Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy Laboratory

Centro Escolar University | BS Pharmacy – 1st Semester, A.Y. 2022-2023 | MJGM

The Leaf  Leaf Shapes

Essential functions of the leaf: 1. Linear
1. Photosynthesis  Narrow and long with
2. Transpiration approximately parallel sides
3. Guttation 2. Oblong
4. Storage  Longer than broad with nearly
5. Defense parallel sides and with a rounded
base and apex
 External Structure of a Leaf 3. Lanceolate
 Widest below and tapers toward
Two main parts of the leaves: both ends
4. Oblanceolate
Blade Petiole  Reverse of lanceolate, broadest
 Also known  think stalk that above middle and tapering
as Lamina attaches the downward
 broad leaf to a stem 5. Cuneate
proportion of  Wedge-shaped, broad at the tip
the leaf and tapering by nearly straight
 consist of lines to an acute angle at the base
apex, margin, 6. Spatulate
vein, midrib,  Broadly rounded above and long
and base and narrow below
Stipules – leaf-like structure at the leaf base. 7. Ovate
(Some plants have a third part)  Broadest part below the middle;
more or less narrow, narrowed
toward the tip; egg-shaped
8. Obovate
 The broader part above the middle;
the reverse of ovate
9. Elliptical
 Broadest at the middle tapering
more or less equally to the base
and apex
10. Rhomboid
 Diamond-shaped, with equal sides
but unequal angles
11. Deltoid
 Triangular
12. Orbicular
 More or less circular in outline; flat
 Types of Leaves 13. Reniform
 Kidney-shaped
1. Simple Leaves
 Consist of a single blade 14. Cordate
 Heart-shaped
2. Compound Leaves
 Have a blade separated into two or
more parts on a common petiole
a. Palmately Compound
- attached directly to the end of
the petiole
b. Pinnately Compound
- arranged on the sides of the
main leaf stalk
Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy Laboratory
Centro Escolar University | BS Pharmacy – 1st Semester, A.Y. 2022-2023 | MJGM

 Leaf Bases
1. Cuneate
 Wedge-shaped, tapering evenly to
a narrow point
2. Cordate
 Heart-shaped
3. Oblique
 Slanting, unequal-side
 Leaf Margins 4. Acuminate
1. Entire  Prolonged apex tapering to a long,
 Even line, without teeth, notches, narrow point
or lobes 5. Acute
2. Serrate  Forming an acute angle of less
 Cut into sharp, saw-like teeth than 90 degrees
pointing forward 6. Obtuse
3. Undulate  Blunt; the sides forming an angle
 Margin of the leaf forms a wavy of more than 90 degrees
line, bending slightly inward and 7. Rounded
outward in succession  Forming an arc
4. Sinuate 8. Truncate
 Like undulate, margin is very wavy  Abruptly cut off transversely at the
(sinuous) base
5. Crenate 9. Sagittate
 Teeth are short and rounded; also  Arrow-shaped, the auricles turned
called scalloped inwards
6. Crenulate 10. Hastate
 Very finely notched with rounded  Halberd-shaped; lobes at base
projections pointed and narrow and nearly at
7. Dentate the right angles to the petiole
 Teeth point outward 11. Auriculate
8. Denticulate  Small pair of projections, or ears,
 Leaf having a finely toothed margin usually at the base
9. Doubly crenate
 Coarsely crenate, the teeth
margins again crenated
10. Doubly serrate
 Coarsely serrate, the teeth margins
again serrated
11. Doubly dentate
 Coarsely dentate, the teeth
margins again dentated
12. Lobed
 Incisions do not extend deeper
than halfway between the margin
and the center of the blade and are  Leaf Apex
rounded
1. Mucronate
 Abruptly tipped with a small, short
point; like a mere projection of the
midrib
2. Cuspidate
 Tipped with an elongated sharp or
rigid point
3. Retuse
 With a rounded sinus at the tip
Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy Laboratory
Centro Escolar University | BS Pharmacy – 1st Semester, A.Y. 2022-2023 | MJGM

4. Emarginate
 Indented or notched
5. Truncate
 A square end that looks cut off
6. Acuminate
 Prolonged into a narrow or
tapering point
7. Acute
 Ending in an acute angle, but not a
prolonged point
8. Obtuse
 Blunt or rounded apex

9. Rounded  Arrangement of Leaves

 Broad and semi-circular in outline 1. Alternate
(Shipunou, 2018 pp. 77-89)  Only one leaf per node, it is
placed alternate on each side
of the stem in a flat plane
2. Opposite
 Two leaves arise at the same
point, with the leaves
connecting opposite each other
along the branch
3. Spiral
 One leaf per node, but it is
arranged in a spiral along the
stem
 Leaf Venation 4. Whorled
1. Parallel or Closed  Three or more leaves
 Characteristics of the connected at a node
monocotyledons. (Shipunou, 2018 pp. 77-89)
 Veins running nearly parallel to
each other from base to apex
 connected by transverse veinlets
2. Netted or Open
 Characteristics of the dicotyledons.
 Veins anastomosing some of the
which are running out and end
blindly in the leaf tissue
a. Palmately veined Plant Samples (Monocot Leaves)
 When three or more secondary
veins branch radially from the
Common Name Scientific Name
base of the leaf
b. Pinnately veined Banana Musa paradisiaca
 When the secondary veins Corn Zea mays
branch off at intervals from a Coconut Cocos nucifera
prominent midrib Onion Allium cepa L.
c. Arcuate type Cogon Imperata cylindrical L.
 When the secondary veins Palay Oryza sativa
curve and run almost parallel to Pandan Pandanus odoratissimus L.
the leaf margin for some Anahaw Livistona rotundifolia
distance Buntot-tigre Sansevieria zeylanica L.
(Shipunou, 2018 pp. 77-89) Tanglad Andropogon citratus D.C.
Camia Hedychium coronarium
Koen
Corazon de maria Caldium bicolor
Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy Laboratory
Centro Escolar University | BS Pharmacy – 1st Semester, A.Y. 2022-2023 | MJGM

Plant Samples (Dicot Leaves)

Stamen Pistil
Common Name Scientific Name  Male  Female
Papaya Carica papaya L. reproductive reproductive
Tamarind Tamarindus indica L. part part
Guava Psidium guajava L.  Made up of  Made up of
Malunggay Moringa oleifera the filament the ovary,
Santan Ixora coccinea and an style, and
Calamansi Citrus microcarpa anther, stigma.
Ipil-ipil Leucaena leucocephala which
Gumamela Hibiscus rosasinensis L. produces
Calachuchi Plumeria acutifolia pollen.
Camias Averrhoa bilimbi L.
Lettuce Lactuca sativa L.
Saluyot Corchorus olitorius Classification of Flowers
A. Based on the presence of accessory
parts
The Flowers 1. Complete
 Is the reproductive part of a plant.  possess all four whorls.
 To produce seeds through the union of 2. Incomplete
male sperm with female ovum.  do not possess any one or more of
the four whorls.
B. Based on the presence of essential
Pollination parts
 A process when a pollen grains from 1. Perfect
the flower anther are transferred to the  with both male and female
stigma. reproductive organs.
 Fertilization – a process of fusion of 2. Imperfect
the pollen grains with the ovum to form  with only one reproductive organ,
the zygote. either male or female.
➔ Pistillate - only the pistil is present.
 ACCESSORY PARTS ➔ Staminate - only the stamen is
present.
 Known as Vegetative Whorl. 3. Monoecious
 Does not involve in the reproduction  with male and female flowers in
 Receptacle separate structures on the same
 Sepals plant.
 Petals 4. Dioecious
 with male and female flowers on
different plants.
5. Polygamous
 with male and female in the same
flower on the same plant.
C. Based on the location of the
ovary
1. Hypogynous
 with superior ovary.
2. Perigynous
 with a half-inferior ovary.
3. Epigynous
 with an inferior ovary.

 ESSENTIAL PARTS
Pharmaceutical Botany with Taxonomy Laboratory
Centro Escolar University | BS Pharmacy – 1st Semester, A.Y. 2022-2023 | MJGM

7. Solitary (or single)

 one flower per stem.
8. Spadix
 showy part is a bract or spathe,
partially surrounding the male and
female flowers inside.
9. Spike
 flowers attached to the main stem,
without stem lets, bottom florets
D. Based on the symmetry open first.
1. Regular 10. Umbel
 wheel-like form or radially  forets with stem lets attached to
symmetric flower. the main stem at one central point,
2. Irregular forming a flat or rounded top.
 form which can be divided into two (Bidlack and Jansky, 2018, pp. 128-130)
equal halves.
Other Informations
Peduncle: The stalk of a flower. 
Receptacle: The part of a flower stalk
where the parts of the flower are
attached. 
Sepal: The outer parts of the flower
(often green and leaf-like) that
enclose a developing bud. 
CLASSIFICATION OF FLOWERS Petal: The parts of a flower that are
1. Catkin often conspicuously colored. 
 spike with only pistillate or
staminate flowers.
Stamen: The pollen producing part of
2. Composite or Head a flower, usually with a slender
 daisy-type flower composed of ray filament supporting the anther. 
flowers around the edge and disc Anther: The part of the stamen where
flowers that develop into seeds in pollen is produced. 
the center of the flat head.
3. Corymb Pistil: The ovule producing part of a
 stem lets arranged along the main flower. The ovary often supports a
stem. long style, topped by a stigma. The
 Outer florets have longer pedicals mature ovary is a fruit, and the mature
than inner florets giving the display
a flat top. ovule is a seed. 
4. Cyme Stigma: The part of the pistil where
 determinate, flat, or convex flower, pollen germinates. 
with inner floret opening first. Ovary: The enlarged basal portion of
5. Panicle
 indeterminate flower withrepeated
the pistil where ovules are produced.
branching.
 It can be made up of racemes.
spikes,corymbs, or umbels.
6. Raceme
 modification of a spike with flowers
attached to the main stem by
stemlets.