Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th

Q1 : what is dynamics?

Dynamics:

Definition :

(1). The branch of mechanics that deal with the study of motion of an object and
cause of its motion is called dynamic.

( Or)

(2). It is defined as “the branch of mechanics that deal with the study of motion
of an object with the cause of motion is called dynamics.”

(or)

(3).“the branch of physics which deals with the study of motion by analyzing
the cause of motion is called dynamics.”

Q2: what is force? Distinguish between contact and non- contact forces?

Force:

Force is a push or pulls which;

Producers of tends to produce motion in a body.

Stops or tends to stops motion of a body.
Changes the speed and direction of a moving body.

Quantity and symbol:

Force is a vector quantity and is denoted by 𝐹⃗

Mathematical form:

Force = mass × acceleration

Symbolically : 𝐹⃗ = 𝑚𝑎⃗

= Kg × m/s-2 = Newton = N

SI unit : The SI unit of force is newton denoted by “N” or Kg m/s2

One Newton: The force which can produce an acceleration of 1m/s2 in a body
of mass 1Kg is called 1 newton or 1N

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
Contact force :

Definition :

A force applied to a body by another body that is in contact with it is

called contact force.
OR
A force exerted by a body on another body when one body come in
contact with another body is called contact force.
Examples : examples of contact forces are;
Frictional force
Tension force
Normal force
Elastic force air resistance etc.

Non contact force:

A force which acts on an object without coming physically in contact
with it is called non contact force.
Examples: the most familiar example of non contact force is gravity.
The other examples of non contact force are as follows.
Gravitational force
Electrostatic force
Magnetic force
Nuclear force

Q3:. Define Inertia and write the factors on which it depends?

Inertia :

The property of a body due to which it resists any change in the state of rest (or)
uniform motion is called inertia.

(OR)

The resistance of any. physical object to any change in its position 'and state of
motion is called inertia.

Explanation:

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
Galileo observed that it is easy to, move (or) to stop light objects than heavier
ones. The mass of an object is the quantitative measure of inertia. The larger the
mass the greater is inertia.

For instance a net force that is just enough to move a car will cause. only a
small change in motion of a truck. In comparison to the car the truck has a much
greater tendency to remain at rest. Therefore we say that the truck has more inertia
than a car.

Newton concluded that everybody resists change in its state of rest (or) uniform
motion in straight line.

Experiment (1):

Take a glass and cover it with a piece of cardboard. Place a coin on the
cardboard as shown in figure. Kick the cardboard horizontally with the jerk of
your figure, The coin does not move with the cardboard due to inertia and fall
into the glass downward.

Experiment (II):

Cut a strip of paper. Place it on a table. Stack a few coins at its one end. Pull out
6e paper strip under the coins with a jerk. The strip is pulled out but all of coins
remain stacked due to inertia.

unit of inertia is kilogram (Kg)

Q 4: State and explain Newton's first law of motion? Explain with examples?

Ans: Newton's first law of motion:

Introduction:

This law was presented by an English physicist, Sir Isaac newton (1642-1727).
This law describes the behavior of bodies in the absence of an external force.

Statement:

1. "A body continues its state of rest (or) uniform motion in a straight line
provided no net force acts on it".

(OR)

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
2. "In the absence of an external force a body at rest will be at rest and a

body in motion will continue its motion with uniform velocity".

(OR)

3. "II the net external force acting on an object is zero the object will
maintain its state of rest or uniform motion (constant velocity)

In other words, if there is no net force acting on an object, its velocity will not
change. if it is at rest it will remain at rest. If it is moving, it will continue to
move with constant velocity (Zero acceleration).

Mathematically :

Fnet = 0
m 𝑎⃗ = 0

𝑎⃗= 0

Newton's 1 st law shows that a state of rest (Zero velocity) and a state of
constant velocity are equivalent because both of them does not require a net
force to sustain it.

Examples:

A book lying on a table' remains at rest as long as no net force acts on it.
A Chair lying in a room will remain stationary unless someone moves it
by applying a net force.
A ball hilted by a batsman will move forever with uniform velocity if
there is no friction and air resistance.

Law of inertia:

Since Newton's first law of motion deal with the inertial property of matter.
Therefore the newton's first law of motion is also known as law of inertia.

Q 5: State and explain Newton's 2nd law of motion?

Ans: Newton's second law of motion:

Introduction:

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
Newton's 2nd law of motion deals with situation when a net fore (resultant force)
acts on a body. In fact, it tells us the relationship between net force mass and
acceleration

Statement:

"A net force (unbalanced force)" applied on the body produces on acceleration
“a” in the body. This acceleration is directly proportional to the magnitude of
the net force and inversely proportional to the mass of the body. The
acceleration is in the same direction as that of net force.

Mathematical form:

𝑎⃗∝𝐹⃗ (1)
1
and 𝑎⃗ ∝ (2)
𝑚

By combining eq (1) and eq (2) we get

𝐹⃗
𝑎⃗ ∝ …………………………(3)
𝑚

𝐹⃗
𝑎⃗ = constant × ………………….(4)
𝑚

= cons = K ……………….(5)

Put equation 5 in 4
𝐹⃗
𝑎⃗ = K × (value of K = 1)
𝑚

𝐹⃗
𝑎⃗ = 1 ×
𝑚

𝐹⃗
𝑎⃗ =
𝑚

Multiplying both sides by m

𝐹⃗
m × 𝑎⃗ = m ×
𝑚

m 𝑎⃗ = 𝐹⃗ or 𝐹⃗ = m 𝑎⃗

Where "K" is constant of proportionality. In SI units, the value of "K" is "1"

putting K=1 in eq (3) we have;

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
𝑎⃗ =𝐹⃗ /𝑚

𝐹⃗ = 𝑚𝑎⃗

Which is the mathematical form of Newton's 2nd law of motion.

Conclusion:

The mathematical form of Newton's 2nd law of motion shows that;

A net force 𝐹⃗ net on a body will produce an acceleration "𝑎⃗ "

Doubling the net force "𝐹⃗ net " on a body will double the acceleration

With the same net force 𝐹⃗ net = const) the acceleration 𝑎⃗ becomes half when mass
"m" becomes double.

Q6: Differentiate between mass and weight?

Difference between mass and weight:

Mass:

• Mass of the body is the quantity of matter possessed by body.

OR
The quantity of matter containing in a body is called mass.
• It is a scalar quantity
• It is measured by beam balance.
• SI unit of mass is kilogram(kg)
• It is represented by m
• Its value can never be zero
• Mass has no direction
• It is a fundamental base quantity
• It remains same/constant everywhere (Beam Balance)
𝐹
• It is calculated by using following formula m=
𝑎

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
Weitht:

• The weight of a body is equal to the force with which the earth attracts
it.
• It is a vector quantity.
• Weight is measured by spring balance
• SI unit of weight is newton (N)
• It is represented by W
• It may become zero
• Its direction is towards the center of earth.
• It is a derived quantity (spring balance)
• It can’t be same /constant everywhere. it changes with the change in
altitude.
• It is calculated by using following formula 𝑤 ⃗⃗⃗ =m𝑔⃗

Q 7. State and explain Newton's third law of motion? Give examples

Newton's third law of motion:

Introduction:

Forces in nature always occur in pairs which are equal and .apposite; they are
known as action and reaction. Sir Isaac Newton has expressed action and
reaction in his 3rd law of motion

Statement:

(1). “when one object exerts a force on a second object the second object exerts
a force of the some magnitude and opposite direction on the first object”

(2). "To every action there is always an equal but opposite 'reaction".

Mathematically: 𝐹⃗ ab = −𝐹⃗ ab

Here the negative sign shows that force " 𝐹⃗ ab is opposite to force 𝐹⃗ ab

Explanation:

Newton's third law of motion deals with the reaction of a body when force acts
on it. Let a body "A" exerts a force on another body "B". The body "B' reacts

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
against this force and exerts a force on body "A". The force exerted by body "B"
on "A" is called the reaction force.

According to this law action is always accompanied by a reaction force and the
two forces must always be equal and opposite. Action reaction cannot neutralize
each other because they act on different bodies (action on one body and reaction on
another body).

Example (1):

Consider a book lying on a table as shown in figure.

The weight of the book is acting on the table in the downward direction. This is an
action. The reaction of the table acts on the book in upward direction

Example No (2):

When a football is kicked, the foot exerts the force on the football and as a
reaction to that a football exerts an equal and opposite force on the foot.

Example (3):

A rocket moves on the principle of action and. reaction. When its fuel burns hot
gases escape out from its tail with a very NO speed. The reaction of these gases
on the rocket causes it to move opposite to these rushing out of its tail.

Note: Action and reaction cannot neutralize each other because they act on
different bodies (action on one body and reaction another body)

Q 8: Define momentum. Relate force to change in momentum?

-
Ans: Momentum:

`The quantity of motion contain in an object is called linear momentum"

(OR)

`The product of mass and velocity of an object is called linear momentum"

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
Mathematical Form;

𝑃⃗⃗ = m𝑣⃗

Quantity:

Linear momentum is a vector quantity that points in the same direction as that
velocity.

SI Unit: SI unit of linear momentum is kilogram-meter per second (kg m/s) or

newton –second (Ns).

Force and momentum or newton second law in terms of momentum :

The time rate of change of momentum of a body must be equal to the net force
acting on it.
∆𝑝⃗
Mathematically: 𝐹⃗ =
∆𝑡

Example : when a force (𝐹⃗ ) produce acceleration (𝑎⃗) in a body of mass (m) then
by newton second law of motion it is written as 𝐹⃗ = 𝑚𝑎⃗ … … … . ( 1 )

The acceleration produces changes the velocity of the body from (Vf) to (Vi)
𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖
during time interval (∆𝑡) then 𝑎⃗ = …………..(2)
∆𝑡

Put eq 2 in eq 1
𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖
𝐹⃗ = 𝑚( )
∆𝑡

Multiplying m
𝑚𝑉𝑓 − 𝑚𝑉𝑖
𝐹⃗ =
∆𝑡

But 𝑃𝑓 = m⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉𝑓 and 𝑃𝑖 = m⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉𝑖 so

𝑃⃗⃗𝑓 − 𝑃⃗⃗𝑖
𝐹⃗ =
∆𝑡

Since ∆𝑝 = 𝑃⃗⃗𝑓 − 𝑃⃗⃗𝑖

∆𝑝⃗
𝐹⃗ = Since
∆𝑡

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th

Thus for sudden chant in momentum force is large and vice versa
Vi Vf
𝐹 𝑃𝑖 − 𝑃𝑓
→ m m
∆𝑡

∆𝑡

Q9: Define isolated system explain the law of conservation of momentum?

Isolated system:

Definition :

A system in which two or more interaction bodies exert force on each other but
there is no external force acts upon them is called isolated system.

Or

An isolated system is a group of interaction bodies on which no external force is

action.

Law of conservation of momentum:

Statement: in the absence of an external force (isolated system) the final

momentum p of the system must be equal to initial momentum (or)

If no net external force acts on a system of particles the total momentum of the
system cannot change.

Explanation:
∆𝑝
As F =
∆𝑡

For an isolated system there is no net force acting F = 0

Therefore newton’s second law in terms of momentum can be written as

∆𝑝⃗
0=
∆𝑡

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
But ∆𝑝⃗ = 𝑃⃗⃗𝑓 − 𝑃⃗⃗𝑖

𝑃⃗⃗𝑓 − 𝑃⃗⃗𝑖
0=
∆𝑡

Multiplying both sides by ∆𝑡

𝑃⃗⃗𝑓 − 𝑃⃗⃗𝑖
∆𝑡 x 0 = x ∆𝑡
∆𝑡

O = 𝑃⃗⃗𝑓 − 𝑃⃗⃗𝑖

𝑃⃗⃗𝑖 = 𝑃⃗⃗𝑓 proved

All collision and explosion obey law of conservation of momentum in an

isolated system.

Consider a system consisting two object A and B of masses m1 and m2 moving

with velocities u1 and u2 respectively.

After collision their velocities changes to v1 and v2

The total momentum of the system before collision is

𝑃⃗⃗𝑖 = 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 ……………..(1)

The total momentum of the system after collision is

𝑃⃗⃗𝑓 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 ……………….(2)

By law of conservation of momentum

𝑃⃗⃗𝑖 = 𝑃⃗⃗𝑓

Put the values from eq1 and eq2

𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2

This is the final momentum and initial momentum after collision and before
collision of a system having two interacting bodies.

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th

Q10: define collision and explosion. Explain change in momentum in terms

of collision and explosion.

Collision:

Definition:

1. An event during which particles come close to each other and interact by
means of forces is called collision.
OR
2. The forces due to collision are assumed to be much larger than any
external forces present.

Explanation:

An event during which the particles of the system move apart from each other
after a brief, intense interaction is called explosion. Explosion is the opposite of
collision. The explosive forces which could be from an expanding spring or
from expanding hot gases, are internal forces. If the system is isolated its total
momentum during the explosion will be conserved, by the law of
conservation of momentum.

Change of momentum and collisions:

Consider a system consisting two objects, "A" and "B" of masses "m1" and "m2"
moving with velocities " U1" and "U2" respectively. Such that after collisions
their velocities change to "V 1" and V2". The total momentum of the system
before collision is,

𝑃⃗⃗𝑖 = 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2

The total momentum of the system after collision changes to,

𝑃⃗⃗𝑓 = m1v1 + m2v2

By Law of conservation of momentum

𝑃⃗⃗𝑖 = 𝑃⃗⃗𝑓 therefore

𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 = 𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2
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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
Chang of momentum and explosive Forces:

Consider •an isolated system of bullet of mass "m" and rifle of mass "M" such
that before firing the total momentum of the system is zero. i.e.

bullet

After firing the bullet moves with velocity "vb" in one direction and the rifle
recoils with velocity "vg" in the other direction such that the total momentum is
again zero .i.e

M𝑣⃗b + M𝑣⃗g = 0

Due to large mass of the rifle it recoils with much lower velocity as compared to
bullet.

Q11: What is Friction? What are microscopic basis of friction?

Ans: Friction:

Definition:

"A force that opposes relative motion or attempted motion b/w systems in.
contact is called friction.

(OR)

"The resistive force which opposes the motion of an object while is in contact
with its surroundings is. called friction

Notation: Friction is denoted by " f "

Quantity:

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
Friction is a vector quantity.

SI unit: Its SI unit is newton (N).

Examples

(1) When we rub (slide) our hand on a table top, we can feel the friction
opposing this motion.

.(2) A. ball moving along the ground comes to rest after some time. The force
which decreases' the velocity of the ball and stop its motion is the force' of
friction.

Microscopic basis of friction:

Earth surface is rough, even surfaces that appear to be highly polished can
actually look quite. rough when examined under a microscope. Som6 surfaces
are more rough than others. Therefore when one .surface slide over another, these
irregularities bumps into one another which give rise to frictional force, Secondly at
these contact points the molecule of the different bodies are close enough to exert
strong attractive forces on each other, thus opposing motion and result in friction.

Q12: what is a normal force ? how it affects friction ?

Ans: Normal Force:

A contact force perpendicular to the contact, surface that prevents two objects
from passing through one another is called normal force.

Notation : Normal Force

The normal force is denoted by "Fn"

How normal force affects friction:

Consider a book resting on a horizontal table's

surface. By Newton's third law the book exerts the
force on the table due to its weight and as a reaction
table exert force on the book, which in this case is
a normal force. The normal force due to the

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
table must have .just the right magnitude to keep the book from falling
through the table. If no other vertical forces act the normal force on the book is equal
in magnitude to the book's weight.

fI the surface of the table is not horizontal the normal force Figure is not vertical
and is not equal in magnitude to the weight of the book.

Weight

Since the normal force is perpendicular to the contact surface. Even on

a horizontal surface, if there. are other vertical forces acting on the book,
then the normal force is not equal in magnitude to the books weight.

Normal force

Q 13: Differentiate between static and kinetic friction by giving example

Static friction:

Definition: The frictional force that tends to prevent a stationary object from
starting to move is called static friction.

The force of friction acting on a body when it is at rest is called static

friction.

Notation: static friction denoted by "fs".

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th

Example: When we push horizontally on a heavy crate. The crate does not
move. It means that a second force act on the crate to oppose our force and this
force must be directed opposite to our applied force. And have the same
magnitude to. balance our push. That second force is a frictional force. When we
push even harder, the crate still does not move. It means that the frictional force
still balances our push. When we push even harder, the crate still does not
move. the frictional force can change' in magnitude so that the two forces still
balance. Now if we push with more strength the crate begins to slide so we can
say that there is a maximum magnitude of the frictional force. When we
exceeded that maximum magnitude the crate started to move.

Kinetic friction:

Definition: the frictional force acts against during motion of an or in a

direction opposite to the direction of motion is called kinetic friction

The force of friction acting on a b when it is in motion is called kin friction

Notation: kinetic friction is denote by fk

Example: When the heavy crate starts motion kinetic friction "f k" now
replaces static friction "fs". if we applying same force on the heavy crate after it
has started motion accelerates, which means that kinetic friction is less than
the static of friction (fk < fs)in order to drag the heavy crate with constant
velocity we have reduce the force to make it equal kinetic friction.

Q 14: What is meant by rolling friction? Why rolling friction is loss than
sliding friction?

Ans: Rolling friction:

Definition:

"The friction produced by rolling the surface of one object on the other is called
rolling friction".

(OR)

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
"The force which opposes the rolling of one body over another body is called
rolling friction".

Sliding friction:

"The force which opposes the sliding (or) dragging of one body is called sliding
friction".

Why rolling friction is less than sliding friction:

When the axle of a wheel is pushed, the force of friction between the wheel and
the ground at the point of contact provides the reaction force. The reaction
force acts at the contact points of the wheel in a direction opposite to the
applied force. The wheel rolls without rupturing the cold welds. That is why the
rolling friction is extremely smaller than the sliding friction. The fact that rolling
friction is less than sliding friction is applied in ball bearings (or) roller
bearings to reduce losses due to friction

A cyclist - applies brakes to stop his bicycle as soon as brakes are applied,
the, wheel stops rolling and begin. to slide over the road. Since sliding friction
is much greater than rolling friction. Therefore,, the cycle stops very

quickly.

Q15: what is the graphical interpretation of friction?

Ans: Graphical interpretation of friction:

The graph is drawn between applied force "F" and friction f which shows that
by increasing the applied force, static friction "also increases until it reaches a
certain maximum value called

limiting friction " fs,max"

At this point the 'object starts moving and frictional force rapidly
decreases to a smaller kinetic friction "fk", which nearly remains constant.

Q 16: Find the expression for the coefficient of static and kinetic friction

Ans: Expression for the coefficient of static friction:

The maximum static frictional "fs" between a pair of surfaces has two main
characteristics.

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
it is independent of the area of contact between the objects provided that the
surfaces are hard (or) non- deformable.

The magnitude of maximum static frictional force "fs,max" is directly

proportional to the magnitude of the normal force "Fn"

fs,max 𝛼 FN

fs,max = 𝜇s FN

Where "us" is a constant of proportionality known as coefficient of static friction

and depends on the nature of surfaces in contact before sliding.

Thus coefficient of static friction ",u5" is

𝑓𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜇s =
𝐹𝑁

Which is the required expression for the coefficient of static friction " 𝜇s"

Expression for coefficient of static friction:

The magnitude of the force of kinetic friction "fK" is assumed to b proportional

to the normal force "FN" and independent of speed i.e.

fK 𝛼 FN

fk = 𝜇 s F N

Where "pK" is the constant of proportionality known as the coefficient c kinetic

friction and depends on the nature of the, surfaces in contact during: sliding
thus coefficient of kinetic friction "pK" is;

𝑓𝑘
𝜇k =
𝐹𝑁

Which is the required expression for kinetic friction " 𝜇k "

Q 17: what are advantages and disadvantages of friction?

Ans: Advantages of friction:

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
Friction is very useful in many aspects of life,

for example

1. Friction between paper and pencil help us to write.

2. Friction enables us to walk on the ground.
3. Air resistance (friction) helps birds to fly.
4. Friction helps us to fix nail in the wall
5. Friction is highly desirable when climbed up a hill

Disadvantages of friction:

Friction is although very useful in any aspects of life but it also responsible for
the loss of energy. It has following disadvantages

1. Friction is undesirable at high speed because it opposes the motion

and thus limits the speed of moving objects.
2. In machines friction causes wear and tear of their moving parts
3. Most of our useful energy is lost as heat and sound due to friction.

Q 18: what methods are uses to reduce friction?

Ans: Methods of reducing friction:

Some methods of reducing friction are given below.

1. By polishing:

The parts which side against one another are highly polished this reduces the
friction..

2. By using ball bearing:

As rolling friction is less than the sliding friction, therefore sliding friction is
converted into rolling friction by the use of ball bearings.

3. By applying lubricants (coil or grease)

Friction can be reduced by using lubricants. like oil or grease between the parts
of machineries.

4. The front sides of high speed vehicles, aeroplanes and ships are shaped
wedge like and pointed so that minimum friction is offered by air and water.

Q 19: Define tension? Explain it..

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
Ans: Tension:

Definition:

"The force acting along the string is called tension".

(OR)

"The force exerted through a string in upward direction when something is tied
to its one end suspended from it."

Properties:

(1). It is vector quantity

(2) It's SI unit is Newton(N)

Explanation:

Consider a block supported by a string. The upper end of the string is fixed on a
stand as .shown in figure. Let "W" be the weight of the block. The block pulls
the string downwards by its weight. This causes a tension "T" in the string. The
tension "T" in

the string is acting upward at the block. The tension and weight are acting in
opposite direction, therefore they cancelled each other as. a result block is
balanced and remain at rest.

When string is at rest, Then;

tension = weight of suspended body

⃗⃗ = 𝑊
𝑇 ⃗⃗⃗⃗

⃗⃗ = m𝑔⃗
𝑇 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = m𝑔⃗)
(𝑊

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th

Q 20: Find tension and acceleration of vertical motion of two bodies:

attached to the ends of a string that passes over frictionless pulley'

(OR)

Write a note on Atwood's machine?

Ans: Atwood’s machine:

Definition:

When two objects of unequal masses are hung vertically. Over a frictionless
pulley of negligible mass, the arrangement is called an Atwood's machine.

Explanation:

Consider two bodies "A" and "B" of masses "m1" and "m2"

respectively. Let "m1" is greater than "m2". The bodies are

attached to the opposite ends of an inextensible string. the

string passes over a frictionless pulley. The body "A" being

heavier must be moving downward with some acceleration.

Let this acceleration be 𝑎⃗ At the same time the body "B" attached to another end
of the string moves up with the same acceleration. As the pulley is frictionless,
hence tension will be same throughout the string let the tension in the string be "T".

For body "A":-

There are two forces acting on body "A"

(I) Weight : W1 = m1-g acts downward

Tension (T) acts upward.

Since the body "A" moves downward then the net force acting downward on
body "A" is (W1-T).

Fl= W1 -T

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
m1a = m1g (w= mg and F= ma)

For body "B”

There are two forces acting on body "B" (0 Weight , W2 = m2 g acts downward

(II) Tension (T) acts upward

Since the body "B" moves upward then the net force acting upward on the body
"B" is (T-W2).i.e,

F2= T - W2

m2a = T- m2g (F = ma and W= mg)

T = m2a + m2g ………………(2)

Comparing eq 1 and eq 2

m1g – m1a = m2a +m2g

m1g – m2g = m1a +m2a

g(m1 – m2) = a(m1 +m2)

dividing both sides by (m1 +m2)

(𝑚1 – 𝑚2) (𝑚1 – 𝑚2)
g(
(𝑚1 +𝑚2)
) = ((𝑚1 +𝑚2)) 𝑎

(𝑚1 – 𝑚2)
a=(
(𝑚1 +𝑚2)
) 𝑔…………………(3)

put eq 3 in eq 2
(𝑚1 – 𝑚2)
T = m2(
(𝑚1 +𝑚2)
) 𝑔 + m2g

(𝑚1 – 𝑚2)
T = m2𝑔 ( + 1) 𝑔
(𝑚1 +𝑚2)

(𝑚1 – 𝑚2+𝑚1 +𝑚2)

T = m2𝑔 ( )
(𝑚1 +𝑚2)

(2𝑚1)
T = m2g(
(𝑚1−𝑚2)
)

2(𝑚1 ,𝑚2)
T= g ………………………..(4)
(𝑚1+𝑚2)

22
Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
Hence the equation 3 and 4 are the required expression for acceleration and
tension in the string.

Q21: find the relation for acceleration and tension of two bodies attached to
the ends of string when one moves vertically and other horizontally?

(or )

Write note on Atwood’s modified machine?

Ans:

consider two bodies A and B of masses m1 and m2 respectively attached to the

ends of an inextensible string. Let body A moves downward with acceleration
“a” since the string is inextensible therefore, body B also moves over the
horizontal surface with the same acceleration “a” as the pulley is frictionless
hence the tension T will be the same throughout the string.

To find tension T1 we can put the value of (a) in either equation (1) or (2)
(𝑚1 – 𝑚2)
For equation 1 T = m1𝑔 − 𝑚1 × 𝑔
(𝑚1 +𝑚2)

Taking m1+m2 as lcm

= 𝑚1𝑔 × (𝑚1 +𝑚2)−𝑚1𝑔×(𝑚1 – 𝑚2)
T=
(𝑚1 +𝑚2)

𝑚12 𝑔+𝑚1𝑚2𝑔−𝑚12 𝑔+𝑚1𝑚2𝑔

T=
𝑚1+𝑚2

23
Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
2(𝑚1𝑚2)
Therefore T= ×𝑔
𝑚1+𝑚2

Q22. What is uniform circular motion? What are the factors on which
magnitude of acceleration in uniform circular motion depends?

Ans: Circular motion:

Definition: the motin of an object is a circular path is called circular

motion it is of two types

i. Uniform circular motion: when the speed of the moving object does
not change as it travels in the circular path is called uniform circular
motion.
ii. Non uniform circular motion: the motion which is on a circular path
changes time by time its direction. The motion of the earth around the
sum motion of electrons around the nucleus and motion of wheel
around the axel.

Depending factors: greater the velocity greater will be centripetal acceleration.

Radius of the circle: centripetal acceleration is inversely proportion to the

𝑣2
radius of the circle. As ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑎𝑐 =
𝑟

Q23: what is centripetal force?

Ans:

Statement : the force which compels the object to move in a circular path is
called a centripetal force.

Explanation:

Consider a stone tied to one end of a string. When it is whirled by pulling the
free and of the string towards the center. The stone starts moving a circle with
Uniform speed as shown' in figure. It is due to the force exerted the stone by our
hand through the string in inward direction called centripetal force. If we let the
string go, then the centripetal force eliminates and the stone flies off along the line
tangent to the circle.

24
Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
Example:

The moon revolves around the earth. The force of attraction between earth and
the moon provides the required centripetal force.

Electrons revolve around the nucleus. The force of attraction between nucleus
and the electrons provides the required centripetal force.

Quantity and symbol

It is vector quantity directed towards the center of the circular path. It denoted
by 𝐹⃗ 𝑐

SI Unit

Its SI unit is- newton (N)

Mathematically:

Centripetal force “𝐹⃗ c” produces centripetal acceleration "𝑎⃗c ". in a body of a

mass "m", then according to Newton's 2nd law of motion.

𝐹⃗ c = m𝑎⃗c ………………………..(1)
𝑣2
But 𝑎⃗c =
𝑟

𝑚𝑣 2
𝐹⃗ c =
𝑟

This is mathematical form of centripetal force.

Q 25 : Define and explain centrifugal force?

Ans: centrifugal force

Definition:

- The force which compels a body to move away from the circular path called
centrifugal force.

or

The force which is equal in magnitude- but opposite in direction to the

centripetal force is called centrifugal force.

25
Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
Explanation:

To Newton's aid law of motion "for every action. there exists a reaction. Both are equal
but opposite in direction. So the reaction of centripetal force is centrifugal force.
To understand it, let us consider a stone attached to one end of a string is whirled
by holding the other free end stretched by our hand. Our hand provides necessary
centripetal force.

𝐹⃗ c , to the stone by pulling it in inward direction which keeps it to move in the

circle. At the sometime the stone exerts the same force on our hand by pulling it
away from the center in outward direction. Since the centrifugal force is just the
reaction force, therefore it will act on a body as long as the centripetal force acts.

Quantity and symbol:

It is a vector quantity and is always directed outward the circle. It. is

denoted by 𝐹⃗ c

SI unit

Its SI unit is newton's (N)

Mathematically:
𝑚𝑣 2
𝐹⃗ c =
𝑟

Q26: what is meant by banking of road? Explain.

Ans: Banking of road:

To make the outer edge of a sharp turned road a little higher than its inner edge
is known as banking of road. .

Explanation:

When a car takes a turn along round track sufficient centripetal force is required. In
the absence of sufficient centripetal force, the car will skid off the road to the
outward direction due to inertia. The force of friction between the tiers and the
road provides sufficient centripetal force.

However if the road is slipper due to rain or Snow or the tires are worn out, the
force of 'friction reduces and it will be unable to provide sufficient centripetal

26
Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
force. As a result, the cars will Skid off the road. To avoid such condition the outer
bank of a round track is kept slightly higher than that of the inner bank

which is known as banking of road. in this case, the normal reaction 𝐹⃗ N of the
road is resolved into two component 𝐹⃗ NX and 𝐹⃗ NY. The horizontal component

𝐹⃗ N x balances the weight of car, where the vertical component 𝐹⃗ N y' increases

the friction which provides sufficient centripetal force 𝐹⃗ c due to which the car
takes a safe turn.

Q 27: What is meant by centrifuge? On which principle . it is based?

Describe some centrifuges along with their working and construction.

Ans. Centrifuge:

Introduction:

Centrifuge is a device which is used for the separation of light and heavy
particles from each other in a mixture.

Working principle:

The function of centrifuge is based on the principle that if the magnitude of the
applied force falls short than the required centripetal force, then the object will
move away from the circular path.

Uses of centrifuge:

1. Centrifuge is used to separate mixtures of solids in liquids.

2, Very high speed centrifuges are used to separate different isotopes of a given
substance such as uranium.

3. Clinical centrifuges are used in the laboratories for the separation of blood
components like red blood. cells and white blood cells for diagnosis and treatment.

Some kind of centrifuges:

1. Washing machine dryer:

27
Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
Introduction:

It is a device used to dry the wet clothes quickly. it works on the principle of
centrifuge.

Construction:

It consist of a cylinder having small holes and a rotor which is driven by an

electric motor.

Working:

When wet clothes are placed in the cylinder and it is rotated fast then the
clothes having less density and mass (less inertia) move along the circular path
towards the centre (rotor). Whereas the water drops having greater density
and mass (greater inertia) resist centripetal force and move away through
holes. On this

way the water drops are removed and clothes are getting

dried.

2. Cream separator:

Introduction:

It is a device used to separate cream from milk. It works on the principle of

centrifuge.

Construction:

It consists of a set of blades connected to an axis by means of a

metallic rod which is driven by an electric motor.

Working:
28
Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
The turning' blades of this device spins the milk due to which centripetal force
acts, on the lighter particles i.e. Cream is moved toward the axis of rotation and is
deposited around it and due to its less density comes on the surface.

Whereas the heavy particles of the milk resist the centripetal force (greater
inertia) move away from the axis of rotation and settle at the bottom due to their
high density.

Example 3.1:

What force is required to produce an acceleration of 6.00ml/s2 in a cricket

ball of mass mc 0.16kg and metal ball for women shot put game with mass
ms =4kg

Solution:

Given :

Mc = 0.16kg, ms = 4.00kg

𝑎⃗ = 6.00m/s2

Required:

Fc = ? and Fs =?

Calculation:

By Newton’s second law

Fc = mca

Fc = (0.16kg)(6.00m/s2)

Fc = 0.96kgm/s2

Since N= kgm/s2

29
Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
Fc = 0.96N

By Newton’s second law

Fs = msa

Fs = (4kg)(6m/s2)

Fs = 24 kgm/s2

Since N= kgm/s2

Therefore Fs = 24N

Example3.2:

The mass of a girl is 60kg how much will she weigh on the (a) earth?
Moon? (take acceleration due to gravity for earth as gE = 9.8ms-2 and for
moon as gM = 1.6ms-2)

Solution :

Given:

M = 60kg, gE = 9.8m/s2 , gM = 1.6m/s2

Required :WE = ? and WM = ?

Calculation:

(a) Weight of girl on earth:

We know that.
WE= mgE = (60kg)(9.8m/s2)
WE= 588kgm/s2
WE= 588N
N = kgm/s2 (N = kgm/s2)
WE= 588N

30
Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
(b) Weight of girl on moon
We know that
WM= mgM
WM= (60kg)(1.6m/s2)
WM= 96kgm/s2 (N = kgm/s2)
WM= 96N

Example 3.3:

an iron shot of mass 6g is fired with an air gun. If the velocity of the shot is
62 ms-1 what is the magnitude of momentum?

Solution:

Given: m = 6 , g = 0.006kg, 𝑣⃗ = 62m/s

Required : 𝑝⃗ = ?

Calculation: we know that

𝑝⃗ = m𝑣⃗

𝑝⃗ = (0.006kg)(62m/s)

𝑝⃗ = 0.372kgm/s

𝑝⃗ = 0.372N.S (kgm/s = N.S)

Conclusion: hence the magnitude of momentum is 0.372N.S.

31
Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
Example 3.4:

to improve the safety of motorists, modern cars are built so the front end
crumples upon impact A- 1200 – kg car is traveling at a constant velocity of
15.0 m/s {E}. it hits an immovable wall and comes to a complete stop in
0.25s

a. What is the average net force exerted on the car?

b. What would be average net force exerted on the car if it had a rigid
bumper and frame that stopped the car in 0.040s?

Solution :

Given: mass of car = m = 1200kg

vi = 15m/s {E}

vf = 0m/s

i. Time interval (deforming) = ∆t = 0.25s

ii. Time interval (rigid) = ∆t = 0.040 s

Required:

a. Average net force (deforming) = F = ?

b. Average net force (rigid) = F = ?

Calculation:

a. We know that,
𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖
𝐹⃗ = 𝑚( )
∆𝑡
Putting values.
0 − 15𝑚/𝑠{𝐸}
𝐹⃗ = (1200𝑘𝑔)( )
0.25 𝑠

−18000𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠
𝐹⃗ = ( )
0.25 𝑠

𝐹⃗ = - 72000 kg m/s2[E]

𝐹⃗ = - 72000N[E]

𝐹⃗ = 72000N[E]

32
Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
b. By newton second law in terms of momentum,
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝐹⃗ = 𝑚( )
∆𝑡
Putting values
0 − 15𝑚/𝑠{𝐸}
𝐹⃗ = (1200𝑘𝑔)( )
0..040 𝑠

−18000𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠
𝐹⃗ = ( )
0.040 𝑠

𝐹⃗ = - 45000 kg m/s2[E]

𝐹⃗ = 45000 kg m/s2[W]

𝐹⃗ = 45000 N[W]

Conclusion : the average net force exerted by the wall on the car is (a)
72000N[W] when it crumples and (b) 45000N[W] when it is rigid. The change
is momentum is the same in both is – 18000kgm/s but the time intervals are
different. So the average net force is different is both situations. Hence the
magnitude of fore on the car with the rigid frame is 6 times grater than when the
car crumples.

Example 3.5:

Ball A having mass 0.05kg moving to the right at velocity of 0.05m/s makes
an head – on collision with ball B having mass 0.20kg that is initially at
rest. After the collision ball A moves to the left at 0.30m/s . find the final
velocity of the ball B.

Solution:

Given: mass of ball A = m1 = 0.05kg

Mass of ball B = m2 = 0.25kg

Velocity of ball A before collision 𝜇1= 0.40m/s

Velocity of ball before collision 𝜇2= 0m/s

Velocity of ball A after collision v1= -0.30m/s

Required : velocity of ball B after collision v2 = ?

33
Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
Calculation:

By changes of momentum and collision between two bodies

𝑚1 𝑣1 + 𝑚2 𝑣2 = 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2

𝑚2 𝑣2 = 𝑚1 𝑢1 + 𝑚2 𝑢2 - 𝑚1 𝑣1
𝑚1𝑢1 + 𝑚2𝑢2 − 𝑚1𝑣1
v2 =
𝑚2

putting values
0.50𝑚 0𝑚
(0.05𝑘𝑔)( )+(0.20𝑘𝑔)( )–(0.05𝑘𝑔)(−0.30𝑚/𝑠)
𝑠 𝑠
v2 =
0.25𝑘𝑔

0.25𝑘𝑔𝑚 0𝑘𝑔𝑚
+ +0.015𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠
𝑠 𝑠
v2 =
0.25𝑘𝑔

0.04𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠
v2 =
0.25𝑘𝑔

v2 = 0.2m/s

conclusion: hence velocity of the ball B after collision is 0.2m/s

Example 3.6:

A bullet of mass 0.008kg is fired form Ak47 rifle with mass of 4kg. if the
velocity of the bullet is 715ms-1, what would be the recoil velocity of the
gun?

Solution:

Given:

Mass of bullet m = 0.008kg

Mass of rifle m = 4kg

Velocity of bullet after fire vb = 715m/s

Required : recoil velocity of gun after fire = vg

34
Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
Calculation:

Mvb + mvg = 0

mvg = - Mvb
−𝑚𝑣𝑏
vg =
𝑚

−(0.008𝑘𝑔)(715𝑚/𝑠)
vg =
4𝑘𝑔

−5.72𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠
vg =
4𝑘𝑔

vg = -1.43m/s

the negative sign shows that the AK47 rifles recoil is to left.

Conclusion: hence the recoil velocity of gun is 1.43m/s

Example 3.7: Ayesha pushes a newly bought deep freezer of mass 120kg
packed in wood across a wooden floor. (a) she applies a 400N force to set it
moving what is the coefficient of static friction ? (b) then she makes it move
with constant speed by applying force of 350N what is the coefficient of
kinetic friction.

Solution:

Given: mass = 120kg

Normal force = FN = W = mg = (120kg)(-9.8m/s2)

FN = 1176N

Required : (a) 𝜇s = ? (b) = 𝜇k = ?

(a) Applied force to set the package moving is equal to static friction force
therefore fs,max = 400N by equation for coefficient of static friction 𝜇k
𝑓𝑠,𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝜇s =
𝐹𝑛
400𝑁
𝜇s = = 0.340
𝐹𝑛1176𝑁
𝜇s = 0.340

35
Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
(b) Applied force to keep it moving at constant speed is equal to kinetic
frictional force therefore fk = 350N by equation for coefficient of kinetic
friction 𝜇k

𝑓𝑘 350𝑁
𝜇k = = = 0.29
𝐹𝑛 1176𝑁
Hence (a) 𝜇s = 0.340 and (b) 𝜇k = 0.29

Example 3.8:

let the elevator is going up with mass of counter weight as 1200kg assume
the mass of the elevator when carrying passengers is 1000kg. calculate (a)
the acceleration of the elevator and (b) the tension in the cable.

Solution :

Given:

Mass of counter weight = m1 = 1200kg

Mass of elevator = m2 = 1000kg

Acceleration due to gravity = g= 9.8m/s2

Required : (a) acceleration a = ? , and (b) Tension T = ?

Calculation:

(a) From Atwood’s machine equation for acceleration

𝑚1−𝑚2
a= g
𝑚1+𝑚2
putting values
1200𝑘𝑔−1000𝑘𝑔
a= x 9.8m/s2
1200𝑘𝑔+1000𝑘𝑔
200𝑘𝑔
a= x 9.8m/s2
2200𝑘𝑔
a = 0.89m/s2
the elevator accelerator accelerators downward and the counterweight
upward at an acceleration of 0.89 m/s2
(b) From Atwood’s machines equation for tension;
2𝑚1𝑚2
T= g
𝑚1+𝑚2
Putting values

36
Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
2(1200𝑘𝑔)(1000𝑘𝑔)
T= x 9.8m/s2
1200𝑘𝑔+1000𝑘𝑔

2400000𝑘𝑔
T= x 9.8m/s2
2200𝑘𝑔
T = 10691kgm/s2
T = 10691N (N = kgm/s2)
The tension in the elevator cable is 10691N.

Conclusion : hence the acceleration of the elevator is 0.89 m/s and the tension
in the elevator cable is 10691N.

Example3.9:

suppose this bug has a mass m = 5.0 g and sits on the edge of a compact
disc of radius 6.0cm that is spinning such that the bug velocity is 1.2 m/s
find (a) the centripetal acceleration of the bug and (b) the total force on the
bug.

Given: mass m = 5g = 0.005kg

Velocity v = 1.2m/s

Radius = 6cm = 0.06m

Required: (a) centripetal acceleration ac =? (b) centripetal force Fc = ?

Calculation:

The centripetal acceleration of bug is,

−𝑣 2
ac =
𝑟

(1.2𝑚/𝑠)2
putting values ac =
0.06𝑚

1.44𝑚2 𝑠 −2
or ac = -
0.06𝑚

therefore ac = - 24ms-2

the centripetal force on bug is

Fc = 0.005kg x 24ms-2

Or Fc = 0.12N

37
Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
Assignments

Assignment 3.1

Find the acceleration produce in engine force of 3500N in car of mass 600
Kg and truck of mass 2400 kg.

Data:

Force = F = 3500 N
Mass of car = m1 =600 kg
Mass of truck = m2 = 2400 kg
Find:
Acceleration produced in car = a1 = ?
Acceleration produced in truck = a2 = ?
Solution:
(a) By Newton’s second law
F = m 1 a1
𝐹
a1 =
𝑚1

3500𝑁
a1 =
600𝑘𝑔

a1 = 5.83 m/s2
(b) By Newton’s second law
F = m2 a 2
𝐹
a2 =
𝑚2
3500𝑁
a2 =
2400𝑘𝑔
a2 = 1.46m/s2

conclusion : hence
a) Acceleration produced in car a1 = 5.83 m/s2
b) Acceleration produced in truck a2 = 1.46m/s2

38
Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
Assignment 3.2

The weight of an astronaut and his space suit on the moon is only 250N.
How much do they weigh on earth? What is the mass on the moon? On
earth? (Take acceleration due to gravity for earth as gE = 9.8m/s2 and
moon as gM = 1.6m/s2)
Data:
Weight of astronaut on moon = W = 250N
Acceleration due to gravity on earth = gE = 9.8 m/s2
Acceleration due to gravity on moon = gm = 1.6 m/s2
Find:
a) Mass on moon = mm = ?
b) b. Mass on earth = mE = ?
c) c. Weight on earth = WE =?
Solution:
(a) mass of moon
we know that Wm = Mmgm
𝑊𝑚 250𝑁
Mm = = = 150kg
𝑔𝑚 1.6𝑚/𝑠2

(b) mass of earth

since mass is constant everywhere therefore the mass of astronaut
and his space suit will be the same as that on moon.
ME = Mm = 150kg
ME = 150kg
(c) weight on earth
we know that WE = mEgE = (150)(9.8)
WE = 1470N
WE = 1.47x103

39
Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
Assignment 3.3

The fastest recorded speed for a golf ball hit by a golfer is 75.8 m/s
(273km/hr). If mass of golf ball is 46g, what is the magnitude of its
momentum?

Data:

Velocity = V = 75.8m/s
Mass = m = 46g or 0.046kg or 46x10-3kg

Find:
Momentum = P = ?
Solution:
We know that
P = m𝒗⃗⃗
By putting values
P = 0.046kg × 75.8m/s
P = 3.4868kgm/s
Or P = 3.4868Ns
Conclusion: hence the magnitude of momentum of the given golf ball is
3.49Ns

Assignment 3.4
Calculate the force required to stop a car of mass 1200 kg and a
loaded truck of mass 9000kg in 2 second, if they are moving with same
velocity of 10ms-1.

Data:

Mass of car = m1 = 1200 kg

Mass of truck = m2= 9000kg
Time = ∆t= 2s
Initial velocity = vi=10 ms-1
Final velocity = vf= 0 ms-1
Find:
Force required to stop a car = F1 = ?
Force required to stop a truck = F2 = ?

40
Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
Solution:
(a)
As we know that
F1 = ma
0−10
𝐹 = 1200( ) = -6000N
2
F = -6000N
The negative sign shows that it is retarding force.

(b) As we know that

F1 = ma
0−10
𝐹 = 9000( ) = -45000N
2
F = -45000N
The negative sign shows that it is retarding force.

Conclusion : hence the force required to stop a moving car is 6000N and the
force required to stop a moving truck is 45000N

Assignment 3.5

In carom board game the striker of mass having mass 0.015kg sliding
to the right at velocity of 0.40m/s makes head on collision with a disk
having mass 0.005kg that is initially at rest. After the collision, striker
moves to the right along the direction of disk at 0.20m/s. Find the final
velocity of the disk.

Data

Mass of striker = m1 = 0.015kg

Mass of disk = m2 = 0.005kg
Initial velocity of striker = u1 = 0.40m/s
Final velocity of striker = v1 = 0.20m/s
Initial velocity of disk = u2 = 0m/s

Find:

Final velocity of disk = v2 = ?

Solution:
By using law of conservation of momentum

41
Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
m1u1 + m2u2= m1v1 + m2v2

m2v2 = m1u1+ m2u2 - m1v1

𝑚1𝑢1+ 𝑚2𝑢2 − 𝑚1𝑣1
V2 = 𝑚2

Putting values
1+ 𝑚2𝑢2 − 𝑚1𝑣1
V2 = 𝑚2

(0.015𝑘𝑔)(0.40𝑚/𝑠)+(0.005𝑘𝑔)(0𝑚/𝑠)−(0.015𝑘𝑔)(0.20𝑚/𝑠)
V2 = 0.005𝑘𝑔

𝑘𝑔𝑚
0.006 +0𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠 − 0.003 𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠
𝑠
V2 =
0.005𝑘𝑔

0.003 𝑘𝑔𝑚/𝑠
V2 = 0.005𝑘𝑔

V2 = 0.6m/s

Conclusion: hence the final velocity of disk is 0.6m/s

Assignment 3.6
A 200kg cannon at rest contains a 10kg cannon ball. When fired, the
cannon ball leaves the cannon with a speed of 90m/s. what is the recoil
speed of cannon?

Data:

Mass of a cannon ball = m1 = 10kg

Mass of a cannon = m2 = 200kg
Velocity of cannon ball after fire = v1 = 90m/s
Find:
Velocity of cannon after fire = v2 = ?
Solution:
We know that
m1v1 + m2v2 = 0
m2v2 = - m1v1
− 𝑚1𝑣1
m2 =
𝑣2

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
− (10𝑘𝑔)(90𝑚/𝑠)
m2 =
200𝑘𝑔

v2 = -4.5m/s

the negative sign indicates that the cannon is pushed in opposite direction of
cannon bass.

Conclusion: hence, the recoil speed of cannon is 4.5m/s

Assignment 3.7
A 5kg heavy leather bag is placed on a horizontal wooden plank. How
much force is required to set it in motion if the coefficient of friction
between the plank and bag is 0.1?

Data:

Mass of bag = m = 5kg

Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.8m/s2
Coefficient of friction = μk = 0.1
Find:
Force = Fk= ?

Solution:
As we know that
Fk = μkFN

Fk = (0.1)(5)(9.8)

Fk = 4.9 N

Assignment 3.8

Two bodies of mass 3.5kg and 1.5kg are tied to ends of string which passes
over a pulley.

Find:

a. The acceleration of bodies

b. The tension in the string
given Data:
Mass of 1st body = m1 = 3.5kg
Mass of 2nd body = m2 = 1.5kg

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
Acceleration due to gravity = g = 9.8m/s2
Find:
Acceleration = a = ?
Tension in string = T = ?
Solution:
We know that
𝑚1−𝑚2
a= g
𝑚1+𝑚2
3.5−1.5
a= x 9.8
3.5+1.5
2
a= x 9.8
5
a = 3.92m/s2

from Atwood’s machine equation for tension

2𝑚1𝑚2
T= g
𝑚1+𝑚2
2(3.5𝑘𝑔)(1.5𝑘𝑔)
T= x 9.8
3.5𝑘𝑔+1.5𝑘𝑔
T = 20.9kgm/s2
T = 20.9 N (kgm/s2 = N)

Conclusion: Acceleration of bodies = a= 3.92m/s2

Tension in string = T = 20.9 N

Assignment 3.9

A pilot is flying a small plane at 56.6m/s in a circular path with a radius

of 188.5m. The centripetal force needed to maintain the plane’s circular
motion is 1.89×104N. What is the plane’s mass?
Data:
Velocity = v = 56.6m/s
Radius = r = 188.5m
Centripetal force = Fc = 1.89×104N
Find:
Mass = m = ?
Solution:
We know that
𝑚𝑣 2
𝐹⃗ c =
𝑟

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
𝐹𝑐 𝑟
m=
𝑣2

putting values
(1.89 𝑋10 4 )(188.5)
m=
56.62

m = 112kg

conclusion: hence the mass of plane is 112kg

Exercise
1. Choose the correct answer for each of the followings:
I. A 30 kg object is supported from rope, such that tension in the
rope is equal to its weight. The weight of the object is
A) 30 kg B) 30 N C) 294 N D) 9.8 N/kg
2
II. Force needed to produce an acceleration of 10 ms " in a ball of mass
0.5 kg is
A) 20 N B) 10.5 N C) 9.5 N D) 5N
III. Ball A collides with ball B which is at rest, after the collision which of
the following condition is not possible.
A) Ball A comes to rest and ball B start moving
B) Both balls move in same direction
C) Both balls move in opposite directions
D) Both bails are at rest
IV. What is the mass of a car that is traveling with a velocity of 20m/s [w]
and a momentum of 22000 kg m/s [w].
A) 440000 kg B) 21980 kg. C) 22020 kg D) 1100 kg
V. An object at earth and taken to moon should have
A) Less mass/ less weight B ) sa me mass/ mo re weight

C) same mass I less weight D) less mass/ same weight

VI. The unit of coefficient of friction is
A) N B) kg C) p D) it has no units
VII. The centripetal acceleration for an object of mass 1kg moving with 6m/s in
a circle of radius 3m is.

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
A) 18 ms-2 3)12 ms-2 C) 10 ms-2 D) 2 ms-2
VIII. How may times the centripetal force will increase if the. mass of a body
moving with uniform speed in a Circle is doubled?
A) Six time B) two times C) four times 0) eight times
IX. Which of the following forces can act as a centripetal force?
A) Tension B) friction C) gravitational force D) all of these
X. An empty suitc as e is pla ced in the middl e o f bus on its
f loor traveling at high speed. When the bus break suddenly; the
suitcase slide.
A) Backward B) forward C) jumps up D) remains in place

XI. In Newton‘s third law the action reaction pair does not neutralized each
other because they.
A) action on same body B) act on different bodies

C) act on third body D) produce friction

Conceptual Questions
Q1. Why does dust fly off, when a hanging carpet is beaten with a stick?
Ans. When we beat a carpet with a stick, the carpet is set into motion while the
dust particles inside the carpet are at rest and tends to remain at rest due to
inertia. As the dust particles do not move with the carpet, so they get removed
from the carpet.

Q2. If your hands are wet and no towel is handy, you can remove some of
the excess water by shaking them, why does this work?
Ans. We can remove some of the excess water from our wet hands by shaking
them due to inertia. When we shake our hands, the hands come into state of
motion while the drops of water are at rest and tend to remain at rest due to
inertia. As a result, these drops are removed from our hands.

Q3. Why a balloon filled with air move forward when its air is released?
Ans. When air is released from balloon, the balloon exerts an action force on

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
the air and pushes it out in the backward direction. While the rushing out air
exerts an equal reaction force on the balloon in forward direction. As a result,
the balloon moves forward.
We can also explain this in terms of the law of conservation of momentum.
The air and balloon forms an isolated system whose total momentum is
initially zero. Now, when air is released, it rushes out with great momentum
in the backward direction. Now to conserve the momentum, the balloon
moves forward with the same momentum.

Q4. Why does a hosepipe tend to move backward when the fire man
directs a powerful stream of water towards fire?
Ans. It is an example of Newton’s third law as well as law of conservation of
momentum. By Newton’s third law of motion, when the fire man directs a
hose pipe towards fire, the water shoots out from the pipe in forward direction
which is an action on water. While as a reaction, the water also exerts the
same force on the pipe in backward direction. As a result, the house pipe
moves backward.
Similarly, it can be explained by the law of conservation of momentum, the
water and pipe forms an isolated system whose total momentum is zero. Now,
when the water is released from the pipe it comes out with great momentum in
the forward direction. Now, to conserve the momentum, the pipe moves in
backward direction.

Q5. Your car is stuck in wet mud. Some students on their way to class see
your predicament and help out by sitting on the trunk of your car to
increase its traction. Why does it help?
Ans. When a car stuck in wet mud, the friction between tyres and mud
decreases. As a result, the car cannot move. Now, when the students sit on the
trunk of the car, the weight of car increases due to which the normal force
‘FN’ on the car also increases.
As we know that:
f = μFN .......... eq (i)

According to eq (i), force of friction (f) is directly proportional to the normal

force (FN) which means that greater the normal force, greater will be the
force of friction. Thus, the increase in friction helps the car to come out of the
mud easily.
Q6. How does friction help you walk? Is it kinetic friction or static friction?
Ans. A frictional force exists between the ground and sole of our shoes. When
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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
we walk forward, we push the ground with feet in the backward direction
while in reaction, the ground also exerts a force (friction) in forward direction
which moves us forward. Because of this frictional force, we are able to walk
on the ground. Without friction, it is not possible for us to walk on the ground.
This is static friction because when we walk on the ground, our feet are at rest
for a moment which provides the static friction between our feet and ground.
Hence, we walk due to static friction instead of kinetic friction.

Q7. The parking brake on a car causes the air wheels to lockup. What
would be the likely consequence of applying the parking brake in a car
that is in rapid motion?
Ans. While driving fast on a road, if the parking brake (hand brake) is
applied, the rear wheels of the car will be lock up. But the front wheels are in
motion and according to inertia, the front wheels try to maintain their state of
motion. As a result, the car will skid in such situation.
Q8. Why is the surface of a conveyor belt made rough?
Ans. The surface of a conveyor belt is made rough just to increase the force of
friction between the belt and the objects which are placed on the surface of
belt. Because on rough surface, irregularities are more due to which area of
contact increases the force of friction. As a result, the things lying on the belt
remain safe from falling down.

Q9. Why does a boatman tie his boat to a pillar before allowing the
passengers to step on the river bank?
Ans. When the passengers jump from the boat on the river bank, they actually
push the boat with their feet in the backward direction. In this way, the boat
would move away from the bank and the passengers may fall in water. So, to
avoid the backward push of the boat, it is first tied to the pillar before allowing
the passengers to step on the river bank.

Q10. In uniform circular motion, is the velocity constant? Is the

acceleration constant? Explain.
Ans. In uniform circular motion, the velocity does not remain constant
because the direction of velocity of the body changes continuously from point
to point and this direction of velocity is always tangent to circle at each point.
Whereas, the centripetal acceleration is directed towards the centre of circular
path and its direction remain unchanged. Due to uniform circular motion, the
centripetal acceleration remains constant throughout the motion.

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
Q11. You tie a brick to the end of the rope and whirl the brick around you
in a horizontal circle. Describe the path of the brick after you suddenly let
go of the rope.
Ans. According to Newton’s third law of motion, for every action there is an
equal and opposite reaction. When we tie a brick to the end of a rope and
whirl it in a circle of radius ‘r’, we provide centripetal force to the brick
through the rope. Whereas the brick also exerts centrifugal force on our hands
through the rope in a direction away from the centre of the circle. So, the
reaction of the centripetal force is centrifugal force. Now, if we let go the rope
suddenly then the brick will move in a straight line away from the centre of
the circle due to centrifugal force.

Q12. Why the posted speed for a turn is lower than the speed limit on most
highways?
Ans. When a car takes a turn, the necessary centripetal force v is provided by
the force of friction between the road and tyres. We know that the centripetal
force ‘Fc’ is given by:
2
⃗F⃗c = mv
r
This equation shows that higher the speed of the car, greater amount of
centripetal force is required to move along a circular path. At higher speed, it is
not possible for the frictional force to provide necessary centripetal force for the
car to take a safe turn. As a result, the car will skip away due to insufficient
centripetal force. So, to avoid such risky situation, the driver should keep the
speed of the car lower while taking a turn.

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th
Problems

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th

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Chapter no 3 Dynamics class 9th

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