Chapter II

Review and Related Literature and Studies

RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter presents the related foreign and studies, the

conceptual framework, theorical and the synthesis of the related review

of literature and studies.

LOCAL LITERATURE

The smartphone has brought immense utility and convenience

to our hands by allowing instant connection to the internet through a

wide range of applications. There are approximately 3.5 billion

smartphones users across the world today Statista (2020).

Smartphones, also known as cellphones, have had a significant impact

on our country's wide connectivity; you can do everything with them,

including surfing the internet and using them in various situations; as a

result, the number of cellphone users has increased dramatically not

only in our country but around the world. However, as more and more

people start to rely on smartphones for fulfilling all their daily life needs,

cases of overuse have also become commonplace. Some recent

entries in academic literature are prone to classify extreme cases of

smartphone reliance and overuse as a form of addiction and inspect

this phenomenon from psychological, sociological, cultural, economic

and pedagogic perspectives Bal & Balcı (2020). Due to the

convenience of using cellphone the overuse can cause the addiction

and greatly affect in terms of psychological, sociological, cultural and

so on. The combination of these results in a

negative impact upon the life standard and quality of an individual.

Although numerous studies have been focusing on the concept of

smartphone addiction in the recent years; there also seems to be a

growing issue in the academic literature regarding the way it is handled

as a valid form of technological addiction akin to video gaming

addiction or internet addiction Yu & Sussman (2020). As a result, not

only will an individual's everyday life be affected by his or her addiction

to using a smartphone, but students, in particular, will have difficulties

in their academics as a result of inappropriate cellphone usage such as

gaming and internet surfing. Nevertheless, the claim stands that most

studies in the literature handling the issue of smartphone addiction

have failed to investigate the etiological origins or causal pathways of

smartphone addiction Yu & Sussman (2020). A recent study

employing magnetic resonance imaging and handling the issue on a

medical standpoint, however, has investigated brain volume and

neurological activity of participants scoring high on self-reported

smartphone addiction scales (while excluding those who have scored

high also on gaming addiction scales); and provided evidence that

aberrant neurological activity hinting at a valid case of addiction is

present in these individuals Horvath (2020).

According to a recent market study, in another work by Xinhua,

Filipinos use their mobile phones to communicate and as portable

computers. The use of cellphone not only for communication but also

for their studies. The student can make a document or PowerPoint and

take quizzes, activities, and online classes. According to Taylor Nelson

Sofres, a global customized research company said that Filipino

consumers are not just using cell phones to call and text messages

and photos but also as a means to have "internet- on-the-go," allowing

users to be always online.

Currently, there is no consensus on the definition of smartphone

“addiction.” Therefore, the term “problematic smartphone use” is

frequently applied, which describes a recurrent failure to control the

addictive behavior that results in functional impairment or distress,

which meets the criteria for behavioral addiction as proposed by

Kardefelt-Winther (2017). According to the existing studies, many

elementary students often encounter problems in their academic

performance, and PSU has been regarded as one potential reason

Amez & Baert (2020); Kates (2018). Despite initial evidence to the

contrary, there is a debate as to whether problematic smartphone use

is a real and objective psychological construct or simply the latest

version of technology-induced ‘moral panic’ Anderson & Rainie

(2018); Orben (2020). A common argument used to debunk the idea of

problematic smartphone use and related technologies is that society

has a long history of being overly concerned with technological

advances negatively impacting health and wellbeing. In general,

research has not yet converged on how best to define problematic

smartphone use and "smartphone addiction", and many different

measures have been developed Yu & Sussman (2020). It should be

noted that a small number of studies have used objective smartphone

use data Ryding & Kuss (2020), but this represents a somewhat

different construct. For instance, Elhai (2018) used objective use data

from participants' smartphones to determine levels of use over a one-

week period. Also, Orben and Przybylski (2020) employed an online

time-use diary method to assess teenager’s smartphone use in real

time. However, problematic smartphone use is not the same as

objective use, whether it be quantity or type of use. It is the functional

impact (e.g., health, well-being, relationships, productivity) and the

sense of a lack of control which makes this type of use problematic.

Students' academic performance is affected by several factors:

students' learning skills, parental background, peer influence, teachers'

quality, and learning infrastructure. However, few studies explore the

relationship between PSU and subject-specific performance, such as

mathematical achievement. Following conventional wisdom, studying

time is expected to be positively related to academic performance.

Time management skills also are expected to positively influence

academic performance because a student with better time

management skills should be more effective and efficient while

studying.

FOREIGN LITERATURE

Many students use it to connect with social media applications and

websites to interact with authors to validate the information presented

in the research Safdar (2020).

The aim is to find the connection between smartphones and the

student’s attention span in both groups in the classroom. This research

aims to find the relationship between using a cellphone and students’

attention in school and whether using a cellphone affects their

academic performance and their learning behavior. The group allowed

to have a smartphone with themselves receives notifications

continuously and is distracted throughout the class period. Their

attention period is much smaller than the other group without an

approach to smartphones Ahmed (2020). Mobile phones can be

distracting in the classroom. They can cause problems for teachers

and pupils. When you're focused on a task and a phone call, it disrupts
the entire class. The study concluded that students’ performance could

be improved by limiting smartphone devices during lectures.

Smartphone usage among students has been identified as

contributing to lower academic achievement in a variety of settings.

What is unclear is how smartphone usage contributes to lower

outcomes. This study surveyed participants’ self-regulated learning

skills and smartphone usage at the beginning and end of the term for

first semester undergraduates. Kendall Hartley, Lisa D Bendixen,

Dan Gianoutsos, Emily Shreve (2020). Apart from having a positive

impact on children, this change also has a negative impact that

threatens their development. With all kinds of convenience to access

information via smartphones, children become addicted to their

smartphones. Why not, smartphones can provide services and

impressions that attract children's attention, and that is something

children enjoy. Nie, Wang, & Lei (2020). One of the most commonly

expressed concerns starts with a suggested epidemic of 'smartphone

addiction' in which many users are drawn into relatively compulsive

patterns of interaction that may negatively impact their well-being

Horvath (2020).

According to the study results, the factors that influenced

smartphone addiction were gender, stress, and interpersonal problems.

In addition, when the confounding variables of smartphone addiction

were controlled to examine the effects of smartphone usage types on

smartphone addiction, social media use and music/videos were found

to have a positively significant effect on smartphone addiction while

study had a negatively significant effect. according to Nie (2020),

explaining the causes of smartphone addiction are: Self-satisfaction the

use of smartphones is because they entertain themselves or in other

words because of personal pleasure to make individuals feel

comfortable or relax. Individuals will repeat behaviors that bring

pleasure to themselves. Social gratification the social gratification

factor is the use of cell phones as a means of maintaining contact with

other people. Advances in cell phone technology allow individuals to

communicate without having to meet or come face to face with other

people. Communication activities with cell phones that are carried out

continuously can make individuals addicted to cell phones. The order

of the usage types with the highest influence on smartphone addiction

was enjoying music/videos, social media use, and study. This suggests

that selective intervention depending on the main smartphone usage

type can be effective Youl Pyo Hong, Yeon Ok Yeom, Myung Ho

Lim Preprints (2020). Prior research has indicated that certain types

of smartphones use, such as multitasking while studying, are related to

learner skills such as cognitive resource management Hartley,

Bendixen, Shreve, Gianoutsos, & Olafson (2020). Interventions that

shift student behavior while studying towards more effective strategies

will lead to better academic outcomes.

A smartphone may be a newer class of radiophone with

integrated technology and other features like an operating system, web

browsing, also, the ability to run software applications. It called ‘Smart’

because they’ll provide information after you need them at the touch of

your fingers, which can utilize in a useful way AlFarsi & Yusof (2020);

Tawafak (2020); Van Raaij & Schepers (2008). Currently,

smartphones are equipped with features like cameras, recording,

Global Positioning Service (GPS) navigation, and games, sending and

receiving an electronic message (email), web search applications for

various purposes.

RELATED STUDIES

LOCAL STUDIES

According to paper reviews, roughly 200 recent studies of

mobile phone use in the developing world and identifies significant

concentrations of research. It categorizes studies along two

dimensions. One dimension distinguishes studies of the determinants

of mobile adoption from those that assess the impacts of mobile use

and from those focused on the interrelationships between mobile

technologies and users. A secondary identifies a subset of studies with

a solid economic development perspective. The discussion considers

the implications of the resulting review and typology for future research.

Based on studies, things happen when the students use phones

throughout the class it is because it can distract or disturb the student

using their phones playing, texting, and using social medical such as

Facebook top 1 social media site use that operates in the Philippines

and a mobile legend for games and some variety of games lend on the

what they called play store where they can get apps for their phones.

Based on the studies, 23% of the student fail their exam because of

using cell phones while in class, so a total of ¼ of the course fails to

commit their grade because of the distracted by a phone.

Based on Love Radio’s “8 Harmful effects of Mobile Phones on

Children,” Children worldwide use smartphones for various purposes.

Some children are seen talking to their friends for long hours, while

others spend their time playing countless games on the phone. The

internet is an abode of knowledge for children. Though the utility of

smartphones cannot be debated, continued use and exposure can

have harmful effects on the child.

Harmful Effects of Smartphones/Cell Phones on Children.

Mobile phones may be an easy way to distract children or keep them

occupied. However, they come with their own set of vices. Some of the

adverse effects of regular use of mobile phones include:

 Tumors now, we don’t mean to scare you with this information,

but it is good to know that studies suggest a possible increased risk of

tumors for those who use cell phones excessively. There is limited

evidence that tumors are caused due to cellphone radiation, but as a

parent, you may want to limit the time your kids use phones to avoid

any other possible risks.

Affects Brain Activity, studies suggest that the human brain is

sensitive to electromagnetic radiation; however, there is a need for

more studies to prove that radiation could disturb brain activity. Since

mobile phone primarily function on electromagnetic waves for all forms

of communication, even internal, and the brain has its electric impulses

wherein communication is carried out in the neural network, it could

affect the brain. However, as mentioned earlier, more research needs

to prove that radiation affects brain activity.

Academic Performance, many children carry phones along with

them to their schools. Chatting with friends or playing games during

school breaks, or even in the class, is increasing day by day. This

results in children failing to pay attention in class, missing out on

important lessons, and being clueless about studies and examinations.

Academic Malpractice, smartphones not only distract children

from studies but may also be their tool of malpractice to score well in

exams. Using the inbuilt calculator in exams where it isn’t allowed,

storing photographs or reference information to cheat in the

examination, or even exchanging answers with other students over

chat during the exam, have been widely observed in various schools.

Such behavior affects academic performance and results in a

personality issue.

Inappropriate Media, like any other gadget, the mobile phone is

also a tool and can be used for the wrong purposes. Kids could come

across inappropriate messages, images, or texts shared by their

friends or group and further pass them on to others. They can find their

way to pornography early, changing their perceptions and thought

processes. Even exchanging images of their own irresponsibly can

create a fiasco that impacts.

Sleep Disruption, children may stay up late talking to friends,

playing games, or scrolling through social media, which causes fatigue

and restlessness over time. It also disrupts academic life, as kids are

too sleepy to concentrate on what is taught in school. Hence, it has a

domino effect that seeps into all walks of their lives.

Medical Issues, with children glued to their mobile phones

during their free time, they don’t partake in physical activity and get

fresh air. This puts them at risk for obesity and other illnesses, which

can later develop into harmful diseases such as diabetes and

hypertension.
 Mental Health, children on social media may contact

cyberbullies who harass and bully them over the internet. Many

children who have been cyber-bullied may only admit their experience

much later in life when the mental damage has already been done.

Social media may also induce depression and anxiety when the kids

are not given the online attention they expect.

Mobile Phone Safety Tips to Decrease the Risk

Taking the proper measures to ensure mobile phone safety for kids is

extremely important while growing up. As a general practice, avoid

giving cell phones to children under 16. If needed, you may stay in

touch with the teachers and school staff to ensure your child’s safety

and health. Some parents may choose otherwise, and that is fine, too,

as long as the child has no or limited access to content that will take his

focus off his studies. If you are worried about the radiation, you may

make your child wear a wired headset or limit his talk time when talking

on the phone instead of holding it to the ear. There isn’t enough

evidence to prove cellphone radiation can cause tumors, but go for it if

it eases your anxiety.

Avoid constantly giving your child your mobile phone when he is in the

middle of an activity as it will only distract him or lead to falls and

injuries.
As an adult, it is essential for parents and other people in the house to

restrict their around children. This is not only to avoid radiation but also

to create a behavior pattern.

Keep your mobile phones safely with you and out of sight of your kids

at night. Children may quietly try to get a hold of it without you finding

out.

As with every technology or tool, a mobile phone is a double-edged

sword, the technological prowess is tremendous, and it is quite a

learning tool for children. However, keeping things in moderation and

restricting usage hours go a long way in ensuring children’s well-being

and inculcating good behavioral habits.

FOREIGN STUDIES

The recent studies published in science and Scopus journals

analyze these studies. They arrived at the result that, overall, there is a

positive effect of smartphones on the learning behavior of university

students. Similarly, other studies concluded that smartphones and their

applications positively influence student performance in the academic

environment and lead to more significant results. Although some, fewer

studies also reveal some adverse effects of smartphones on the

students’ performance in the university, as discussed earlier in the

previous studies. So, there are double effects of smartphones on the

students’ performance, and studies conclude that a higher level of

smartphone addiction may often lead to wrong results Ahmed (2020).

Although there are so many positive aspects of smartphones are

found. Still, on the other hand, smartphone use was perceived as

favorable before the study, but later, students revealed that

smartphones were viewed as detrimental to their educational goals.

Cell phone innovation is one of the most significant advancements in

technology. In this generation, phones are essential; they provide a

way of communicating with family and close ones living in different

locations. However, cell phones can have their advantages and

disadvantages. They might be a burden and time consumer. Having a

cellphone can introduce a lot of positives and help us with many

functions; everyone is ignoring the adverse effects of cellphone, even

though they can affect everybody’s lives in many different ways.

Mobile devices are now ingrained in most students’ lives, and they

expect mobile technologies to play an essential role in their education.

Teachers and students are learning in new ways thanks to

smartphones and tablets. It is not always an easy or smooth

adjustment. Research indicates that studying various user acceptance

models in developed countries is valuable in predicting successful

technology adoption in learning. The educational implications of mobile

technology should be explored, as this may provide vital insight into the
consequences for 21st-century student learning. Given our unique

challenges and constraints, such studies on student receptiveness to

mobile technology use in classroom scenarios may better inform

institutions to integrate mobile phone usage into pedagogies and

delivery modes to enhance student performance and learning

outcomes. Moreover, with the growing importance of such devices in

any workplace, mobile learning makes the classroom experience closer

to the ‘real world’ that awaits students after school, where they will be

expected to be proficient in the use of technology: an outdated

teaching method that refuses to introduce EdTech in the lesson plans

no longer produces well-rounded young people who are truly prepared

for their jobs. Technology in education enables children to adjust to

their own pace of learning. Students who need extra time can spend

more time over exercises until they understand, while students who

need less support can continue ahead. It also frees up the teacher to

help kids who need more support on an individual level.

Studies stated that despite smartphones being used for

communication, gaining knowledge, and the learning process, they

have several drawbacks, especially for students, such as wastage of

time and money, gossiping on useless topics, etc. Researcher James

has studied that student use two hours on their smartphones daily,

revealing that smartphone usage is dependency forming, habitual and

compulsive. They concluded that it is a non-drug addiction of the 21st

century. The results express that smartphone usage influences the

knowledge status form their family, peers, and community, and it also

reveals that smartphone adoption is a cultural concern.

Based on the study of Concordia University Nebraska entitled

“Examining the Effect of Smartphones on Child Development,”

published on February 28, 2020, the negative effect of smartphones on

Child Development was that the drawbacks of smartphone use on

children had received attention in recent years. In academia,

journalism, and other popular forms of media, there has been a

growing concern about how children have increased access to

smartphone technology. Specifically, the behavioral consequences of

smartphone dependency in children have received the attention of

scholars across the world. An article titled “Association between mobile

technology use and child adjustment in early elementary school age”

used data compiled from 1,642 first-grade children in Japan to

determine whether there’s a link between smartphone technology and

behavioral development. The researchers found that “routine and

frequent use of mobile devices appear to be associated with behavioral

problems in childhood.”

Additionally, some scholars have even turned toward the adverse

bodily effects smartphones can have on children. A recent article

published in the journal Child Development explored the physical

health consequences of smartphone use for children. As more children

begin using smartphones earlier, “it is important that neurological

diseases, physiological addiction, cognition, sleep, and behavioral

problems are considered.” Because of this, parents and clinicians

should be aware of the repercussions of early-age smartphone usage.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has begun identifying the

risks associated with children using smartphone technology. The

Washington Post recently reported on the WHO designation of how

much time children — particularly babies — should spend on

smartphones. The organization stated that children between two- and

four years old “should spend no more than an hour a day in front of a

screen.” Additionally, the writers found that a research gap exists in the

field. They stated that “Long-term consequences can be hard to

measure, and ethical concerns prevent experiments” that could explore

the topic more thoroughly. As a result, we will likely be unable to grasp

many of the adverse effects of smartphones that will put children at

further risk root cause of the adverse effects of smartphones on child

development can come from an unexpected place. An article in the

Atlantic stated that before parents should be concerned about their

children’s smartphone usage, they should first consider their own. As

the ultimate examples of their children, parents need to be mindful of

their smartphone consumption since that kind of behavior will set the

stage for how children will interact with technology. Parents must

consider what image they express to their children and how they

communicate responsible smartphone consumption. In educating

parents, many things must be considered by parents, not only the

family environment, but the social environment is also one of the

biggest factors that trigger children to experience smartphone

addiction. Children have a need to make friends, by being friends they

practice socializing, practice their language skills, practice all aspects

of their development from peers as well as children find many things,

regardless of negative or positive things. Maybe many parents don't

have the heart to see their children bullied by their friends because

they don't have a smartphone, and finally, parents try to meet their

children's needs with a smartphone Akrim & Sulasmi (2020). These

issues could cause anxiety and reduce students’ learning motivation,

which would have negative consequences on their emotional well-

being and academic performance Niemi & Kousa, (2020); Yates

(2020).

Another study from Vidyalankar Study on February 1, 2021,

was “the impact of mobile phones in students’ life.” As we said in the

examples, the mobile phone is one of the fastest-growing technology in

the last few decades; it started as a device to dial and receive calls.
But two decades later, many manufacturers have built mobile devices

that allow you to dial and receive a call and listen to music, click

pictures, check your health status, etc. And as mobile phones have

become more affordable, everyone in today’s world carries one or two

phones on time. It is a must for students who are studying in schools or

colleges to have mobile phones nowadays because of the new world

pandemic, as their academic curricula are to be started or continued

online, not everyone can afford a laptop or a computer, so a mobile

being a cheaper alternative takes the space for the computer in the

online lecture. Students have the upper hand when they have the

convenience of the mobile device, not just for the online courses. They

can also use it for entertainment purposes like movies, games, social

media, etc. Due to the increase in the number of mobile phone users in

the younger generation, companies have started to develop their

portable versions in a more user-friendly application that lets people

stick to the app longer, increasing the media used by the students.

Mobile phones are both a curse and a boon to the newer

generation as a lot of these phones when being used for education and

entertainment purposes, also influence a lot of unhealthy habits in the

younger generation like watching pornography, blackmailing others for

their excellent, increase in cybercrime, etc.

Mobile phones can play a perfect role in the hands of the younger

generation with the help of growing social influence and the new ideas

that occur daily in the minds of the younger people; the mobile phone

can be an excellent device to start a new business online. Moreover,

as it is easy to access the students’ mobile telephones, it has caused

exponential growth for the e-Learning companies. With sites like\

LinkedIn, people can connect who have a similar business or looking

for jobs to start their way into the career path. For young students

looking to get an education, the mobile phone is beneficial as the

online lectures conducted by the schools, the colleges, and the

coaching classes can be quickly attended on the mobile phone

The mobile phone has made learning easy for the masses as it

fits in your hands and you can attend the lectures wherever you are.

The mobile has even made it possible for the working people to pursue

their academics if due; for some reason, it was left incomplete. A

student can be anyone from a child who starts to learn from day one of

school to a working professional who is ready to invest his time and

money to continue pursuing his incomplete education. The use of the

mobile phone for education in a student’s life was important even

before this pandemic. Students use their mobile phones to carry digital

notes instead of taking xerox. It's easier when they want to take a

survey. And most notably, mobile phones are very convenient when it
comes to research for a project when you don’t have a laptop or

computer handy. With the entire transition from offline teaching to

eLearning due to the pandemic, it is safe to say that some of the trends

set by the eLearning platform will stay even in the post-pandemic world

—trends like using Google forms for online tests, digital notes, and pre-

recorded lectures for revision.

Today, the source of knowledge has diversified, and one of the

ready sources is the internet. Having a mobile phone on their person

can help students check out things in a more fun way which will help

them learn it fast. If there is any doubt in a student's mind about

something that the teacher was teaching, the student can clear their

doubts immediately. There are so many applications in the App Store

for students, which means students can get help from an app for a

subject they lack in some areas. Most of these applications are free of

charge. And students these days prefer learning from these pre-

recorded lectures then learning from a book. Plus, you can carry your

mobile phone wherever you go, even when on vacation.

Research shows that medical apps are essential to support

young people’s health, such as managing diabetes, and apps need to

be accessed during school hours. A mobile device works wonders

when used correctly by the student. Mobile phones serve many vital

functions. Digital literacy is a critical aspect of young people’s

schooling, and research shows mobile phones can play a role in

supporting such learning. Students must learn with these devices to

participate in the workforce effectively. Also, these phones provide a

link between students and their parents, which has a vital role in

ensuring their safety.

Based on the EMF Advice study published this year in 2022, Mobile

phones are a wonder of modern technology and have fast become

something that pretty much everyone can’t live without. However, not

enough people are aware of the health risks of constant exposure to

their favorite devices. What’s more, these health risks are much more

severe for students and young people. Mobile phones work by emitting

radiofrequency radiation, which they use to connect to cell phone

towers that provide them with coverage. The signal emitted by mobile

phones is known as electromagnetic (EMF) radiation.

EMF radiation also covers other types of radiation, such as heat

and microwaves, which are emitted as byproducts when the mobile

phone is in use. EMF radiation is known as non-ionizing or low-

frequency radiation. This is the same as what’s emitted by your Wi-Fi

router, TV, or computer. The issue that most people have with mobile

phones when it comes to EMF radiation, precisely radio frequencies, is

that we put them to our heads when we’re talking, meaning those radio

waves are passing directly into our brains. What does this do for our
health? It’s fair to say nothing positive. Medical research into the

effects of EMF radiation isn’t as plentiful as you’d expect, and there are

differing opinions on whether it’s harmful to health. The World Health

Organization, for example, found there is a valid link between cell

phone use and increased cancer risk.

The issue when it comes to students, in fact, all young people,

and these kinds of health complications, they’re at a much higher risk

because their bodies are still developing. However, the biggest issue

regarding students and the harmful effects of mobile phone radiation is

that there haven’t been enough long-term studies into the risk. There

are genuine reasons for this, mostly to do with how quickly technology

changes, but I feel it’s better to be cautious until we know otherwise,

particularly with young people. There’s also the fact that people carry

mobile phones in their pockets, hands, or bags, meaning their

exposure to EMF radiation isn’t limited to just when they’re using the

phone. Similarly, many students sleep with their phones near their

heads, meaning their exposure to RF radiation is almost constant. This,

of course, can’t be good for their health.

Other harmful effects of mobile phones on students. Aside from

the risks of exposure to EMF radiation, there are several other harmful

effects of using mobile phones, and they are shown below. However,

this list doesn’t necessarily even cover them all.

 Anxiety and depression, linking mental health issues with mobile

phone use is nothing new, and many of us have probably experienced

this ourselves or with someone close. Social media and instant

communication create an unhealthy expectation of what’s acceptable

or even accurate, leading to many mental health issues. This is again

compounded in students and young people, mainly because they

already have a lot going on in their lives. They’re the first generation to

access this kind of technology appropriately. So many people are

unsure how to promote healthy use among students and young people.

Tendonitis and lousy posture, this is an issue that not many

thinks about when it comes to mobile phone use, but people who

spend lots of time on their devices are more at risk of bad posture,

neck and backache, and tendonitis or repetitive strain injury. These

issues are especially problematic for students and young people

because their bodies are still developing, leading to complications later.

However, this also works in reverse, and if these problems are caught

early enough, they should correct themselves quickly.

Sleep loss, unlimited access to a mobile phone can be addictive.

Whether playing games or spending time on social media, it can

become easy to lose track of time and spend hours staring at the

screen. If, like me, you have kids, you’re probably all too familiar with

catching them still awake way past their bedtime, phone in hand.
What’s more, blue light stimulates the brain and reduces the production

of melatonin, the hormone that triggers sleep. This is why apps like

Facebook go heavy on the blue and white: it keeps your brain engaged

and awake, meaning you spend more time on the app. Sleep

deprivation is a particular problem for students and young people. They

need more sleep than adults, but it also leads to a lack of

concentration, irritability, and higher chances of mental health issues.

Accidents, another harmful effect of mobile phone use for anyone, not

just students, is an increased risk of physical accidents. While walking,

using your phone might mean you don’t look when crossing the street,

or your answer that call while driving. Whatever the reason, using a

mobile phone makes it more likely to have an accident.

Stress, using a mobile phone can make students more prone to

stress, whether directly or indirectly. This, in turn, can impact their

performance at school and lead to several mental health issues. Mobile

phones can be distracting, and it can be tempting to spend time

speaking to friends or browsing social media instead of studying.

However, we all know the impact of not looking for a school, both short

and long term. One of the biggest problems in the short term is stress,

which should be minimized for students when possible.

 RELEVANCE OF THE REVIEW LITERATURE AND STUDIES TO

THE PRESENT STUDY

Therefore, the term “problematic smartphone use” is frequently

applied, which describes a recurrent failure to control the addictive

behavior that results in functional impairment or distress, which meets

the criteria for behavioral addiction as proposed by Kardefelt-Winther

(2017). According to the existing studies, many elementary students

often encounter problems in their academic performance, and PSU has

been regarded as one potential reason Amez & Baert (2020); Kates

(2018). However, problematic smartphone use is not the same as

objective use, whether it be quantity or type of use. It is the functional

impact (e.g., health, well-being, relationships, productivity) and the

sense of a lack of control which makes this type of use problematic.

Time management skills also are expected to positively

influence academic performance because a student with better time

management skills should be more effective and efficient while

studying. Mobile phones can be distracting in the classroom. They can

cause problems for teachers and pupils. When you're focused on a

task and a phone call, it disrupts the entire class. The study concluded

that students’ performance could be improved by limiting smartphone

devices during lectures. Why not, smartphones can provide services

and impressions that attract children’s attention, and that is something

children enjoy Nie, Wang, & Lei (2020). One of the most commonly

expressed concerns starts with a suggested epidemic of smartphones

addiction in which many users are drawn into relatively compulsive

patterns of interaction that may negatively impact their well-being

Horvarth (2020).

Academic Malpractice, smartphones not only distract children

from studies but may also be their tool of malpractice to score well in

exams. This results in children failing to pay attention in class, missing

out on important lesson, and being clueless about studies and

examinations. So, there are double effects of smartphones on the

students’ performance, and studies conclude that a higher level of

smartphone addiction may often lead wrong results Ahmed (2020).

Children have a need to make friends, by being friends they practice

socializing, practice their language skills, practice all aspects of their

development from peers as well as children find many things,

regardless of negative or positive things. Maybe many parents don't

have the heart to see their children bullied by their friends because

they don't have a smartphone, and finally, parents try to meet their

children's needs with a smartphone Akrim & Sulasmi (2020). These

issues could cause anxiety and reduce students’ learning motivation,

which would have negative consequences on their emotional well-

being and academic performance Niemi & Kousa, (2020); Yates

(2020).

Recent research has given conclusive evidence showing the

adverse effects of mobile phone usage on students’ academic

performance. This effect is heightened when students use their

smartphones in class - and similar results are found throughout the

world.

If it has such a negative impact on students, then schools should

seriously consider banning them. If not, teaching them strategies to

manage their mobile phones would go some way towards helping.

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT

Assessed of
Analysis of Effects of Effects of Using
Using Cellphone in Cellphone in the
the Learning Behavior Learning Behavior
of Grade 4 Learners of Grade 4
1.What is the demographic profile
of the respondents in terms of:
 Gender:
 Age: and
 Socio-economic status

2.Description on the Effects of

Cellphone on Learning Behavior
of the
 Interpersonal Skills
 Intrapersonal skills
 Initiative skills

3. Description of the Difficulties

Encountered while used of Cell
phone in the Learning Behavior
of Grade 4 students in terms of:
 low grade
 Lack of Concentration
 Stress

4. How does a cellphone effect

of the learning behavior
 Recitation
 Group Activities
 Summative Test

Feedback

FIGURE 1

Conceptual paradigm of the Study

The study is guided by a conceptual model utilizing the

Coombs’ System Approach involving three frames, the INPUT-

PROCESS-OUTPUT.
 The input stage shown in box 1 focused on the following

demographic profile of the respondents, description on the effects

of cellphone on learning behavior, description of the difficulties

encountered while used of cellphone in the learning behavior of

Grade 4 and how does a cellphone effect of the learning

behavior.

The process stage shown in box 2 consist of data

gathering. It is focused on gathering information of the effects of

using cellphone in the learning behavior of Grade 4 learners at

Melencio M. Castelo Elementary School by means of collecting

data through survey questionnaire and by using of statistical

manual and these are frequency and percentage, rank, weighted

mean and area mean.

The output shown in the box 3 is the utilization of the

findings or result. It showed the output in formulate guidelines in

proper use of cellphone.