Biomass Energy and Anaerobic Digestion

161
Alternatively; Energy (E) : It is given by
E 7b
Hm fm V MJ
Where H= Heat of combustion of methane; 56 MJ kg-l; 28 MJm at STP
Im Fraction of methane in the biogas
=
Volume of biogas (Vb) : It is given by
V =Cmo; m3
C Biogas per unit dry mass
of whole input; (0.2 to 0.4 m° kg)
mo Mass of dry input ; 2kg per day per cow
Volume of Fluid in the Digester (V):It is given by
mPm
where Pm Density of dry material in the fluid; 50 kgm
Volume of Digester (V): It is given by
VaVtim3
where V Flow rate of the digester; ma day-
;=Retention time; days
Example 7.1. Design a biogas plant for a farmer having 20 dairy animals. Assuring
dung production per animal in day is 11 kg,
a
per animal density of slurry 500 kgm3, 1 kg
cow dung produces 0.1m* of gas. ARS 1984]
Solution. Availability of dung per day =
No. of dairy animals
in a day
x
dung production per animal
20 x11 =
220 kg =
Total gas produced per day -220 x 0.1 = 22m*
Weight of slurryWt. of dung and Water
Daily charged vloume
Density of slurry Density of slurry
220+220 440 =
0.88 m
500 500
[Taking 1:1 proportion of dungand water)
Digester volum = Daily charged volume x Retention time
=
0.88 x 35 (assumed)
= 30.8 m3
Actui volume may be taken as 10 percent more for gas retention
i Actual volume of digesto = 33.88 m3
Suppose, shape of digester is cylinderical and the ratio the height (H) and diameter (D) is
unity.
Volume (V) -D?HH?.H-H
H3=33.88
4
u34
H3= 4K 33.88
X33. 88
H 4X33.88 (43.13)V3
(43.13)V3
 162
Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Resources and TTechno
and
H 3.5069 m = D
Volume of the gas to be retained by the gas holder (V1)
220 x 0.1
x Total gas produed per day
=-
=11
= 11 m3
m
V D.h
11xhx (3.507)
where A Height of holder, hel, 139 m.
44
h T.067m Ans.
TX (3.50712
Example 7.2. Design an appropriate size of biogas digester suitable for a family of
persons having 5 cows. The gas is required for cooking food. One kg of fresh dung produc
0.05 m of gas and cooking requirement is 0.24 ms per day per
person. Assume that o
cow produces 10 kg dung per day and the rentention time 20 days.
Solution. Availability of dung per day =
10 x 5 50 kg
Weight of slurry, W 50 + 50 100 kg
(Taking i :1 proportion of dung and water)
Density of slurry (P) 1000 kg ms =
Volume of daily charge = Weight ofslurry
Density of slurry
Digester Volume = Volume of daily charge x
Retention time .
=
0.1x 20 =2.0m3
Biogas potential for the dung available per day =
0.05 50
x
2.5m3
Gas requirement 0.24 6 =
1.44m3 x =
Hence, as per the requirement of gas and
design. availability of dung, a 2m3 digester will be appropa
Example 7.3. Calculate (1) The vol. of a biogas
cews and
(2) power available from the digester suitable for the outpuro
30°C, dry matter digester.
If the retention time is 20 days,
produces 2 kg/day biogas yield is 0.24 m /kg. temper
methane proportion is Efficiency of burner s
0.75, heat of combustion of
dry matter is 50
kg/m. methane is 28MJ/m3 at STP, densiy
Solution. Given that,
(i) Dry matter
consumed per day =2 kg
Dry matter available
per day 2 x 8 16 =
kg
Vol. of dry matter
Dry matter available per
=
day
Density of matter
V 0
0.32 m/day
 163
and Anaerobic Digestion
Biomass Energy
Vol. of biogas diester =
Vax retension time
0.32 x 20 6.40 m' Ans.
(i) Biogas produced per day =
Biogas yield x dry matter avaiiable per day
V =0.24x 16 ke " day
3.84 m/day
Power available from digester = n x Hn x Fm X Vb
0.6
Efficiency of burner =60%
=
Where.
Heat of combustion of methane 28 MJ/m3
H
Fn= Methane proportions 0.75
=
Power available from digester 0.6 x 0.28 0.75 3.84
x x =
= 48.384 MJ/day = 560 Watt Ans.
mesh
7.4. Design an appropriate size of community biogas plant for army
Example out amount
30 lamps of 100 candle power of 4 hours daily. Work
of 300 persons and using
of dung required if
community latrine.
(a) based on exclusively on cow dung (b) Connected with a
Solution. We know that,
=
0.127 m°l
Gas required for cooking purpose
=
0.227 m/day/person for lighting purpose
100 lamp candle power.
For cooking =0.227 x 300 68.1m3
=0.127 30 4 15.24m3
For lighting x x
Total gas requirement = 83.34m3 = 84 m/day
1 kg of dung produces = 0.05 m' of gas
84
= 1680 kg/day Ans.
84 dung requirement 0.05
(a) A cow produces 10 kg dung/day
No. of cow required
=
168 Ans.
6) A person produces 1 kg excreta/day
1680
No. of persons required 10
= 1680 Ans.
Example 7.5. Calculat () The volume of a biogas digester suitable for the output of 4
time is 20 days, temp, 30°C,
cows and (i) the power available from the digester. Retention
dry matter produces 2 kg/day cov biogas yield is 0.24m3 /kg, Burner eff. is 60%,
Methane
proportion is 0.8. Heat of combustion of methane may be assumed to be 28 MJ/ms at STP.
(Assume Pmatter = 50kg/m°)
Solution. (i) Given that,
Dry Matter consume per day =2 kg
Dry matter available per day =2 x 4 8 kg
 164 Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Resources and
and Technology
Vol. of dry matter _Dry
= matter available per day
Density of matter
Vd 8 = 0.16 m/day
50
Vol. of biogas digester = Vax retention time
=0.16 x 20 3.2 m3
(i) Bio gas produced per day biogas yield
=
x
dry matter available per day
V 0.24 x 8 1.92 m3 day-l
Given that
7 .6 60%
Hm 28 MJ/m3
Fm =0.8
Power available from
digester ==7 Hm FmV
=
0.6 x 28 x 0.8 x
1.32 25.8
Example 7.6. Design an MJ/day =299 watt Ans,
owing two bullocks, one buffaloJnpropriate size of
and two calves.
a biogas plant for a
family of 8 members
The is
lighting one lamp of 100 candle
power for 2 h.
gas required for cooking food
and
kg m'] daily. [Assumed density of slurry (p) =
1090
Solution.
Bullock dung 2 x
12 24 kg
Buffalo dung =
1 x 15 15 kg
=
Calves dung =
2 x 5 =10
Total dung
kg
=
49 kg/day
We know that
1
kg of dung produces 0.05m3
Total gas
produced 49 05
=
m3/day x
1 day cooking requires 0.227m3/ person
=
2.45 m/day =
For lighting purposes 0.127 m'/h =
Gas required for
Gas required for cooking =0.227 8 1.816 m3 x
Total gas
lighting 0.127 2 0 254 m3
=
x
required 2.07 m3
Wt. of
Density of slurry =
1090
total charge -49 +49
kg/m3
98 =
Vol of total kg/day
charge (daily) 1090 98
Dieester volume. Vol.
of daily charge
=109000899m"
0.08993
Retension time x
10% extra is =0.0899 20
taken for 1.798m3
x
digester vol.
digester vol. 1.1
=
x
1.798 1.9778
=
xDxh =2 2m3
D dia
of digester, h =
height of digester, D= .0
Biomass Energy and Anaerobic Digestion 165
or
x (6h xh-2
4
or, h3 2xx 7.073
or h = 1.920 m
~2m Ans.
D
0 . 6 h = 0.6 x 2 = 1.2m Ans.
Example7.8. Farmer wishes to construet a
5m capacity
biogas to with plant
digester. The depth of the digester below the ground level is restricted
a
5m. Assume tnar cylindrica
1.0kg of
dung produces o.04 m of gas per day and that the bulk
cow
density of wet cow
dung is 1200kg m.If equal amount of wate on volume basis is added to the dung for
slurry preparation and the retention period is taken as 40 days, the diameter of the
tank will be. (a) 024m (b) 1.08 m (¢) 1.52 m (d) 2.31. digester
Solution. According to question
0.04 m' of gas per day from 1 kg cow dung,
m of ges per day from kg cow 1 kg cow dung
dunga
0.04
. Sm3 of gas per day from 0.04 =
125 kg cow dung
Pdung water 12001000 = 1100 kgms
Pslurry 2
Volume of digester = Total mass (W)X
Bulk density
retention period
V 2x 122x 40
1100.
Again V =dh =X4dh
4
16 X51.52 m
Hence Ans is (c).
di1xT
Example 7.9. A farmer wishes to construct a biogas plant having 10 catte and 5
buffaloes. Average biogas consumption per day per person is 0.5m>. Production rate of gas
is 0.04 m/kg of dung, it density of slurry is 1100 kg/m>, assume other necessary data for
the design
of digestor.
Solution. Dung produced per catte per day =15 kg
Dung produced by 10 cattle per day
=
15 x 10 150 kg
Dung produced per buffalo per day 20 kg
5 buffaloes per day 20 x 5 =
100 kg
Dung produced by
Therefore, total dung produced per day (150 + 100) kg 250 kg
As per question,
: 1 kg of dung produces 0.04 m of gas
 Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Resources and Technol.
166
Total gas produced=250 x 0.04 10 m
nnology
Density of wet dung= 1100 kg/m3
Weight of total charge
=
(250 + 250) 500 kg
Volume of total charge 5000.45m°
1100
Volume of daily charge x Retention time
Digester volume
=
= 0.45 x 35 15.75 m3
*h
Let. diameter of digester be "D' and height be
D 0.6 h
0.36
V D 2 h = x (0.6 h2 x h = h3
4
0.36x 3.14
15.75 x h3
4
15.75x 4
= 55.73
0.36x 3.14
h 55.73 3.81 m
D 0.6 x 3.81 = 2.29 m
Height of digester, H =
0.4 D =
0.4 x 2.29 =
0.916 m
0.2 D =0.2 x 2.29 =
0.458 m
Height of gas collection Hg
=
0.125 D =0.125 x 2.29 =
0.286 m
Height of bottom hemisphere H,
=
D
Radius of digester, r = -
2.29 1.14 m -
Radius oftop hemisphere
R 2Hg 28 _(114)
2x 045
04
2
-
1.669 m
Radius of bottom hemisphere
R24+ (1.14) +0.28
R22H 1.29
2x 0.28
+0.14= 2.44 m
0.56
Example 7.10. A farmer wishes to construct a biogas plant having 20 cattle and
buffaloes. Average biogas consumption per day per person is 0.45 m. Production rate o
gas is 0.045 m°/kg from wet dung. If the density of wet dung is 1200 kg/m3. Assume duu
produce by one cattle is 12 kg, dung produce by 1 buffalo 18 kg and Retaintion tim
45 days. Assume h/D ratio for digestor is 1.2 and h/D ratio is 1 : 1 for gas holder.
Solution. Total dung produced
=
(20 x 12 +6 x 18) =
348 kg
1 kg dung produce 0.45 m gas
Hence 348 kg dung produce 348 x 0.045
15.66m3
Let density of pure water 1000
=
kg/m3
Siomass Energy and Anaerobic Digestion 167
Let dung: water
= 1:1
1x 1000 + 1x 1200
Pmix Pslurry mP tm2P2 2
=
1 100 kg/m3
mi m
Now, volume of slurry fed into digestor = 2x348 x 45 28.472 m3
1100
Actual volume of digestor 1.1 x 28.472 31.3192 m3
Now, ratio of h to d of digestor is 1.2
1.2
h = 1.2 d
td h 31.3192
4
(1.2 d) =31.3192
1.2 d =31.3192
d3=
3 1 9 2 33.247
or
0.942
Or d 3.215 m
h 1.2 x 3.215 = 3.858 m Ans.
Design of gas holder required
X volume of gas required
x 15.66 = 7.83 m3
For gas holder ratio ofh to d is I :1|
xh = 7.83
4
7.83
4
T d = 7.83 x 4
or
7.83x
or d =
3.14
d 2.15 m =h Ans.
each person is
Example 7.11. Construct a biogas plant for 35 if gas requirement for
and for other operations m°/day person. Calculate
0.145
m day
) height of gas collection
(i) height of gas digestor
(ii) height of bottom hemisphere
(iv) Volume of gas collection
 Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Resources and To
168
(v) Volume of digestor
chnoe
(vi) Volume of bottom hemisphere
ifthe ratio of height to dia ratio for digestor is 1: 1.
Solution. Gas requirement for 35 persons per day = 0.45 x 35 m3 = 15.75 m3
Volume for other operations/day = 0.145 x 35 = 5.075 m3
Total volume of gas 20.825 m°
D = 1.30809579 vl/3
Now.
=
1.30809579 x (20.825)!/3 =
3.598 m
V 0.66149 3
0.66149 D)
8
Vg0.66149x.598)°
8
=3.85 m3
V 0.4006773 =0.400677
8
or 0.400677 x (3.598= 2.3328 m*
8
3.598)3
V 2.512 8
2.512 x = 14.625 m*
Ha - 0.4 D = 0.4 x 3.598 = 1.4392 mn
H 0 . 2 D = 0.2 x 3.598 0.7196 m
H = 0.125 D = 0.125 x 3.598 = 0.44975 m Ans.
Example 7.12. A farmer has double reflecting type solar cooker with aperature are
2m. The value ofP1, P2 and y are 0.7, 0.75 and 0.85 respectiveBy Assume () availability
solar radiation is 275 days in a
year (i) average intensity of solar radiation is 650 Wm
Calcualte the no. of cylinder of LPG saved in a
year if 1 LPG cylnder contains 14.2 kg of
and burning eficiency of LPG stone is 0.65. The calorific value of LPG is 10800 kcaVkgL
Soiution. Instantaneous Power, P I AcP1 P2 Y
650 x 2 x 0.7 x 0.75 x 0.85
580.125 W =0.58 kW
Energy saved by cooker 0.58 x 275x 7
= 116.5 kWh
Heat energy
generated by LPG is given by
E
mC, '7 =
14.2 x 10800x 0.65
= 99684 k cal. = 99684
860 kWh 115.9 kWh
=
1 kWh = 860 kca
No. of cylinder= 1116.5 =
9.6 = 10 Ans.
115.9
 Digestion
Anaerobic and
and persons,
Biomass
Eneroy PROBLEMS
house of250 o f dung
for Army amount
biogas plant
and
out
work
hrs. daily,
community
size of for 5
apropriate
an power
Design candle
7.1. of 100
30 lamps
using
required if.
on cow dung
exclusively
on latrine
(a) base with a
community
day
per persons
kg of dung
connected
1684
(6) 10
Cow produces
cows,
168
Assume.
0.045 m' of gas [Ans.
produces
of dung day.
1 kg
proudcs kg
excreta
per and
of 4
cows
30°C,
A person the output temperature
s u i t a b l e for days,
time is 35 burneris
E f f i c i e n c y of
7.2. Calculate
digester
v o l u m e of
viogas retention
The If the m/kg. M J / m ° at
() the digester. is 0.25 27.5
from is
biogas yield methane watt]
combustionof
available
kg perday;
Power 356.48
(ii) obtained 2 heat of 5.6 m3 (i)
dry
matter
proportion
70%;
is [Ans. () twobullocks.
methane owing
80% and is 50 kg/m'. lamp o f
members
8
family of
matter one
of dry lighting
plant for
a
STP, density biogas food and
size ofa for cooking
appropriate required
an The gas is
7.3. Design and two
calves.
buffalow
one
for 4 h. daily.
2 m] =
digester
100
candle power
1090 kg/m3. Height of
per day
=
1.2 m; =
density slurryof of digester produced
A s s u m e dung
Diameter
Assume
[Ans. animals. is 0.595m]
25 dairy of h o l d e r
f a r m e r having [Ans. Height digester.
plant for
a
0.05 m3 of gas. cylindrical
a biogas with a
7.4. Design dung produces plant (BGP) 1 kg of
cow
and 1 kg Biogas A s s u m e that
is 500 kg : a 10
m3 capacity r e s t r i c t e d to
5m.
is 1050 kg/
level is c o w dung
construct
w a n t s to
farmer ground of wet
7.5. A b e l o w the of density preparation
and that slurry
the dung for
digester
depth of day 2.162 m]
The m3
0.045 ofgas per basis is added to
[Ans.
dung
produces
of w a t e r
on
volume
the diameterof
thedigester. biogas
The size of
days. Calculate
amount
m3.If equal 45 cattlehe owns.
the herd of
as
retention is taken from
and the every day
60 kg ofdung this dung is 9.0 m3 [Ans. (6)}
1.6. A
farmer gets constructed
utilizing (d)
be (c) 5.4 m°
should
plant that (6) 2.4 m3
(a) 0.6 m3 of 10
cows.
s u i t a b l e for
the ouptut 30°C dry
7.7. Determine: days,
temperature
biogas
digester time is 40 burner is 50%,
Volume of the of
retension
if efficiency
i) from the
digester,
is 0.25 mkg, density of
at STP,
Biogas yield
available
(i) Power kg/day/cow. of CH4 is
28 MJ/m3 42 MJ]
2 combustion
17.6 m3 (ii)
matter produces heat of [Ans. ()
proportion
is 60%, the and (ii)
the output ofsix
cows
Methane
is 50 kg/ms, s u i t a b l e for dry matter
dry
matter
biogas digester temp, 30°C;
volume ofa
retention
is 14 days ;
time 0.6 methane
7.8. Calculate (i) the digester.
The burner
efficiency,
from the 0.25 m3 kg-l;
poweravailable cow, biogas yield
production 2.5 kg d* 50 kg m-3, m3 (ii) 11.76 kW hd-l]
drymatter, 4.2
0.7; density of [Ans. (i)
proportion,
 Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Resources and Te
170
7.9. A farmer wishes to construct a biogas plant having 10 cattle and 5 buffalo aver:
consumption per day per person is 0.5 m°. Production rate of gas is 0.04 m/ koe verage bioga
nnolog
density ofwet dung is 1100 kg/m3 kg of dung\
[Assume. One cattle and buffalo produces 10 kg and 15 kg dung
period 40 days and find out the dimension of digestor.] respectively. RetReteention
[Ans. V= 14.66 m, H D= 2.65
He
=
m, = 1.645 m. Hn=
1.n
7.10. Determination of volume of digester
biogas plant for army mass, 250
and holder.
and
Design an
appropriate size of communia :1},|
5 hrs. daily.
persons lighting 30 lamps of 100 candle power s
[Ans. Volume of digester 49.76 =
m°, Volume of holder
7.2. Calculate the volume of =
14.84 m
biogas digester suitable for the output of 2
cUWs and
power available from digestr. buffaloes, 4 oxen and
[Ans. Volume of digester =
7.27 m' (= 8m*) ; Power =
60.48 M
7.1. Define biomass
SUBJ]ECTIVE QUESTIONS
with suitable
7.2. What are the main
examples.
7.3. What is the
advantages and disadvantages of biomass energy ?
7.4. What
biogas technology Draw a flow chart of
are the
advantages of using animal
biogas production.
7.5. Write down the dung for
making biogas
7.6. How does composition of biogas and its
?
7.7.
a biogas plant solve the
fuel well as
advantages.
What as
7.8.
are
What is meant
the differences between
biomass and
environmental problem?
by biogas ?
biodigestion ? Explainanaerobic
7.9. What briefly.
digestion ? What are the
factors
are the ? Which factors affect
7.10. Name the advantages and
disadvantages of
various model of floating drum plant ?
7.11.
Explain the biogas plant.
7.12. constructional
Enlist the main detail and
7.13. What do you applications of biogas.
working KVIC
digester.
mean by
7.14. Enlist the energy
7.15. materials used for
plantation ? What are its
What are the biogas generation and advantages
7.16. What are the factors, which affect the disadvantagesi
operational size
of the
a parameters of biogas biogas plants ?
7.1. Main MULTIPLE
constituent of biogas is CHOICE
plant with respect to
biomass?
7.2.
(a) methane
Increasing the (b) hydrogen QUESTIONS
(a) decreases pressure inside (c)
the a
biogas carbondioxide
(c) effect
no
on
gas
production plant. (d) carbon
carbon monoxide
monoxide
production increases (b)
the
(d) none of these gas production