trunk of CN V3 Masseteric branch
(masseteric n) of maxillary a.
Middle pharyngeal
constrictor Ascending
Superior pharyngeal Constricts walls of pharyn x Pharyngeal branch of pharyngeal a.
constrictor during swallo wing Vagus and Pharyngeal
Pharynx (4) plexus Ascending
Inferior pharyngeal pharyngeal a.
constrictor Superior thyroid a.
Inferior thyroid a.
Stylopharyngeus Elevates and dilates pharynx Glossopharyngeal n. Ascending
during swallo wing and (CN IX) pharyngeal a.
speaking
Levator palpebrae
Elevates superior eyelid
superioris
Elevates, ADducts and
Superior rectus
med ially rotates eyeball
Medial rectus ADducts eyeball Oculo motor n. (CN III)
Extraocular
Depresses, ADducts and
muscles of the Inferior rectus
med ially rotates eyeball
Orbit (7)
ABducts, elevates and laterally
Inferior oblique
rotates eyeball
ABducts, depresses and
Superior oblique Trochlear n. (CN IV)
med ially rotates eyeball
Lateral rectus ABducts eyeball Abducent n. (CN V)
Extrinsic muscles Elevates posterior tongue,
Pharyngeal branch of
of the tongue (4) Palatoglossus depresses soft palate, contricts
vagus n. (CN X)
isthmus of fauces
Depresses tongue, posterior
Genioglossus Sublingual a.?
fibers protrude tongue Hypoglossal n. (CN XII)
Hyoglossus Depresses and retracts tongue Dorsal lingual a.?
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 Retracts and elevates tongue,
Styloglossus
aids initiat ion of swallowing
Intrinsic muscles of Curls tongue upward, retrudes
Superior longitudinal
the tongue (4) tongue
Curls tongue downward,
Inferior longitudinal Deep lingual a. ?
retrudes tongue
Transverse Narro ws and protrudes tongue
Vertical Flattens and broadens tongue
Chin (1) Elevates and wrinkles skin of Mandibular branch of
Mentalis
chin and protrudes lower lip facial nerve
Thyroarytenoid Relaxes vocal ligament
Posterior cricoarytenoid Abducts vocal folds
Lateral cricoarytenoid Adducts vocal folds
Adducts arytenoids cartilages
Arytenoids (5) Inferior laryngeal nerve
Transverse & oblique (adducting intercartilagenous
(terminal part of
arytenoids portion of vocal folds, closing
recurrent laryngeal
posterior rima glottides)
nerve, fro m CN X)
Relaxes posterior vocal
ligament while maintaining (o r
Vocalis
increasing) tension of anterior
part

MNEMONICS/STUDY TIPS

LAB 1: TRIANGLES & ROOT OF NECK

Mnemonic – Carotid sheath contents: I see 10 CCs in the IV
- I see = Internal Carotid artery
- 10 = CN X (vagus nerve) (posterior)
- CC = Co mmon Carotid artery (medial)
- IV = Internal Jugular Vein (lateral)
Relations of important nerves and vessels to the anterior scalene muscle
- Structures passing anterior to anterior scalene
o Vagus n.
o Phrenic n.
o Thyrocervical trunk branches
o Subclavian v.
- Structures passing posterior to anterior scalene
o Brach ial plexus
o Subclavian a.

LAB 2: FACE, SCALP, & PAROTID REGION

Mnemonic – Motor branches of the facial nerve (CN VII): To Zan zibar By Motor Car OR Two Zebras Bit My Coccy x
- Temporal
- Zygomat ic
- Buccal
- Marginal mandibular
- Cervical
Mnemonic – Scalp nerve supply: GLASS
- Greater occip ital/ Great auricu lar
- Lesser occipital
- Auricu lotemporal
- Supratrochlear
- Supraorbital
Scalp blood supply
- External carotid artery branches
o Occip ital
o Posterior auricu lar
o Superficial temporal
- Internal carotid artery branches
o Supraorbital

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 o Supratrochlear
Mnemonic – External carotid artery b ranches (in ascending order): Some Angry Lady Figured Out PMS
- Superior thyroid
- Ascending pharyngeal
- Lingual
- Facial
- Occipital
- Posterior auricular
- Maxillary
- Superficial temporal
Mnemonic – Scalp Layers: SCALP
- Skin
- Connective tissue
- Aponeurosis
- Loose areolar tissue
- Pericardiu m

LAB 3: CRANIAL CONTENTS, REFL ECTION OF HEAD, PHARYNX

Mnemonic – foramen ovale contents: OVALE
- Otic ganglion (just inferior)
- V3
- Accessory men ingeal artery
- Lesser petrosal nerve
- Emissary veins
Foramina in posterior cran ial fossa: all structures pass through temporal or occipital bones
- Internal auditory meatus – CN VII, VIII
- Jugular foramen – CN IX, X, XI, jugular vein
- Hypoglossal canal – CN XII
- Foramen magnum – spinal roots of CN XI, brain stem, vertebral arteries
Circle of W illis arteries supply:
- ACA (anterior cerebral a.) – med ial surface of brain, leg-foot area of motor and sensory cortices
- MCA (middle cerebral a.) – lateral aspect of brain, Broca’s and Wernicke’s speech areas
- Ant. Co mmunicating a. – most common Circle of W illis aneurysm, may cause visual field defects
- Post. Co mmunicating a. – co mmon area of aneurysm, may cause CN III palsy
Clin ical correlation – signs of stroke
- Stroke of anterior circle – general sensory and motor dysfunction, aphasia
- Stroke of posterior circle – vert igo, ataxia, v isual deficits, coma
Mnemonic – structures passing through cavernous sinus
- CN III, IV, V1 , and V2 pass through it (in that order fro m superior to inferior) attached to the lateral wall, while CN VI is
“free-floating” and not attached to the wall of the cavernous sinus
- The cavernous portion ot eh ICA is also here
Memonic – foramina through which CN V exits: div isions of the CN V exit owing to Standing Room Only
- Superior orbital fissure – V1
- Foramen Rotundum – V2
- Foramen Ovale – V3
Foramina in the middle cranial fossa – all structures pass through the sphenoid bone
- Optic canal – CN II, ophthalmic artery, central retinal vein
- Superior orb ital fissure – CN III, IV, V1 , VI, ophthalmic vein
- Foramen rotundum – CN V2
- Foramen ovale – CN V3
- Foramen spinosum – middle meningeal a.

LAB 4: B ISSECTION OF THE HEAD, PHARYNX & TEMPORAL REGION

Borders of the infratemporal fossa
- Lateral – ramus of the mandib le
- Anterior – posterior aspect of the maxilla
- Superior – inferior orbital fissure
- Medial – pterygopalatine fossa and the lateral pterygoid of the sphenoid bone
- Roof – greater wing of the sphenoid bone
Contents of the infratemporal fossa
- Mandibular nerve (V3 ) – transmitted through the foramen ovale
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 - Middle men ingeal vessels
- Sphenomandibular ligament, which attaches close to the spine of the sphenoid bone
- Medial and lateral pterygoid muscles
Muscles of mastication – all innervated by CN V3
- Lateral pterygoid
- Masseter
- Medial pterygoid
- Temporalis
Mnemonic – branches of the maxillary artery: MIDtown Mice Bite People’s Smelly Instep
- Middle meningela
- Inferior alveolar
- Deep temporal
- Masseteric
- Buccal
- Posterior superior alveolar
- Sphenopalatine (in the pterygopalatine fossa)
- Infra orbital (in the pterygopalatine fossa)
Do not confuse buccal branch of CN V and VII
- Buccal of V3 is sensory and GSA
- Buccal of VII is motor to the buccinator muscle and SVE
Schemat ic for ty mpanic nerve pathway
Tympanic nerve arises fro m CN IX and emerges with it fro m the jugular foramen

Tympanic nerve enters the middle ear v ia the tympanic canaliculus in the petrous part of the temporal bone

Tympanic nerve forms the tympanic plexus on pro montory of the middle ear

The lesser petrosal nerve arises as a branch of the tympanic plexus

Lesser petrosal nerve penetrates the roof of a tympanic cavity (teg men ty mpani) to enter middle cranial fossa

Lesser petrosal nerve exits the craniu m through the foramen ovale

Preganglionic parasympathetic (GVE) fi bers fro m the lesser petrosal nerve synapse in the otic ganglion

Postganglionic fi bers pass to the parotid gland via branches of the auriculotemporal nerve (branch of V3 )