Part-A

1.The IEEE 802.11a WLAN uses a 64-subchannel implementation of multicarrier modulation (MCM,
i.e., OFDM). Forty-eight subcarriers are used for information transmission, 4 subcarriers for pilot
tones are used for synchronization, and 12 are reserved. Each subchannel has a symbol rate of 250
kilo symbols per second (ksps). The occupied bandwidth is 20 MHz. Find the bandwidth of a
subchannel. What is modulation effi ciency? What is a user symbol rate? If 16-QAM modulation is
used, what is the user data rate if the information bits are encoded with a rate of 3/4? If the guard
time between two transmitted symbols is 800 ns, what is the time. utilization effi ciency of the
system?

2.Consider the HIPERLAN/2 that uses BPSK and R-3/4 codes for 9 Mbps information transmission
and 16-QAM with the same coding for the actual payload data transmission rate of 36 Mbps.
Calculate the coded symbol transmission rate per subcarrier for each of the two modes. What is the
bit transmission rate per subcarrier for each of the two modes?

3. Find the collision probability of 1200 bytes IEEE 802.11 FH packet at 2 Mbps and the Bluetooth.
Assume dwell period of an 802.11 transmission to be 3 ms and Bluetooth packet duration 0.625 ms.
What is PER with IEEE 802.11 DS?

==

4.What are the requirements for interworking between a wireless wide area network (WWAN) and a
wireless local area network (WLAN)? Discuss briefly the various ways to achieve interworking
between a WWAN and a WLAN. Discuss tight coupling architecture between the IEEE 802.11 WLAN
and GRPS.
==
5.Demonstrate WLAN system architecture Illustrate Collision Sense Multiple Access with Collision
Detection (CSMA/CD) and CSMA collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) with diagram.

== https://forum.huawei.com/enterprise/en/huawei/m/ViewThread.html?tid=833939&lang=en

6.What is frequency reuse concept in cellular communication?

==
7.Compare the performance of CDMA, FDMA, TDMA in wireless communication system.

== https://www.techrxiv.org/articles/preprint/A_trade-
off_between_Energy_Efficiency_and_Spectral_Efficiency_in_macro-femtocell_networks/13783036

or,

https://buzztech.in/comparison-fdma-tdma-and-cdma/

8.What is the trade-off between spectral efficiency and energy efficiency?

=== https://www.techrxiv.org/articles/preprint/A_trade-
off_between_Energy_Efficiency_and_Spectral_Efficiency_in_macro-femtocell_networks/13783036

9.Distinguish between narrowband and wideband TDMA.

==

10.What is space diversity?

11.What is free-space propagation?
==

12.What is deep fading?

13.What is delay spread?

==

14.What is the significance of Rayleigh fading and log- normal fading?

==

15.Compare Rayleigh fading, Rician fading and log-normal fading.

==
16. What do you mean small scale fading?

==

17.What is the significance of large scale fading?

18. What are the difference between large scale and small scale fading?

== https://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/Small-scale-fading-vs-Large-scale-fading.html

19.What is doppler effect?

===

20.What is the reason behind the multi-path wireless propagation?

-=== https://www.mpantenna.com/multipath-propagation-explained/

Part-B

1.Which range of frequency is greater between uplink and downlink system of GSM and why?

---- Uplink frequencies are higher than the corresponding downlink frequencies in the
case of satellite communication. In satellite communication, the signals have to cross the
atmosphere which presents a great deal of attenuation.
The uplink frequency range specified for GSM is 933 - 960 MHz (basic 900 MHz band only).
The downlink frequency band 890 - 915 MHz (basic 900 MHz band only).

2.What is significance of HLR in GSM system?

----- The Home Location Register (HLR) is the main database of permanent subscriber
information for a mobile network. The HLR is an integral component of CDMA (code
division multiple access), TDMA (time division multiple access), and GSM (Global System
for Mobile communications) networks.
3.How BTS and BSC can interact with other in GSM system?

----- The BTS (Base Transceiver Station) is controlling the radio transmission and the
interface to the mobile phones. Several BTS connect to BSC stations (Base Station
Controller), while the BSC are connected to the MSC (Mobile Switching Center).

https://www.technopediasite.com/2018/11/transmission-methods-between-bsc-and-bts.html

4.What are the requirements of cell clustering in mobile communication and networking?

-----p=34-42(Mobile communication pdf)

5.What are the techniques used for improving the cell capacity in mobile communication and
networking?

------

6.What is the microcell zone concept in cellular network?

----- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcell#:~:text=A%20microcell%20is%20a%20cell,distinction
%20is%20not%20always%20clear.

7.What do you mean by fixed channel assignment strategy in cellular network?

----- https://www.ecstuff4u.com/2018/03/channel-assignment-strategies.html

or, https://www.ques10.com/p/5137/channel-assignment-strategies-1/

8.What is the drawback in dynamic channel assignment strategy in cellular network?

----- Dynamic channel allocation schemes increases the computational as well as storage

load on the system.

9.What is MAHO?

----  A mobile assisted handoff (MAHO) is a process used in GSM cellular networks
where a mobile phone assists/helps the cellular base station to transfer a call to
another base station.

https://www.techopedia.com/definition/8216/mobile-assisted-handoff-maho#:~:text=Assisted
%20Handoff%20(MAHO)-,What%20Does%20Mobile%20Assisted%20Handoff%20(MAHO)%20Mean
%3F,call%20to%20another%20base%20station.

10.What is Soft handoff?

-----

11.What are the various channel assignment strategies with respect to cell sites?

--- https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/channel-allocation-strategies-in-computer-network/

https://www.ecstuff4u.com/2018/03/channel-assignment-strategies.html

12.What is Dynamic channel assignment strategy?

i. In dynamic channel assignment strategy, voice channels are not allocated

permanently.
ii. Entire pool of frequency channels lies with MSC and each time a call request is
made, the serving base station requests a channel from the MSC. Switch then
allocates a channel to the requested cell following a algorithm.
iii. MSC allocates frequency channels on dynamic basis if that frequency channel is
not presently in use in the cell or any other cell which falls within the minimum
restricted distance of frequency reuse to avoid co-channel interference.
iv. It reduces chances of blocking which increases trunking capacity of system as all
available channels are accessible to all cells.
v. In this MSC has to collect real time data on channel occupancy, traffic distribution,
radio signal strength indication of all channels on continuous basis, thus increasing
the computational load on MSC.
Or, In dynamic channel assignment strategy there is no permanent allocation of channels. Every time
a call request is done, the BS full form (base station) requests a channel from MSC full form is mobile
switching center.

Mobile switching center only allocates the channel after verifying that the channel is not currently in
use in the cell or any other cell that comes within the minimum restricted distance of cellular frequency
reuse to avoid co channel interference.

Dynamic channel assignment strategy reduces the probability of blocking and increases the trunking
capacity of the system. These strategies need MSC to collect real time data. 

Or, https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/channel-allocation-strategies-in-computer-network/
#:~:text=Dynamic%20Channel%20allocation%20is%20a,of%20blocking%20calls%20is%20reduced.

13.How cell splitting improve the channel capacity?

---- By subdividing an area of a cell into numerous smaller cell areas, also known as
"cell splitting," a higher channel capacity can be achieved, which in turn provides an increase
in the degree to which frequency reuse is achieved.

https://www.ijser.org/paper/IMPROVING-CHANNEL-CAPACITY-OF-A-CELLULAR-SYSTEM-USING-
CELL-SPLITTING.html (Cell splitting is the process of subdividing a congested cell into smaller
cells, each with its own base station and a corresponding reduction in antenna height and
transmitter power. Cell splitting increases the capacity of a cellular system since it increases
the number of times that channels are reused.)

14.Why the hexagonal structure is ideal in cellular network?

----
15.What are the advantages and disadvantages of FDMA techniques?

---- https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-frequency-division-multiple-
access-fdma/

Part-C

1. What is effects of multi-path effects on mobile communication?

Ans
When the same signal is received over more than one path, it can
create interference and phase shifting of the signal. Destructive interference
causes fading; this may cause a radio signal to become too weak in certain areas to
be received adequately.

2. How a mobile system is affected by doppler effect?

Ans
In a mobile communication system, signals which are transmitted from mobile
stations moving relative to a base station are subject to the well-known Doppler
effect, which causes a frequency shift in the frequency received at the base
station relative to that which was transmitted by the mobile station.

3. How do you explain macro cell propagation models?

Ans
4.What do you mean by micro cell propagation models?
Ans
5. What are the various types of base station antenna?
Ans
 Multibeam.
 Omnidirectional.
 Beamforming.
 Sector.
 Small Cell.
 Stadium.
 Tri-sector.

6. How do you classify base stations antenna?

Ans
If there is a tall building nearby, a small antenna with lower gain like 15 dBi would do
a good job. At a rural site with maximum coverage as the most important objective, a
21 dBi antenna is clearly the best option

7. Write the evolutionary path of wireless communication system?

Ans

Generations of Wireless Communication

1G
o This is the first generation of wireless telephone technology, mobile
telecommunications, which was launched in Japan by NTT in 1979.
o The main technological development in this generation that distinguished the
First Generation mobile phones from the previous generation was the use of
multiple cell sites, and the ability to transfer calls from one site to the next site
as the user travelled between cells during a conversation.
o It uses analog signals.
o It allows the voice calls in one country.

Disadvantages
o Poor quality of voice
o Poor life of Battery
o Size of phone was very large
o No security
2G
o This is the second generation of mobile telecommunication was launched in
Finland in 1991.
o It was based on GSM standard.
o It enables data transmission like as text messaging (SMS - Short Message
Service), transfer or photos or pictures (MMS ? Multimedia Messaging
Service), but not videos.
o The later versions of this generation, which were called 2.5G using GPRS
(General Packet Radio Service) and 2.75G using EDGE (Enhanced data
rates for GSM Evolution) networks.
o It provides better quality and capacity.

Disadvantages
o Unable to handle complex data such as Video
o Requires strong digital signal

3G
o 3G is the third generation was introduced in early 2000s.
o The transmission of data was increased up to 2Mbits/s, which allows you to
sending or receiving large email messages.
o The main difference between 3G and 2G is the use of packet switching rather
than circuit switching for data transmission.
o Faster communication
o High speed web or more security
o Video conferencing
o 3D gaming
o TV streaming, Mobile TV, phone calls etc. are the features of 3G.

Disadvantages
o Costly
o Requirement of high bandwidth
o Expensive 3G phones

4G
o 4G is the fourth generation of mobile telecommunication which was appeared
in 2010.
 o It was based on LTE (Long Term Evolution) and LTE advanced standards.
o Offer a range of communication services like video calling, real time language
translation and video voice mail.
o It was capable of providing 100 Mbps to 1Gbps speed.
o High QoS (Quality of Service) and High security.
o The basic term used to describe 4G technology is MAGIC. Where:

M- Mobile multiedia
A - Anytime anywhere
G - Global mobility support
I - Integarted wireless solution
C - Customized personal service

Disadvantages
o Uses more battery
o Difficult to implement
o Expensive equipment are required

5G
o It is refered to fifth generation wireless connection which will be probably
implemented by 2020, or even some years earlier.
o Machine to machine communication can be possible in 5G.
o 5G will be able to performs Internet of Things (IoT) for smart home and smart
city, connected cars etc.
o This generation will be based on lower cost, low battery consumption and
lower latency than 4G equipment.
o There will be much fater transmission rate of data to the previous versions.
Thus the speed of 5G will be 1Gbit/s.

8. Write the steps of communication between end to end terminals

in gsm system.

Ans
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/gsm/gsm_operations.htm

9. What are the various access technique should be applied in gsm

system? Explain the benefits of those access techniques?

Ans

https://www.electronicdesign.com/technologies/communications/article/21802209/electronic-
design-fundamentals-of-communications-access-technologies-fdma-tdma-cdma-ofdma-and-
sdma

10. Draw and explain the framing patterns in GSM system?

Ans

https://www.rfwireless-world.com/Tutorials/gsm-frame-structure.html

11.How do you distinguish between 2G and 3G wireless

communication system?
Ans
1. Second Generation (2G) : 
2G mobile network is based on GSM(Global System for Mobile Communication).
This technology was developed in Finland in 1991. Messages are encrypted in this
technology. Digital signals used in this technology use less battery and hence leads
to less power consumption. Also provided data services for mobile phones.
Advanced version are 2.5G and 2.75G. 
2. Third Generation (3G) : 
3G mobile network was developed in Japan in 2001 to achieve heights of speed
which was lacking in 2G technology. The standards of this technology was set by
International Telecommunication Union(ITU). This technology provided users with
services like GPS(Global Positioning System), video conferencing and mobile
television. 
12. What are the benefits of LTE over 3G?
Ans

 LTE offers lower latency and increased throughput throughout the network,

dramatically improving upon 3G network performance.
 LTE operates on a separate spectrum from 3G networks and requires new
hardware.
 LTE provides fast data download speeds of several 100th megabits per
second (Mbps), compared to several 10th Mbps for 3G, meaning that LTE is
5-10 times faster than 3G.
 LTE can support data, voice (VoLTE), instant messaging and video on
smartphones and tablets over a single interface. With 3G, this was done over
different systems, and on some networks voice and data was mutually
exclusive.

13. Why the term ‘long term’ is used in 4g long term evolution
system?
Ans
LTE is a first-generation 4G (4th generation) cellular networking technology based
on original 3G (3rd generation) technologies that can reach speeds of around
100Mbit/s, reduced latency, scalable bandwidth capacity, and backwards
compatibility with existing GSM and UMTS technology. GPP engineers named the
technology "Long Term Evolution" because it represents the next step (4G) in a
progression from GSM, a 2G standard, to UMTS, the 3G technologies based upon
GSM.

14. Draw and explain the Various coding techniques applied in

wireless communication system
Ans
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/digital_communication/
digital_communication_data_encoding_techniques.htm

15. How does the OFDM techniques more effective for LTE?
Ans
To overcome the effect of multi path fading problem available in UMTS, LTE uses
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) for the downlink - that is, from
the base station to the terminal to transmit the data over many narrow band careers
of 180 KHz each instead of spreading one signal over the complete 5MHz career
bandwidth ie. OFDM uses a large number of narrow sub-carriers for multi-carrier
transmission to carry data.
Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing (OFDM), is a frequency-division
multiplexing (FDM) scheme used as a digital multi-carrier modulation method.
OFDM meets the LTE requirement for spectrum flexibility and enables cost-efficient
solutions for very wide carriers with high peak rates. The basic LTE downlink
physical resource can be seen as a time-frequency grid, as illustrated in Figure
below:
The OFDM symbols are grouped into resource blocks. The resource blocks have a
total size of 180kHz in the frequency domain and 0.5ms in the time domain. Each
1ms Transmission Time Interval (TTI) consists of two slots (Tslot).
Each user is allocated a number of so-called resource blocks in the time.frequency
grid. The more resource blocks a user gets, and the higher the modulation used in
the resource elements, the higher the bit-rate. Which resource blocks and how many
the user gets at a given point in time depend on advanced scheduling mechanisms
in the frequency and time dimensions.
The scheduling mechanisms in LTE are similar to those used in HSPA, and enable
optimal performance for different services in different radio environments.

Advantages of OFDM

 The primary advantage of OFDM over single-carrier schemes is its

ability to cope with severe channel conditions (for example, attenuation
of high frequencies in a long copper wire, narrowband interference and
 frequency-selective fading due to multipath) without complex
equalization filters.
 Channel equalization is simplified because OFDM may be viewed as
using many slowly-modulated narrowband signals rather than one
rapidly-modulated wideband signal.
 The low symbol rate makes the use of a guard interval between
symbols affordable, making it possible to eliminate inter symbol
interference (ISI).
 This mechanism also facilitates the design of single frequency networks
(SFNs), where several adjacent transmitters send the same signal
simultaneously at the same frequency, as the signals from multiple
distant transmitters may be combined constructively, rather than
interfering as would typically occur in a traditional single-carrier system.

Part-D

1.How many types of spread spectrum techniques are

used in CDMA? Explain in details. 1
0
https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https:// 5
www.tutorialspoint.com/cdma/
cdma_spread_spectrum.htm%23:~:text%3DThe 5
%2520DS%252DCDMA%2520system%2520uses,the
%2520pseudo%252Drandom%2520noise
%2520generator.&ved=2ahUKEwiZmabjuKT7AhWlT
GwGHSDTCasQFnoECA0QBQ&usg=AOvVaw3QBl7eI6
N7G2wte2idxu4w

2.What is FDD and what are the frequencies it uses?

Frequency division duplexing (FDD): FDD allows uplink

and downlink transmission at the same time, but over
different frequency bands. The bands are typically
separated by a large margin to avoid leakage. FDD
creates a channel that is always available and thus does
not incur any delay

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://
www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/frequency-
division-duplexing%23:~:text%3D3.1%2520Frequency
%2520division%2520duplexing%2520(FDD,does
%2520not%2520incur%2520any
%2520delay.&ved=2ahUKEwiOtKySuaT7AhVgSmwGHc6
KBAQQFnoECBwQBQ&usg=AOvVaw1xKXvPtdGfz8RUBIH
2uQmf

3.Enumerate the differences between CDMA and

FDMA.

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://
www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-fdma-and-
cdma/amp/
&ved=2ahUKEwjvh5bJ6af7AhWXcGwGHVJQDdEQFnoEC
A0QAQ&usg=AOvVaw2OKTrmll7n0zlxrFvpMI4q

4.Write the importance of PN sequence in CDMA and

explain with circuit diagram.
https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://
www.tutorialspoint.com/cdma/
cdma_technology.htm&ved=2ahUKEwjS1pvD6qf7Ah
U7RmwGHSuLAQQQFnoECEQQAQ&usg=AOvVaw0gK
EJsj8fmHZGLVWeqbXGF

1
0
5.Explain briefly the security procedure for the GSM
Netpwork.

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://
www.tutorialspoint.com/gsm/gsm_security.htm
%23:~:text%3DGSM%2520has%2520its%2520security
%2520methods,the%2520privacy%2520of%2520the
%2520user.&ved=2ahUKEwj1hKSD6qf7AhXjcGwGHcyyB
1IQFnoECBIQBQ&usg=AOvVaw2MZU-
qCkQc9VrSRlFxlhyO

6. What is handover in the GSM network.

Handover or hand off is a process in telecommunication

and mobile communication in which cellular
transmission (voice or data) is transferred from one
base station (cell site) to another without losing
connectivity to the cellular transmission.
https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://
www.simbase.com/iot-glossary-dictionary/handover
%3Fformat
%3Damp&ved=2ahUKEwiV5ZOa66f7AhUM4TgGHWnzA
VsQFnoECBAQBQ&usg=AOvVaw3pglqtG0bjwU_kjnirM7
3A

7.What is the function of HLR in GSM network?

Home location register (HLR) The home location register

(HLR) is a central database that contains details of each
mobile phone subscriber that is authorized to use the
GSM core network.

8.What is the function of VLR in GSM network?

A visitor location register (VLR) is a server in a cellular

network that supports roaming functions for users
outside the coverage area of their own HLR

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://
www.gartner.com/en/information-technology/
glossary/vlr-visitor-location-register%23:~:text%3DA
%2520visitor%2520location%2520register
%2520(VLR,area%2520of%2520their%2520own
%2520HLR.&ved=2ahUKEwihp77V66f7AhUb7DgGHYS9
DCQQFnoECA0QBQ&usg=AOvVaw07LFtKO5Je-
RF4HBGokbPY

9.Explain briefly Network and switching sub system 1

in GSM network with suitable diagram? 0

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://
www.tutorialspoint.com/gsm/
gsm_network_switching_subsystem.htm&ved=2ah
UKEwj-
2I2h7Kf7AhXCRmwGHWYxCaYQFnoECAoQAQ&usg
=AOvVaw3_i5BrXJeLmnyAMHy5pfIR

10.What is the function of Base Station Sub system 5

in GSM network ? Explain.

The Base Station Subsystem (BSS) handles the radio

access functions and includes the Base Transceiver
System (BTS) and the Base Station Controller (BSC).
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://
www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/base-station-subsystem%23:~:text
%3DThe%2520Base%2520Station%2520Subsystem%2520(BSS,Base%2520Station
%2520Controller%2520(BSC).&ved=2ahUKEwjfkOC-
7Kf7AhUGxDgGHT0fAw8QFnoECBMQBQ&usg=AOvVaw1UDlkIz6dgMr1x7cFslj2A

11.what is the function of Base Station Sub system in 5

GSM network ? Explain.

12. Name the downlink logical channel in GSM.

There are two types of GSM logical channels, called

Traffic CHannels (TCH) and Control CHannels (CCH).
Traffic channels carry digitally encoded user speech
or user data and have identical functions and
formats on both the forward and reverse link.

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://
www.rfwireless-world.com/Tutorials/gsm-logical-
channels.html&ved=2ahUKEwij2_3z7Kf7AhW28TgG
HedkB8sQFnoECAkQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1m5uLTwRm
m_Wz7Vlipd_hL

13. Which generation uses broadband internet

among 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G ?

14. Power consumpsion is very low in which network

among Zigbee, bluetooth or WiFi ?
Because of the relatively short operating range,
Bluetooth is fairly low power. It consumes much less
power than WiFi, and a lot less than cellular
technologies, but still significantly more than
technologies such as Bluetooth Low-Energy or
Zigbee.

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://
predictabledesigns.com/
wireless_technologies_bluetooth_wifi_zigbee_gsm_l
te_lora_nb-iot_lte-m/%23:~:text%3DBecause
%2520of%2520the%2520relatively
%2520short,Bluetooth%2520Low%252DEnergy
%2520or
%2520Zigbee.&ved=2ahUKEwjBmOrB7af7AhUV9zgG
HdslAQAQFnoECA8QBQ&usg=AOvVaw0zTzzdXKk4kV
LOunqJYUVM

15. What is the full form of HSUPA and HSDPA ?

HSPA (high speed packet access) is a third-generation

(3G) mobile broadband communications technology.
The term HSPA actually refers to two specific
protocols used in tandem, high speed downlink
packet access (HSDPA) and high speed uplink packet
access (HSUPA).

16. For a seven cell reuse pattern, find the reuse

factor if the minimum distance between centers of
co channel is 18 km. Radius of cell is 3 km and the
distance between adjust cells in the seven cell
pattern is 6 km.

17. What is cell splitting ? Explain its type.

Cell splitting is a means of increasing the capacity of

a cellular system by subdividing or splitting cells into
two or more smaller cells.

https://www.google.com/url?
sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://
www.gartner.com/en/information-technology/
glossary/cell-splitting%23:~:text%3DCell
%2520splitting%2520is%2520a%2520means,two
%2520or%2520more%2520smaller
%2520cells.&ved=2ahUKEwiIhJ_67af7AhWRcGwGHU
5EDAMQFnoECAkQBQ&usg=AOvVaw2BT2fBYokaW0l
Gqw7_fR3F
18. Expain the concept of co-channel interference
in detail.

Co-channel interference takes place when two access points within a network are on the
same channel, causing interference that weakens the signal and thus provides problems to
the end-user experience on the network.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://www.7signal.com/news/blog/
causes-of-co-channel-interference-in-hospitals%3Fhs_amp%3Dtrue&ved=2ahUKEwj-
lviO7qf7AhVXUWwGHdB7APAQFnoECBYQBQ&usg=AOvVaw0guomb7zBxy-55AIn_xFze

Or
https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&url=https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-
channel_interference&ved=2ahUKEwj-
lviO7qf7AhVXUWwGHdB7APAQFnoECA8QAQ&usg=AOvVaw3hfBnZg4zX-EisTtSTxpRc
Part-E

1. What are the two parts of BSS?

----The BSS is composed of two parts: The Base Transceiver Station
(BTS) The Base Station Controller (BSC)
2. What is the type of modulation used with AMPS system?

----frequency modulation (FM)

3. What is meant by GSM system?
----GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) is a digital mobile network
that is widely used by mobile phone users in Europe and other parts of the
world.
https://www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/definition/
GSM#:~:text=GSM%20(Global%20System%20for%20Mobile%20communication)
%20is%20a%20digital%20mobile,other%20parts%20of%20the%20world.
4.What is a 2G system?
---The second generation of wireless networks designed to improve on
analog with digital circuit-switched solutions.
https://www.gartner.com/en/information-technology/glossary/2g-second-
generation#:~:text=The%20second%20generation%20of%20wireless,with
%20digital%20circuit%2Dswitched%20solutions.
5.Give two examples for 2G cellular system?
---  Examples are: GSM (2G), GPRS (2.5G) and EDGE (2.75G)
6.What is AMPS system?
---- https://www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/definition/Advanced-
Mobile-Phone-Service
7. What is the functionality of cellular phone service? is it

receiver, transmitter or transreceiver?

----Cellular telephones use a combination of low-powered radio transmitters and
receivers (transceivers) to provide voice and data telephone service to mobile
users. They include small antennas and work by transmitting information to
cellular towers which cover a given area or cell.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/cellular-
telephone#:~:text=Cellular%20telephones%20use%20a%20combination,a
%20given%20area%20or%20cell.
8.Which technique is used in GSM network?
----GSM makes use of narrowband Time Division Multiple Access
(TDMA) technique for transmitting signals. GSM was developed using digital
technology. It has an ability to carry 64 kbps to 120 Mbps of data rates.

9.Write the importance of PN sequence in CDMA and explain with circuit diagram.
---The DS-CDMA system uses two types of spreading sequences, i.e., PN
sequences and orthogonal codes. As mentioned above, the PN sequenc is generated by
the pseudo-random noise generator. It is simply a binary linear feedback shift register,
consisting of XOR gates and a shift register. This PN generator has the ability to create a
sequence identical for both the transmitter and the receiver, and retaining the desirable
properties of the noise randomness bit sequence.
A PN sequence has many features such as having an almost equal number of zeros and
ones, very low correlation between shifted versions of the sequence, and very low cross-
correlation with other signals such as interference and noise. However, it is able to
correlate well with itself and its inverse. Another important aspect is the autocorrelation of
the sequence as it determines the ability to synchronize and lock the spreading code for the
received signal. This fight effectively effects the multiple interference and improves the
SNR. M-sequences, Gold codes, and Kasami sequences are the examples of this class of
sequences.
 A Pseudo-random Noise (PN) sequence is a sequence of binary numbers,
e.g. ±1, which appears to be random; but it is in fact, perfectly
deterministic.
 PN sequences are used for two types of PN spread spectrum techniques −
o Direct Signal Spread Spectrum (DS-SS) and
o Frequency Hop spread Spectrum (FH-SS).
 If ‘u’ uses PSK for modulating the PN sequence, it results in DS-SS.
 If ‘u’ uses FSK for modulating the PN sequence, it results in FH-SS.

10. Explain IMEI key in brief.

https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/IMEI-International-Mobile-Equipment-
Identity
11. What is TMSI key? Briefly explain it
---- https://www.wirelesslogic.com/iot-glossary/what-is-imsi/
An IMSI forms part of a device's SIM profile and comprises 14-15 digits. The first 2-3
digits are the mobile country code (MCC) and the following 2-3 digits are the mobile network
code (MNC). After this, there's a unique combination of 9 or 10 digits to identify the SIM card
user, and which is unique to the subscriber.

12. Draw the GSM system architecture and explain in brief.

---
https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/gsm-in-wireless-communication/#:~:text=GSM
%20stands%20for%20Global%20System,combination%20of%20FDMA%20and
%20TDMA.
GSM stands for Global System for Mobile Communication. GSM is an open and digital cellular
technology used for mobile communication. It uses 4 different frequency bands of 850 MHz,
900 MHz, 1800 MHz and 1900 MHz . It uses the combination of FDMA and TDMA.

13. Explain the function of MSC in GSM network.

----https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/gsm-in-wireless-communication/#:~:text=GSM
%20stands%20for%20Global%20System,combination%20of%20FDMA%20and
%20TDMA.
14. Explain briefly the procedure for location update in

GSM network.
---The mobile starts a Location Update process by accessing the MSC/VLR that sent
the location data. the MSC/VLR that has served the mobile phone up to this point. A
signalling connection is established between the two MSC/VLRs and the subscriber's IMSI is
transferred from the old MSC to the new MSC http://techiesgazette.marwadiuniversity.ac.in/?
p=754#:~:text=The%20mobile%20starts%20a%20Location,that%20sent%20the%20location
%20data.&text=the%20MSC%2FVLR%20that%20has,MSC%20to%20the%20new
%20MSC.
15. Explain briefly the call setup procedure for the GSM network.
---in telecommunication, call setup is the process of establishing a virtual circuit across
a telecommunications network. Call setup is typically accomplished using a signaling
protocol. https://ytd2525.wordpress.com/2012/12/12/call-setup-and-call-handling-in-gsm/
Call set-up within GSM consists of the following main steps:

 RR connection establishment
 Service request
 Authentication
 Ciphering mode setting
 IMEI Check
 TMSI-Reallocation
 Call initiation
 Assignment of a traffic channel
 User alerting
 Call accepted

Note: The above steps are taken for both mobile originating and mobile terminating calls.
However,
for mobile terminating call they must be preceded by an interrogation phase.....

16.what are the important services of GSM?

 ---Telephony services or teleservices.

 Data services or bearer services.
 Supplementary services.
17. What is a 3G cellular standard?
----3G is the third generation of wireless mobile telecommunications technology. It is
the upgrade over 2G, 2.5G, GPRS and 2.75G EDGE networks, offering faster data transfer,
and better voice quality. This network was superseded by 4G, and later on by 5G.
The 3G standard is most commonly used within mobile networks and their radio
access technology platforms. Mobile phones/smartphones. The most common 3G devices
are mobile phones for basic voice and text connectivity, as well as smartphones that provide
more capabilities to users for data transfer and access.
18. What is meant by controlling a handoff?
---

19. What is meant by a dropped call?

----A connected call may be terminated (disconnected) due to a technical reason
before the parties making the call would wish to do so (in ordinary phone calls this
would mean before either of the parties has hung up). Such calls are classified as dropped
calls.
20. What are the characteristics of wireless communication system?
--- The wireless channel is susceptible to a variety of transmission impediments such
as path loss, interference and blockage. These factors restrict the range, data rate, and
the reliability of the wireless transmission.
21.what are the issues with wireless network?

 ---Connectivity issues. It can be maddening when you find that you

can’t connect to your wireless network. Worse still, the causes of
connectivity issues can be complicated and come from deep within
your IT infrastructure. With CORE, you can get professional help to
diagnose and correct the problem. That gets you back online faster,
and with a lot less stress.

 Security issues. When you transmit sensitive information over

wireless networks, it automatically becomes more vulnerable. Wi-Fi
makes things more convenient, but it brings with it important security
concerns. Working with a professional can help you safeguard your
network from a whole range of potential security threats.
 Network Expansion issues. Wi-Fi networks are more sensitive than
you may realize. Sometimes the addition of one extra user can bog
down an entire network. Using managed wireless solutions, you can
efficiently grow the size of your wireless network when you hire new
employees or take on new projects.
 Access Point issues. One access point or router may not be
enough for your whole company. CORE can help you calculate
 exactly how many access points you need for everyone to get
optimum performance.

22. The carrier frequency of cellular phone service is around

---between 600 MHz and 39 GHz.

23. The potential download speed of fourth generation wireless system is 100 Mbps - 1
Gbps .
24. Write an example of wireless personal area network.
-- Wireless mouse, Wearable devices, USB flash drives, Digital cameras, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi,
Thermostats, Security systems, Lighting controls.
25. What are the disadvantages of dynamic channel assignment?
---Dynamic channel allocation schemes increases the computational as well as storage
load on the system.
26. Interference in control channel leads to missed and blocked calls. This happens
due to errors in the digital signalling.
27. Co-channel interference is a function of the radius of the cell ® and the distance
between centers of the nearest co channel cell (D).

28. What is breathing cell effect?

--- Breathing cell is a concept used by CDMA systems. They had a dynamic, time varying
coverage region which varies depending on the instantaneous number of users on the
CDMA radio channel.
29. Shadowing is the example of Slow fading  type of fading.
30. The mechanism behind electromagnetic wave propagation cannot be attributed to
reflection, diffraction and scattering.

31. The propagation model that estimates radio coverage of a transmitter is called
large-scale propagation models.
32. What is the relation between gain and effective aperture?
----where λ is the wavelength of the incident electromagnetic wave. For a fixed wavelength,
the antenna gain is proportional to the effective aperture. For a fixed effective aperture,
the antenna gain is inversely proportional to the square of the wavelength.
33. Write the relationship between wavelength and carrier frequency.
---The shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency. Hence, frequency and
wavelength are inversely proportional to each other. Because all light waves move at the
same speed in a vacuum, the number of wave crests passing at a given spot in one second
is determined by the wavelength.
34. What is EIRP?
---Equivalent isotropic radiated power, EIRP, is the total radiated power from a
transmitter antenna times the numerical directivity of the antenna in the direction of
the receiver, or the power delivered to the antenna times the antenna numerical gain.
35. What is probability density function? What is cumulative distribution function? What is the
relationship between probability density function and cumulative distribution function? What
are the mathematical expressions of probability density function and cumulative distribution
function of Rayleigh fading and log-normal fading channel?
-- in probability theory, a probability density function (PDF) is used to define the random
variable's probability coming within a distinct range of values, as opposed to taking
on any one value. The function explains the probability density function of normal
distribution and how mean and deviation exists.
In cumulative distribution function, the probability function value of a continuous random
variable is less than or equal to the argument of the function. The cumulative distribution
function is used to describe the probability distribution of random variables. It can be
used to describe the probability for a discrete, continuous or mixed variable. It is obtained by
summing up the probability density function and getting the cumulative probability for a
random variable.
p(x) = F′(x). Thus, the probability density is the derivative of the cumulative distribution
function. This in turn implies that the probability density is always nonnegative, p(x) ≥ 0,
because F is monotone increasing. In other words, the cdf for a continuous random variable
is found by integrating the pdf. 

F(x)=P(X≤x)=x∫−∞f(t)dt,for x∈R. In other words, the cdf for a continuous random variable is
found by integrating the pdf. Note that the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus implies that the
pdf of a continuous random variable can be found by differentiating the cdf.
35.what is dwell time?
--- The dwell time, also denoted as cell residence time or mobile sojourn time, is a random
variable that describes the amount of time a mobile spends in a radio cell. Therefore,
the dwell time depends on the following parameters: veloc- ity of the subscriber, cell size,
cell shape, and the traversed path.
36. Name some of the outdoor propagation models? Define indoor propagation models.
Mention some indoor propagation models? What are merits and demerits of Okumara's
model? List the advantages and disadvantages of Hata model? What is the necessity of link
budget?
----

Okumura's model is considered to be among the simplest and best in terms of accuracy in path
loss prediction for mature cellular and land mobile radio systems in cluttered environments. It is
very practical and has become a standard for system planning in modern land mobile radio
systems in Japan. The major disadvantage with the model is its slow response to rapid changes
in terrain, therefore the model is fairly good in urban and suburban areas, but not as good in rural
areas. Common standard deviations between predicted and measured path loss values are
around 10 dB to 14 dB.

Link budget is a way of quantifying the link performance. ‣ The received power in an
wireless link is determined by three factors: transmit power, transmitting antenna gain, and
receiving antenna gain. the minimum received signal level of the receiving radio, then a link
is possible.
37. What are the three most important effects due to multipath in mobile radio channel?
What is the signifance of frequency selective fading? Explain the fading effects due to
multipath time delays spread and fading effects due to doppler spread.

---
A consequence of frequency selective fading is intersymbol interference where symbols
received over the direct or the shortest reflecting paths are interfered with by
previous symbols arriving at the same time over longer delay paths.

https://www.rcet.org.in/uploads/academics/rohini_31836117348.pdf
38. Why MIMO technique is applied in LTE system?

-- https://www.techtarget.com/searchmobilecomputing/definition/MIMO#:~:text=LTE
%20applications%20of%20MIMO&text=LTE%20uses%20MIMO%20for
%20transmit,while%20also%20increasing%20data%20rates. .
39. Draw and explain the various logical channels in GSM.
--- https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/channel-
channel#:~:text=In%20GSM%20logical%20channels%20(see,information
%20(speech%20or%20data).
40. What are the primary goals of GSM, UMTS, LTE and 4G beyond wireless
communication network?
---- The primary goal of GSM was to provide a mobile phone system that
allows users to roam throughout Europe. It also provides voice service
that is compatible to ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) and PSTN
(Public Switched Telephone Network).
UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications Service) is a third-generation (3G)
broadband, packet-based transmission of text, digitized voice, video, and multimedia
at data rates up to 2 megabits per second (Mbps)
The main goal of LTE is to provide a high data rate, low latency and packet optimized
radioaccess technology supporting flexible bandwidth deployments.
The main goal of LTE is to provide a high data rate, low latency and packet optimized
radioaccess technology supporting flexible bandwidth deployments.
41. Write short note on different trends in cellular radio & personal communication.

---

Or
42. Write a short note on spectrum policy and how to eliminate the problem of spectrum
scarcity?
--- https://www.ctia.org/news/what-is-spectrum-a-brief-explainer
https://spectrum.ieee.org/the-end-of-spectrum-scarcity
43. Explain the cell splitting technique.

---

44. Write the difference between direct sequence spread spectrum and frequency hopping spread
spectrum.

--

45. Draw and explain the block diagram of T1 carrier digital system. Compute the data rate
of T1 carrier digital system.

----
46. Explain the near-far problem in CDMA.

-- The near–far problem or hearability problem is the effect of a strong signal from a near
signal source in making it hard for a receiver to hear a weaker signal from a further source
due to adjacent-channel interference, co-channel interference, distortion, capture effect,
dynamic range limitation, or the like.

47. What are the merits and demerits of frequency hopping spread spectrum?

--- https://www.ecstuff4u.com/2018/04/advantages-and-disadvantage-of.html

48. explain frequency division multiplexing and time division multiplexing

---- https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/frequency-division-and-time-division-
multiplexing/#:~:text=In%20frequency%20division%20multiplexing%20all,are%20pre
%2Dassigned%20and%20fixed.
49. Explain the need of handoff in mobile communication.

-- Handoff is necessary for preventing loss of interruption of service to a caller or a data

session user. Handoff is also called handover.

50. What is the user data rate for HIPERLAN/2 with 64-QAM modulation with R -3/4
convolutional encoder?

----

51. How are higher spectral efficiency and increased throughput achieved in the
OFDM-MIMO system?

52. What is a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) system?explain. compare the 3G and

4G systems.Discuss multicarrier modulation(MCM).

--- Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) is a wireless technology that uses multiple
transmitters and receivers to transfer more data at the same time. All wireless products
with 802.11n support MIMO. The technology helps allow 802.11n to reach higher speeds
than products without
802.11n(https://www.intel.in/content/www/in/en/support/articles/000005714/wireless/legacy-
intel-wireless-products.html#:~:text=Multiple%2DInput%20Multiple%2DOutput%20(,than
%20products%20without%20802.11n. )

https://byjus.com/gate/difference-between-3-g-and-4-g-technology/#:~:text=The
%203G%20technology%20offers%20a,as%201%20Gigabyte%20per
%20second.&text=It%20utilises%20the%20packet%20switching,as%20the
%20packet%20switching%20techniques.
Multicarrier modulation (MCM) scheme is a technique that transforms the high-speed
serial signals into multiple low-speed parallel signals with N overlapping subcarriers.
This special multicarrier modulation scheme was introduced by Chang [21], and is known as
the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM).

53. Describe in detail about the history of development of Paging and the future
trends of paging systems.in mobile communication.

--
54. Derive the closed form expression of spectrum efficiency of ds-cdma system.
--

55. Mention the significance of D/R ratio with respect to cellular communication

--

56. Consider an FH/MFSK WLAN system, in which a pseudo-random noise (PN)

generator is defined by a 20-stage linear feedback shift register with a maximal
length sequence. Each state of the register dictates a new center frequency within
the hopping band. The minimum step-size between center frequencies (hop to hop)
is 200 Hz. The register clock rate is 2 kHz. B-ary FSK modulation is used and the
data rate is 1.2 kbps. (a) What is the hopping bandwidth? (b) What is the chip-rate?
(c) How many chips are there in each data symbol?(d)what is processing gain?

--

57. A WLAN is required to have the minimum Eb/No of 10 dB in an indoor offi ce

environment. The background noise at 2.4 GHz is 120 dBM. If the transmit power is
20 mW and there is no line-of- sight (NLOS) between the AP and mobile terminals,
what is the coverage of the AP? Assume a data rate of 1 Mbps and channel
bandwidth of 0.5 MHz. Use the joint technical commitee (JTC) path loss model in
which for NLOS conditions in the indoor offi ce environment, path loss at the fi rst
meter (A) is 37.7 dB and path loss exponent,, is 3.3. Assume power loss from the
floors to be 19dB and a shadow effect of 10dB.

---