Lesson 41 Life Skills Based Education (Topic # 248 - 252)

Lesson 42 School Nutrition Programs (Topic # 253 - 258)

Lesson 43 Safe & Supportive Environment (Topic # 259 - 265)
Lesson 44 Inadequacy of space(Topic # 265 - 271)
Lesson 45 UNICEF(Topic # 272 - 276)

Topic: 001 – School, Community and Teacher

Triangle components

These are three component of a triangle

 School
 Community
 Teacher
These components have equal importance in a triangle. If any one of them is missing, the triangle
will not be complete. For a proper triangle, all three components have to merge together.
Relationship among school, teacher and community
If school and teacher work but community does not exist the triangle does not stand, if school
and community are in harmony with one another and teachers are not collaborating with both,
again we do not have good educational results. So, for good educational standards and to
meeting the targets and goals, we need the collaboration of all three components.
Pillars of the society
School, community and teacher are independent pillars of a society and a nation depends on how
the schools are functioning with cooperation and understanding of the community and how the
teachers are playing an important role by looking at the standard set by the school.
School as part in in the community
School is an important part of the community, it is not a mere building, and schools have to a lot
to do to serve the community. Similarly community contributes a lot to school. Communities
combine their practices, resources, and perspectives to form a shared knowledge base that
informs their practice. Members of a community of practice have a common sense of purpose
and a real need to know what the others know. So, all these depend on each other.

Topic: 002 – The Relations between school and home


 School is the second home for a child. It has its own culture, its name and its
identity.
 School is the second home for a child. It has its own culture, its name and its
identity.
 Children come from a home, which is a part of a community, with deep rooted
norms of culture and behaviors. It also has its own identity.

School is the second home for a child. It has its own culture, name and identity. A child comes
from a home which is a part of a community. School has also its own identity. School brings
vision for us. It is said that 99% people consider school as a second home. They feel that the
days spent in school were the best one in theirlives.
School as identity
School has not only the building but also a name, culture and identity. Parents hold an opinion
about the school, whether government or private. School has its own culture, good or bad, it
depends how the school authority conducts it, how the community visualize the school in a
particular area and how the teachers contribute to the identity and culture of the school. A child
comes from home holding a specific culture and adjusts him with the school environment.

Topic: 003 – The Relations between school and home

 A child needs a familiar set up to settle in the new environment of school which
respects his identity and home culture and identity to which they belong.
Different background
The culture of a society has deep roots and theschool and home are part of that society. The
child has a certain culture at home, he goes to school and figures out that the school has also
some norms and routines; at playground, he learns that different children come from different
homes and each has his own home culture.
Community & teacher help the child
Thus, it is a difficult task, for the child, to become familiar with all three different cultures.
However, the community members,school staff and teachers can help the children to address
three different culturesissues. They can generate a friendly environment and sense of attachment
and may instigate respect and harmony amongthe home,school and the community culture.
This will imply a positive impact on the child‘s growth. So, educating a child is a partnership
between home and school, and that connection must remain clear and strong to monitor progress
and take action when there are problems.

Topic: 004 – The Teacher‟s Role

The teacher‟s role is to:

 Develop an understanding of the student‟s culture and communities
 Value their student‟s culture
 Respect their students families
Referebce: McCaleb,PS (1994)Building Communities of learners,
USA: Lawrence Erbaum associates

So, it is the responsibility of the teacher to understand the culture and community fromwhich the
students are coming from. It is not an easy task for a teacher to know the culture, community and
the home culture of each and every student; however the teachers should do it. If the teacher does
not know the culture and community of the students, she may misunderstand the situation. The
teacher‘s role is not only to know the culture but also to understand the traditions and value their
culture.We need to learn that other people who have different culture, can also Have good
values, norms and traditions. As sometimes we think that whatever we do, is best. Similarly, we
think that our culture is best or superior to others. Weshould give space to others.
Teacher as a role model
The teacher is the role model for students and thus should respect, value and appreciate the
culture of each and every student and mustalways give positive remark about the culture,
whatever the culture is.
Example
For example if the student say it is my culture that I need to shake hands with my elders, the
teacher must appreciate that, this will be a very kind gesture, that the teacher may say, ―O fine,
that‘s wonderful, I think this is very interesting‖. These are all positive statements, statement
which pride the students. Students must love that behavior and they would respect their teachers,
along with that teacher must respect the family of the students irrespective of their status and
educational background.

Topic: 005 – The Teacher‟s Role

 A social group of any size whose members reside in a specific locality, share
government and often have a common cultural and historical heritage.
 Community may be small, medium or large. It has same govt, same laws and
same traditions, same culture and same historical heritage.
 Concept of community

A social, religious occupational or other group sharing common characteristics or interests and
perceived or perceiving itself as distinct in some respect from the larger society within which it
exists.
Example
For example, in a village, city, people live together but people who share common religious
thoughts could form a group with the same common religious ideas and practices and term them
a community of that particular religious group. Similarly, in a society people who share the same
occupation such as ironsmith, gold smith or people who are dealing with business, have common
issues, common interests and perceive them different from the larger society in which they live,
can form a sub- community. Another example can be of the people who do business of garments,
they have common issues, they think the interest of their business. They have common goals,
characteristics; they can form the group of business community. This labeling is just because of
same occupation.
Topic: 006 – Community
A social, religious occupational or other group sharing common characteristics or interests and
perceived or perceiving itself as district in some respect from the larger society within which it
exist for example business community.
Community formation
There are many people in a city or town or village living together but people who share the
common religious thoughts could form a group with the same common religious ideas an
practices and therefore be called community of that particular religious group or it could be
people having the same occupation where they are living amongst in a larger society but they are
sharing a few people who are the sharing the same occupation such as goldsmith or iron smith.

Topic: 007 – Relationship between school and community

 School as a cultural social and community institution.

 Schools have a culture
 .Schools represent a major section of the society
 Schools are representatives of their communities
School is part of the community. Schools provideeducation to the community, community form
common goals, characteristics, goals, issues and problems. The people who come in the school
as students, teachers, and administrator are coming from the community around the school. They
are bringing social, culture, tradition, information and knowledge from the community to the
school. The school is a hub where community ideas get to gether.as a bank. Some will be
accepted and some will be rejected. There could be a friction because of acceptance and
rejection. The school‘s role is important as it should not reject thing without reasons, not to
accept things on favoritism or unreasonable circumstances.
Role of school in the community
So, the school is like a hub of culture and tradition and represents`as community. If you visit the
school and don‘t know the community around the school, you can guess the type of community
living around the school and their interests, motives and directions by looking at the people
within the school. One can give fair judgment by looking at the culture of the school.. The
community represents the culture of the school.
School as part of the community
School represents the major section of the community, In a community there are many segments
of people, they have different occupations, behavior and home background. . The people
contribute to the culture, values and behavior of the ideas to school.
The school gets them all together and can filter them, put in to the sections and label as some
priorities and this culture goes to community. Hence, school represents the culture of
community. So, this process keeps on going as a cycle. So, one is actually recommending the
other and other is complementing the one. Hence, the school is contributing to the community
and the community contributes to the school.
Topic: 008 – Effects of communities on Schools

 Community leaders
 Majority of the community members have a say the policies of the school.
 Affluent members of the community play a major role in the formation of the school
structure.

Community leaders play an important role in the school. This can be debated whether this is
good or bad, if taken positively, it is very good that member s of the community have role in the
policy of the school. These members can be represented by community leaders. Who select the
community leaders, what is going to be the merit to select the community leaders, what is the
qualification of community leaders? Unfortunately, taken this aspect with relevant to Pakistani
society, it does not define the merit and qualification. In certain communities, these do have the
framework and these do have criteria that who would be standing as a community leader. If the
community leader is selected without the merit and qualification, it will have a bad effect on
school and community will be responsible.
Role of affluent people in the community
In Pakistani context, sometimes schools dependent on the affluent members of the society for
their expenses. They need some type of support from the community, it can be related to the
economics, related to the raise to the funds, it can be related to the man power, it can be related
to the other support in different areas such as making a library, boarding area. So sometime
school depends on the community andthe affluent people can support the needs of the school.
If the affluent people think that they are the community as a whole, they are giving the benefit to
the school, learners, the result will be positive.
Topic: 009 – Effects of school on community
 Good performance and excellence has a positive influence on the community
Normally communities dominate the school, but gradually when the school gets a status,
it is rated and if it performs good or excellent school, thus then the school becomes more
dominated than the community around. So if the school staff, teachers, exercise
dominance over the community, they work hard in order to gain good reputation as a
good performance, ,as an excellent school, showing good results, showing good conduct,
showing good behavior, setting up role model, setting up excellent standard. But even
than community try to dominate then school can guide the community and compete the
community

 Stable administration in schools can help establish rules for the students, their
parents, and their communities
But if the school does not fulfill the requirement of the merit, then communities pressurize the
school to change the policies. There is possibility that the policies which are changed by the
community are for the betterment of the school community. But there is risk, that those policies
might be harmful for the school merit. But if the school is continuously showing poor results
then community thinks it is better to intervene the school policy and the school also considers
this valuable, then this will be a good from the school perspectives.
Stable administration is very important to implement the policies, to experiment the policies i.e.
whether the policies are working or not and then to find out the fruit of those polices. Strong
administration can assess the polices and its implications. What changes should be addressed and
how can we overcome the problems in the policies. All this needs time and with the passage of
time a strong administration comes into being.

Topic: 010 – School as a Hub for the community services

  For religious services such as family occasions, (Nikah,Bismilah,) and other religious
gatherings for peaceful purposesFestivals, such as Ramzan, Eid, birthdays,
anniversaries, prize/award wining ceremonies.

School as the hub for the community services, is another important and major role done by the
school for the community. It is the practice all over the world and also Pakistan that community
services are being handled and conducted in school, sometimes by the school authority and
sometimes independently by the community members. For example the school serves religious
services such as Bismillah, completion of Quran, Nikah ceremony, and other religious gathering
for peaceful purposes. The community cannot force to the school for establishing.

A system and where the school would bit go against any norm laid by the system. This is the
good service by the school for the community members and also gives opportunities the
members to getfamiliar with the school, not only with the building but also the with values, and
facilities of the school.
Muslims festivals in the community
,Sometimes theschools help the community to conduce ceremonies and festival such as Eid,
Ramzan, birth day, anniversary, prize awarding ceremonies etc. in the school, it is possible that
the school may ask for certain amount of money from the community but it depends, if the
school and community have a pact that such services will be provided free of cost then this
would be free. If the school thinks that some abound should be provided in order to use the
school facilities as the school bears the expenses as well then in that case the community
members can dialogue with the school authorities and fix the rate. The important thing is that
community respects the rules laid down by the school staff and school staff respect the
expectation of the community members that they have from the school to help them, to organize
their functions and their festivals.
Topic: 011 – Organizational Supervision

In order to run all these events smoothly in schools the board of governors or the administrative
staff must be given guide lines to make the event holders bound to certain rules and regulations.
In this case we have two supervision, one is school other is community. Supervision has to be
done at both the levels. It should not be considered that only the school is responsible because
the services are being rendered by the school, Likewise if the school staff thinks that it is the
responsibility of the community only to supervise the events. That would be unfair. So, it is
important to have an organizational chart in the organization indicating who will be responsible
to supervise the events So in order to run all events smoothly in the school, the board of
governors and administrative must give to guidelines to the event holders to make them bound to
certain rules and regulations. So the first job of the supervision committee of the school and
community would be lay down some rules. Both committees should be agreed to those rules
which are the set by the organizational committee which is going to supervise. If both parties
agree to the ruled then there will be no controversy. The event holders should be aware of the
rules and these rules should be displayed.
Topic: 012 – Organizational Supervision

To enhance good organizational skills amongst the staff at the school, and provide a social
platform for community members to interact with the school.

The skill of the organization in order to conduct the event needs to be enhanced. One of the
important skills is communication, better communication, 90% misunderstanding in this world is
done because of bad communication. The school staff needs to develop this skill and different
ways and methods to communicate should be promoted with the community members. The staff
can send the written notices, the staff can inform the learners they should be able to go to the
homes and talk the parent about the rules laid by the school organization committee to supervise
the events otherwise be there can be video clips made and displayed in the school premises in
order to create the awareness among the teacher, parents, school staff, community members and
the students because visual things help a lot. People can make a good understanding of visual
material provided by the school. Similarly the community members can communicate in the
same way, they can send their news letter to the school. Another way is to provide the online
social platform which could be shared by the school, and parents are online. This is like a forum
and people just post their comments, opinions and suggestions, Out of these suggestions, some
are taken and some are rejected. So all these help the community members to interact with
othersand the school would enhance the possibility of having the triangle of school, community
and teachers.

Topic: 013 – Definition & types of social institutions

 Educational
 Academic
 Informative
 Creative
 Collaborative
These are the social institution for social interaction and provide the social platform for people to
get engage in some communication in order to get better dialogue for the betterment of the
community and the learners. The first and foremost institution for such a platform iseducation. In
a n educational institute all the culture, tradition, information, and whatever is happening in the
community is brought into, it affects the community, it affects the learners an it also affects the
norm of the school. For example, tuition center where the students get together after the school
timing in order to get the extra help. Sometimes these centers are free of cost and run by the
community in order to help the students who need help in different subjects. Another example
can beof informative centers where such exchange of ideas can take place. The example of
informative centers are libraries, IT cafes, All these places carry the culture because these are
run by the communities who have certain cultures, tradition and these have impact on the
younger people. After collecting all the information from the centers, individual move around in
the community. The purpose of these is to exchange culture, knowledge and information of the
people. Thencreative centers, example are, sports complex where the young and oldindoor and
outdoor games, show their behavior and exchange their ideas, by the display of the discipline
they carry their culture. It is also the social forum because the ideas are exchanges, opinion are
gathered. The last one is, collaborative activity such as marriage hall, where people din together,
the people sit together and love to talk.
 Topic: 014 – Definition & types of social institutions
 Religious
 Basic principles of Islam
 Islamic teaching with special reference to society and social norms
The basic purpose of the religious institution is to teach the fundamental principleto the learners.
The adults also can learn from such institutions. This is an ongoing process which continues
throughout the life. The Islamic teaching with special reference to society and social norm are
the message of these institution and they convey this message to the people. Islam focuses on the
society, brotherhood and tolerances. Such a institution has a great impact on people to learn how
to live in the society. So in that way, religious institution is the biggest platform where people
can come and talk about how community can make an impact on the school and life of the
learners. Sometime people can go the religious institution to reading the Holy Quran. When
people go to the mosque for the prayers, they interact with other people and also discuss the
social issues. Mosque is the central place in the community and people share their problems with
the imam who leads the prayers.
Topic: 015 – Definitions & Types of social institutions
 Family is the first and most important social institution.
 Parents are role models for their children
If the parents respect the school and the society, their children follow them
Family is the first and foremost institution for the child. Child is affected if anythinggoes wrong
in this institution. Parents are the role model for their children. Family means mother, father,
brother, sister aunt, uncle, grand-parents or great grandparents. All these people have the
responsibility to look after the child, the child has ample opportunity to learn from all the
members of the family. So child looks at all these as his role model and copies them. If the child
falls in some wrong activity, this is the responsibility of the whole family to initiate the right
step, parents and other family members should come forward and guide the child. So family is
the small scale social institution however the parents have the biggest responsibility to care about
the child. For example, if the parents respect the school administration the child would also
respectit naturally, but if the parents do not respect the family, they think the people are low
where they live, in first stage the child become confused, sometime this confusion leads to
failure. The psychologies think there is feeling of guilt in human being if what they belong to in t
being accepted by their dear ones. So in that case parents talk against the school to which the
child belongs to and considered that to be second home, it develops sense of guilt in the child
when the school is being criticized or when the teacher are labeled because inside the heart he
owns the school, he own the teachers and relates himself to the community. If any of these is
criticized by the parents or labeled by the family and look down upon, the first feeling occurs of
guilt and shame and that result is in confusion because the mind does not settle down with the
idea which is given to him from the parents or family. The second reaction is that child follows
the steps of his family and does not respect the institution such as school or the community.
Topic: 016 – Teacher‟s Role in the School & Community

 Teacher is the integral part of the society, community and the nation.
 Teacher has great influence on the growth of the student and the community.
Teacher is the integral part of the society, community and the nation. So from school, teacher has
impact on the community, from the community it has impact on the nation. A child interacts with
the school institution the most after the family members, he tries to follow the teacher and the
expectation to be built up by the school for the child. All these are monitored by the teacher. A
teacher has great influence on the growth of the students and community. She reflects the
community values through herbehavior .Teacher should know the cultural , economic, religious
and even ethnic background of the students. Moreover teacher displays the behavior in which
students know that their families, culture and religion is being respected by the teacher. This
makes the student confident and develops the trust with the teacher they Then communicates
their culture, values and any sort of issue with the teacher because their teacher respects all these
Topic: 017 – Agent of Change

 Teacher works as an agent to bring changes in the lives of the students

 This results in a positive change in the norms of the society, community and culture.
Institution and communities can only exist if they keep on changing. Change is important for
existence. Teacher works as agent of change which brings changes in the life of students. A
change agent helps an organization transform itself by focusing on such matters as organizational
effectiveness, improvement, and development. A change agent usually focuses his efforts on the
effect of changing technologies, structures and tasks on interpersonal and group relationships in
the organization. The focus is on the people in the organization and their interactions. Positive
changes can improve the community and help the society to remove the negativity.
Topic: 018 – Teacher‟s participation in Community Activities

 ffect of school on individual‟s behavior in the community

 Effects of teacher on group‟s behavior in the community

Teacher participation in community‘s activities would result in two manners, firstly, it would
affect the individual behavior and secondly it would affect the group behavior. For example
teacher who participates in the community activities but does not show respect to one particular
individual cultural background or economic status or any kind of behavior related to that
particular individual. So, school and teacher both are responsible for bringing that change of
individual behavior because of participating in community activities. We take the example of
festival like Eid ,where everyone celebrate, however there are some students who cannot afford
the new clothes. So, it is the responsibility of the teacher motivate the students and spread the
message that real spirit of the Eidis to spread brotherhood and emphasize on sharing happiness,
The teacher should not emphasize on wearing new cloths or spending more money. It has been
noticed that teacher give some instruction and students follow it. Students, who do not have
money, get embarrassment and do not participate in the community‘s activities. But if the teacher
encourage the every student, it develops confidence among the students, and they participate in
the event in a normal way. The teacher should not exaggerate the expectation of the school and
teachers and does not put any student in some form of complex or embarrassment. This shows,
that a teacher brings positive change in the individual behavior.

Topic: 019 – School Culture, Surrounding and Community

 In order to find about the culture of a particular school,

 It would be essential to know about the culture of the families living around in the
neighborhood.
School culture, surrounding and community are interlinked to each other and nothing is
independent by itself. No man is island, similarly no person has his own culture. The culture is
linked with the family, route, community, society and ultimately with the society. The
surrounding means where the child lives, if the child lives far away from the school, he then
needs to know the culture of that community. In northern areas, children come from long
distance, the school and the teachers have no idea about the children location and parents do not
know the school environment. For example some students might be coming from the areas where
there are no facilities such as water, electricity or there is a lot of power shortage. Come for the
little time. So, the students cannot study after sunset if the electricity is not available. The teacher
needs to know about that, such little things would make a lot of difference in the life of students
and students learn how to facilitate others.
Topic: 020 – School Culture, Surroundings & Community

The community surrounding the school has a direct or indirect influence on the culture of the
school, For example offering prayer in a school, if the community has principled,a policy where
they want people to be saying prayers together in the company of each other and led by some
Imam. If the community asks the school administration to allot time for the prayer, the students
love to offer prayers, it has been noticed that if in the institution such arrangements have been
made in the institution, students enjoy by saying prayers in the company of their friends They
take pride that school is providing this facility and this promotes the habits of offering prayers
among the students. This is a small example as to how the community can influence the school
authority to bring up something good in the students and inculcate the habits of saying prayers.
Similarly community can influence in the school so many other good things. Similarly if the
community is collecting the garbage in the streets, roads and surrounding then that‘s mean they
are not taking care of the environment, that can aggravate the students attitude, community can
organize the is task and advice the students about the importance of the cleanliness. Community
can inform the need of the clean surrounding and good environment. Community can initiate the
project and appreciate the community members who involve in the project. The community can
design the project and influence the school authority and inform them they have kept the garbage
bins in the street and tell the students to make use of those dust bins.
Topic: 021 – School and Culture

 Main characteristics of culture

 Elementary concepts of culture
Culture is everything which is socially shared and learned by the members of a society .Every
society has its own culture and ways of behaving. It is not uniform everywhere but occurs
differently in various societies. Every culture is unique in itself is a specific society. For
example, values, customs, traditions, ideologies, religion, belief, practices are not similar but
different in every society. However the ways of eating, drinking, speaking, greeting, dressing etc
are differs from one social situation to another at the same time.
Features of the culture
1. Culture is learned
2. Culture is social
3. Culture is shared
4. Culture is transmitted
5. Culture is continuous
6. Culture is continuous
7. Culture is accumulative
8. Culture is integrated
9. Culture is changing
10. Culture varies from society to society
11. Culture is responsive
12. Culture is gratifying
13. Linked with society

Topic: 022 – School and Culture

Main Characteristics
 Culture has five basic characteristics
 Culture is learned, shared, based on symbols, integrated and dynamic.
Culture has five basic characteristics, those basic characteristics would give reason you, how
does the culture influence the community, school and the teachers. Culture is learnt, teacher
knows the culture and then he will be able to address the needs of the students. So, culture is
basically to be learnt. You have to find out the culture of people living around. Culture is shared
by the people. It is not a one man culture, that one man one culture and other man has other
culture. It is always shared and that is why it has capacity to influence others because it has to be
shared.If I am doing something, the person is sitting next to me would have an influence on his
personality and he will automatically try to do something what I am doing.
Topic: 023 – Learning Culture

 The process of learning culture is called enculturation

 It is not inherited. Most of the time it is unconscious learning
 Ways to fulfill our basic needs vary from one culture to another

Culture is not inherited biologically but it is learnt socially by man in society. It is not an inborn
tendency but acquired by man from the association of other, drinking, eating, dressing, walking,
behaving, reading are all learnt by man.

Topic: 024 – Sharing Culture

 We share our culture with other members of our group

 Therefore we know how to behave appropriately in our social groups
 We are able to predict how others will behave in our group.
Culture is something shared. It is nothing that an individual can pass but shared by common
people of territory. For example, customs, tradition, values, beliefs are all shard by man in social
situation. These beliefs and practices are adopted by all equally.
Topic: 025 – Symbols

 A symbol is something that stands for something else.

 Language, memory and art are all symbols of culture.
 Language is the most important component of all these symbols of culture.
 Culture is based on symbols, including
 Language
 Objects with meaning
 Events with significant
 What do these items have in common
Object or event that is intrinsically unrelated to another object or event to which it refers. For
example ask yourself some questions about Pakistani flag. What does the moon represent? What
does star represent?
To the human mind, symbols are cultural representation of reality. Every culture has its own set
of symbols associated with different experiences and perceptions. Thus, as a representation, a
symbol meaning is neither instinctive nor automatic.
Symbols occur in different forms: verbal or nonverbal, written or unwritten. They can be
anything that conveys a meaning, such as words on the page, drawings, pictures, and gestures.
Clothing, homes, cars, and other consumer items are symbols that imply a certain level of social
status.
Topic: 026 – Culture is integrated

 All aspects of culture are interrelated

 It is important to understand various parts of culture, to know a culture fully.
The term cultural integration means the process of one culture gaining ideas, technologies and
products of another and so this means that this culture will seem to be integrating into the other.
An example of cultural integration is the remaking of foreign films for American audiences. For
example, the 2007 film "The Departed" is a remake of the Chinese film "Infernal Affairs." Other
examples of cultural integration include American restaurants such as McDonald's opening
branches in foreign countries such as Japan and foreign films playing in American theaters.
Topic: 027 –Culture is Dynamic
 Cultures interact with other cultures.
 Share and exchange ideas with each other
 Need to change due to changing environment.
Dynamic refers to the variability. Culture is formed by the peoples whose values, beliefs and
religions combine them to live together. With the inclusion of more people in the society, new
era of developments and the forces of evolution the culture changes its shape. The culture is the
product which varies with its producer. As the producer is dynamic and the only living being in
the world who likes change (Human), the culture would also be consequential upon the
variability.
Topic: 028 – The Concept of Culture

 Culture provides a framework to fulfill our physical emotional and social needs
 It‟s way of doing things to balance the individual needs with the needs of the society
as a whole.
Culture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, defined by
everything from language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts. The word "culture"
derives from a French term, which in turn derives from the Latin "colere," which means to tend
to the earth and grow, or cultivation and nurture.
Culture affects every aspect of daily life - how we think and feel, how we learn and teach, or
what we consider to be beautiful or ugly. However, most people are unaware of their own culture
until they experience another! In fact, we don't usually think about our culture until somebody
violates a culturally-based expectation or we find ourselves in a situation where we have the
feeling that WE violated somebody else's cultural expectations, but are uncertain how.
Topic: 029 – Sub Culture

 Cultures are then divided into sub cultures on the basis of ethnicity, race, and
gender.
 Sub cultures still share
 Commonalities with the larger society.
A group within a society that has its own shared set of customs, attitudes,and values, often acco
mpanied by jargon or slang. A subculture can beorganized around a common activity, occupation
, age, status, ethnicbackground, race, religion, or any other unifying social condition, but theterm
is often used to describe deviant groups, such as thieves and drugusers.
Topic: 030 – Adaptation
 Since culture is dynamic, many elements in the culture can be adapted.
 Some features are sometimes adapted by a culture which prove harmful, e.g fast
food, pollution etc.

The change in living and studying environments means an adaptation to the new and different.
The more different and unknown the new living environment is, the greater the change. A youth
leaving home goes through a considerable change when the living environment, friends, the daily
rhythm and many other things turn out to be different. The language and modes of
communication are often strange in a new culture, the culture of studying differs from what one
is used to, and not even the basics of living and existence work as they did at home.

The adaptation to a strange culture and place is not only a physical transition from one place to
another; it is also a mental process. Modes of action to which one is used to no longer apply, and
it takes time to learn new customs. One has to know how to correctly understand and how to
make one understood.

Topic: 031 – Cultural Diversity

 Cultural diversity needs to be accepted by all people.

 Anthropologists help to main this diversity by their study to describe culture and its
diversity.
 Cultural diversity must be documented.
Cultural diversity is the quality of diverse or different cultures, as opposed to monoculture, as in
the global monoculture, or a homogenization of cultures, akin to cultural decay. The phrase
cultural diversity can also refer to having different cultures respect each other's differences. The
phrase "cultural diversity" is also sometimes used to mean the variety of
human societies or cultures in a specific region, or in the world as a whole. The culturally
destructive action of globalization is often said to have a negative effect on the world's cultural
diversity.
Topic: 032 – Culture complex

 When a group of culture traits which are interrelated and dominated by one
essential culture trait.
 Nationalism is cultural complex
A group of culture traits all interrelated and dominated by one essential trait:
These culture complexes are formed according to the various needs of life. In this way culture
complex concerning food habits, the different occupations, etc., can be seen in different cultures.
Examples of culture complexes found in Indian culture are in the form of the caste system, join
family system.
Topic: 033 – Culture Complex

 Some groups communities or individual may think themselves superiors than

others, thinking that their culture trait is better and widely dominating others.
When some groups, they consider that their culture is superior from the culture of other group.
Many factors in a culture are interrelated that one goal the basic main goal become the culture
complex. For example if there is group who having culture complex o nationalism, they think
they are better citizen of the nation because they are doing these things and they dominate the
other culture by telling them that they are the best citizen of that nation because they are doing so
much for their nation. Irrespective of that may be other group is also as good as they are or may
be there are possibility other groups is better than what they are doing but they are not making
big issue of it. They are not exacerbating that are doing a lot for the nation, they are not showing
that are doing many campaigns in order to get national goal achieve. OS, irrespective of that they
develop complex they are doing a best things for the nation. Therefore, this type of complex is
called culture complex.

Topic: 034 – Cultural Pattern

 A cultural pattern develops through a society‟s perception interpretation response

and expression to its surrounding environment.

A cultural pattern is formed when traits and complexes become related to each other in
functional roles. Each cultural complex has a role to play in society. It has got definite place
within it. The cultural pattern of a society consists of a number of cultural complex.

Thus the Indian cultural pattern consists of Gandhism spiritualism, joint family caste, system and
ruralism. So there is a cultural complex consisting of a numerous cultural traits. According to
Clark Wissler there are nine basic cultural traits which give rise to cultural pattern.

 These are;
  1. Speech and Language

 2. Material trails.

 (a) Food habits, (b) Shelter, (c) Transportation, (d) Dress

 (e) Utensils, tools etc. (f) Weapons, (g) Occupations and industries.

 3. Art

 4. Mythology and scientific knowledge.

 5. Religious practices.

 6. Family and social systems.

 7. Property.

 8. Government.

 9. War.

Topic: 035 – Cultural Pattern

 Rudyard kipling, the poet, says in his „Ballad of East and West.
 East is East and West is West; and never the twain shall meet.‟
 He said this because both have different cultural patterns.

Eastern culture or Western culture as a whole, we can only focus on the major views, values,
cultural patterns or orientations shared by the most influential group of people in the most
influential countries or cultures in that part of the world. And likewise, when we speak of a
culture, we are actually speaking of the dominant and mainstream culture, not its subcultures or
co-cultures. Third, even within one cultural pattern or orientation, there are varieties of
individual behavior. So what we can do is only to choose those which are most manifest during
intercultural communication. Finally, since the author of this paper is from China, there might be
manifestations of native cultural influences, stereotypes, bias and even ethnocentrism in the
paper, although that‘s also what the author strives to avoid.
Topic: 036 – Communication Breakdown

 Human beings encounter misunderstandings communication gaps, conflicts and

confrontations, due to failure in understanding in their intercultural communication.
Intercultural communication is a form of communication that aims to share information across
different cultures and social groups. It is used to describe the wide range of communication
processes and problems that naturally appear within an organization or social context made up of
individuals from different religious, social, ethnic and ethnic background.
Topic: 037 –Cultural Values
 Cultural values are transmitted through family, school, and media and so on.
 Our values get translated in our actions.
A culture's values are its ideas about what is good, right, fair, and just.
While the terms 'culture,' 'values,' and 'customs' are often used interchangeably, each is actually a
distinct piece of the bigger picture. A custom is a ritual or other tradition that is an outward sign
of the group's cultural values. The group's values aren't always obvious right away - they run
deep! Cultural values can be pieced together by observing the various customs that the people
have passed down for generations. Cultures defined as all of a group's guiding values and
outward signs and symbols taken together as one big whole.

In our example, the cultural value that the Hindu man believes is to respect your ancestors and
your gods. One of the customs that acts as an outward sign of this value is to allow cows to have
a natural death, rather than slaughtering them. This custom, taken with all of the other customs
that his community practices, represents a larger picture of Hindu culture.

Topic: 038 – Understanding Values

 This helps us to appreciate other people‟s values for better communication with
them.
 We can be guided to understand their behaviors.
Social values permeate every aspect of a society and can vary tremendously between cultures. Even America has
its own social norms of how to act appropriately and interact in the context of American culture.

An example of how social values can vary between cultures can be seen in the difference between Mexican and
Nepali culture. To someone who does not understand the difference between someone from Nepal and someone
from Mexico, members from these two cultures could look very similar and could seem very similar as well.

Topic: 039 – Formation of Cultural Pattern

 Society forms its own cultural pattern.

 Cultural patterns are based on beliefs values, norms attitudes and customs.
Cultural pattern is the way of behavior of the people. A large number of people following certain
behavior make it a custom. This custom when growing popular among the people becomes a
precedent and a rule of social life. This rule of social life is pattern of culture. It is that ideal
which is presented as an example to the people. These people are expected to behave according
to cultural pattern. A culture develops pattern of behavior in all social situations. These patterns
are also the normative orders of society. Violation of these patterns is disliked in society by
condemnation.
Topic: 040 –The Working context of Pakistani Teachers
 Social activist leader
The working contexts of teachers are different as compare to teachers of the world. It is also
different in Pakistan, may be one city or one province context of Pakistani teachers would be
different than Pakistani teacher living in other city or village. It will be also different in respect
of the institution. The context of Pakistani teachers working in the public school would be
different from one who is working in the private school. The context of Pakistani teaching who is
owning the school would be totally different from the one just the employ in the school. So there
are many diversity and angles to look at the context of Pakistani teachers. We, as a whole need to
understand what are the barriers for Pakistani teacher in the context of working in the Pakistani
school whether owned by the teacher whether hired by the school authority, whether working in
the private school or the public school, whether working in the big city or town/village. So
everywhere there will be reference of the context of that particular institution and the location of
the school. Usually a teacher is expected to be social activist leader, why social because he/she is
the part of society and has to expand the social relation in the society, activist, because needs to
be active in all roles. Teacher has many roles in display like leader, friend, guider, mother or
father, so there are many roles, in order to be a perfect person. We come to conclusion that
teacher has a lot of work on his shoulder. He has to developed social relationship with the
students, their parents, their family, the community, the community members and community
leaders, those who are around the school and then be very active leader in order to lead the
people to direction which he thinks is right for them and is for their betterment.

Topic: 041 –Social Activist

 Teachers need to be actively engaged in the social activities of the community

around them
This is the definition of social activist of above mention, the person who is active in the
community in order to deliver to social issues of the community, if we apply this definition to
the teacher in the context of Pakistani society, how much this is appreciated. Especially if
the teacher is female, how many cultures in Pakistan and how many communities in Pakistan
encourage the involvement of female teachers in the activities of community. For example
the community is arranging a fun festival, how much it is expected that female teachers
would be participating in order to organize this fun festival, It is difficult for the female to
participate and convince the male member of the community to participate in it. It will be
also difficult to the female teacher to arrange for commodities to business and other such
groups which would share the fun festival. Family of the female teachers also may hesitate to
participate such fun festival. So this is all very difficult for the female. In big cities this
would be encourage to some extent with the mix ratio 50/50 or 40 for the women and 60 for
the men. But this barrier is not for the women. Some male teachers also think that we should
not participate in the social activities; our job just is to teach the student not to involve the
social activities like fun fare.
Topic: 042 –Leadership

 Teachers are leaders

Teachers are born leaders. They have tendency to lead people because in most of the cultures
teachers are respected and they are considered to be Guroos. It is considered that teacher can do
everything. It is considered that whatever teacher saysisi right. So it develops the tendency to
follow the teachers. In Pakistan context, many places, teachers would be considered leaders, they
would be respected and they have marked influences on the students and their families when
they are growing up. In secondary school it is noticed that teachers are hero for their students and
they convey the same way to their families. Students talk most of the time when they are at
home. It is notices that student‘s get upset if the teachers say some negative to them. Students get
upset because in their heart they believe that teachers know everything. However some teachers
may feel that they lack the ability with other leaders. They need some guidance from their
colleagues and their seniors. There is nothing wrong in that, it is very good idea to share the
ability to other people. Every teacher differs in characteristics of leadership and different type of
teacher leads his/her students in different way. Parents also think that teacher is the person who
can do every think and students also obey the teacher instruction.
Topic: 043 –Leadership

 They are the agents of change and they do not see the failure of one child as an
individual failure, rather they see it as a disadvantage for that social setting where
the failed child is coming from.
The teacher leadership of the present is facing new changes and new challenges in education
sector of Pakistan. Teachers are working at different functional, middle and top management
levels in different education settings like schools, colleges and universities. In these different
settings teacher leadership is challenged or affected by many political, cultural, and
economical, professional and other factors. The role of authority and power of teacher
leadership has now been shifted to the influence of the teacher on his/her student. The new
dimensions of leadership define the guideline for teacher leadership in the education sector of
Pakistan to create a new paradigm for effective leader. Leadership remains the challenging
area of research in the history.
Topic: 044 –Quality of Teachers

 The quality of teachers and their qualifications vary in different schools.

  Private and public schools have different criteria for the selection of their staff.
 NGOs have volunteers as well as qualified teachers
In private schools teachers may have higher degrees but they have less training degrees, in the
Govt school teachers have also training degrees, some should do not have teacher who are well
trained but some schools do prefer the teacher training courses. NGOs always seek sponsored,
they sometimes have qualified teachers and sometimes they depend upon the fresh graduate of
the university or part-time teachers who are not well qualified as teachers.. It is not the question
whether they are capable or not but as a matter of principle, qualification of the teacher should be
uniform in the whole country. The issue is not that qualified teacher is much better or not
because it is much difficult to find out which are the better teachers. The quality of the teacher
depends upon the courses, workshops and seminal, these all enhance the efficiency the teachers
performance. Then what sort of syllabi of the training course is covering the teacher domain.
New concepts, new dimension, new aspects and angles should be address. Adopting new
thoughts, teacher may adopt the effectiveness of methodology.
Topic: 045 –Leadership Roles

 Roles of teachers also vary likewise according to their qualifications and experience.
 The structure and framework that exist in a school has the roles fixed for the staff.
 Refresher courses are not in place.
Teacher leadership is primarily concerned with developing high quality learning and teaching
in schools. It has at its core a focus upon improving learning and is a mode of leadership
premised upon the principles of professional collaboration, development and growth. Teacher
leadership is not a formal role, responsibility or set of tasks, it is more a form of agency
where teachers are empowered to lead development work that impacts directly upon the
quality of teaching and learning. Teacher leaders lead within and beyond the classroom, they
identify with and contribute to a community of teachers and influence others towards
improved educational practice.

Topic: 046 –School Related variables

 Class size
  School attendance
 Student teacher ratio
 Availability of books
 Homework
School related variable are the issues or problem which the school faces. First and foremost thing
is class size, parents, teacher and students always talk about the class size. Especially if the
numbers of students increases over 30 then teacher, parents and students show their concern. It is
quite right, there is justification for that because with having 30 students in the class, its means
every student will get one mint from the teacher. But this is joint learning program, everybody
get learning together. So.most of the time teacher time is all of the students. But if the teacher is
facing problem he should divide the student in the group and nominate the group leader, he can
manage the students more effectively, Then school attendee, a student should attend the school a
fixed number of days. Mostly the students are punctual and regular. But some students due to
some parent‘s negligence or some other reasons do not punctual, but this situation exists
everywhere. This is the school task to deal this. Teachers have to motivate to realize to realize
the importance of being regular and punctual. Teacher play a great role in this because if the
teacher show concern then student also see this, attendance make vital role in the learning of a
child. If the student absent then he is disconnected the affair of the school, he does not know
what is happening in the school. Parent‘s responsibility is also that they should provide the
proper conveyance arrangement. Then student-teacher ratio, every child seek individual
attention, if he teacher are less and students are more then to deal all the student become very
difficult. Hence availability of the books, to provide the books to the students, this is very
important. Home work is another aspect, Parents should supervise the homework of their
children and teachers should check the homework on regular basis.
Topic: 047 –Shared Beliefs

 Teachers try to cope with these values and beliefs in order to be accepted in
their social circles.

When we talk about the socialization, we know there are some restrictions led on the teachers.
Some restrictions come from the community and some come from the parents and their families.
Teachers try to cope with these values and beliefs in order to be accepted in their social circles. It
becomes the bit of the problem of the teacher to be accepted as a leader, as asocial agent of
change. In order to be a perfect teacher and in order to influence the life of the learners, teacher
have to cope with them, they have to understand the values and beliefs that the community
around the school carries. He also understands the values, and belief of the people who are
attached with their learners and their families.
In the case of the teaching-learning continuum, the beliefs, perceptions and attitudes of the
interactants, especially the two major interactants therein – i.e. teachers and learners (students) _
can be argued to affect the situations in and out of the classrooms. As thinking beings, teachers
and students play their respective roles within the classrooms and the communities they belong
to.
Topic: 048 –Establishing Links

 It is important for teachers to establish links among stakeholders, to develop a

sense of responsibility amongst all agents providing a platform for education but
again this practices is not encouraged in the Pakistani context.

Al thought it is not encouraged in the Pakistani context but we have some example that teacher
are role model for exhibiting in the social event and also participate in the community event and
sharing the links which are establish between the school , parents and the community in order to
more active in the teaching programs and establishing links in order to better community. We
have some example in the big cities and boarding school where teachers are responsible for their
making participate in the activities and which the students coming to other cities who do not
know about. So teacher needs to be establishing between themselves and the stakeholders. Who
are the stakeholders, in case of the Govt School, govt is the stakeholders; they are running the
school and other departments like directorate of school, controller of examination, board office.
Teacher should establish the link of all these. Unfortunately in Pakistani context, these roles are
taking by the non-professional. Sometimes it is notices that teacher is totally unaware of the
laws, rules of the board of intermediate an secondary education. Sometime student s suffer but
teacher do not know the rules. There are so many written documents of education each and every
department but unfortunately they are not access by the teachers or teachers are not aware of it
that so many document and rules which need to be read by the teacher. So a teacher need to be
complete understand and should prepare for the needs of the students. The platform of the
education is actually the school. All the departmentsrelated to education are connected by the
school. This platform is provided by the teachers and students likewise. So, this should be done
by the way that all the information taken by this department is put on the notice board for the
student to read as well. It should be habit for the students to read the notice board which have
information.

Topic: 049 –Social interaction & socialization

 Diversity, harmony, tolerance

Diversity is the first thing of acceptance. Students also like the diversity of earlier level. A
teacher is the leader who generates the unity and harmony in the class. Teacher produces the
passion of peer work and team work among the students. Tolerance is respect, acceptance and
appreciation of the rich diversity of our world's cultures, our forms of expression and ways of
being human. It is fostered by knowledge, openness, communication, and freedom of thought,
conscience and belief.

Topic: 050 –Tolerance

 Build up you tolerance level

It means to accept and embrace other races, religions, and ideas without prejudice or judgment.
Tolerance also means respecting others for their differences whether they are race differences,
religious differences or even socioeconomic differences.

Children are brought into the world without biases or prejudices. Yet along the path to adulthood
many children adopt values and beliefs from their peers and the adults in their life. Teaching
tolerance, diversity, and multiculturalism helps children broaden their awareness and acceptance.
It helps create a more harmonious world for everyone.
Teaching tolerance can take many directions. Tolerance can be part of lesson plans on various
cultures or holidays. It can also be part of a unit on friendship, diversity, local history, and
racism. For example, a discussion of the civil rights movement might easily lead into a
conversation about multiculturalism.

Topic: 051 –Harmony

 Keep harmony amongst the groups

As a teacher, you know there are certain teaching styles that are essential to a harmonious
classroom. Whether you teach elementary school or high school, you will have to adapt your
teaching style to your individual students, based on their abilities and strengths. Every class has
its own personalities and dynamics. However, there are certain elements that are proven to help
students learn better and to improve harmony in the classroom. The following six steps are:
Collaboration 2. Open Communication. 3. Interaction 4. Encouragement 5.Review, 6. Feedback.

Topic: 052 –Levels of Social interaction

 Keep the required distance to interact with the community in general

 Keep in mind, the specific goals to interact with the leaders of the community
Teachers need to keep the required distance to interact with community in general, Everything
has to be limited to profession, teacher need to be certain distance with the community even if
they are participating in the events and even if they are establish links with the community in
order to make the better society around the school and provide the better facility to the school.
Still they need to have limitation to level of interaction and all this interaction has to be level
which is known as professional. The teachers also need to keep in mind the specific goal to
interact with the leaders of the community. It is very important to know your goal, it is good way
to rewrite your goal in your diary and probably make a checklist out of it that how are we are
going to work on school.

Topic: 053 – Level of social interaction


Maintain your dignity that means, be professional, maintain your professional dignity while
interacting your members of the community. Professional dignity is only maintained if one has
done homework. Everything you need to do when you are attending the meeting the community
or if you organize the event which the community is invited to you then it has to be organized in
the way in which you have the full knowledge of the event also you should know the goal, you
understand what is the goal and what is the idea behind this meeting or the event which is taking
place. What is the idea behind having the dialogue with the community leaders. So if you have
done your homework that means you are going to talk everything in a very professional manner\
and you have the understanding what are you going to do. It is just like running a project if you
want to run a project, you cannot run it without having a understanding of the project. So you
have done the homework of your project, you would know what is your ultimate goal, what you
want to achieve after that, what is the material to be needed in order to achieve it.
Topic: 054 – Elements of Social interaction

 Social contacts
 Communication
 Social attitudes and values
The basic elements of social interaction are: social contacts, communication & social attitudes
and values. When we come down to communication and values in a Pakistani context, there are
some limitations. Some of the people they have to face these limitations. While in other cases,
these limitations are not there, if in any case, these limitations are there and there are problems in
establishing contacts socially or having communication with the social context then the teacher
needs to be talked about these issues with the school authorities. The school authorities need to
be address that because that is cultural prevailing in that particular community and teachers are
facing problem because they are not having access to the social context or to establish links or to
have communication with these social context. Therefore school needs to have an helping hand
in that. The school can always do some writing communication with the parents & the
community. They can as a whole ask for a teachers to give suggestions and put them down sort
of newsletter, magazine or small booklet, prepared for the parents and the community. It is a
good practice when this newsletter, magazine or booklet is sent to the parents; they are requested
to fill in the answers which are being asked. It is also good practice if the school thinks, teachers
do not have a communication level with the community, to invite the community members to a
board meeting an talked about those issues at the school level. If the teacher do not have access
the community members as asocial context, the school can always devise a way in which
community members come to the school, express their what are their concerns, how do they
think that school is working for the betterment of the community and how do they think school
can contribute the more and also that instance the community leader can offer the support and
help to school and students.
Topic: 055 – Types of Social interaction

 Accommodation
 A convenient arrangement or settlement
 Assimilation
 The social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony with
another
Accommodation mean convenient arrangement or settlement that mean that we
have to accommodate a social interaction, we have to settle and accommodation
where we have to have a settlement to have dialogue or discussion, we have to
find out a way to have a convenient way in order to have a dialogue or discussion.
So that would be that we have accommodated to settlement in which are we able
to interact conveniently.

Assimilation is a social process of absorbing one cultural group into harmony

with another. So to assimilate mean that there is one group which have own
cultural values, attitudes and it has ability to absurd another group with harmony
which is having some different rates in a cultural pattern but still they both have
capacity to absorb each other to make differences solved or look at factual aspects
of that particular culture and not to make any issue out of that. They can be kept
separate, it is not necessary that two groups which have different values or
different attitudes at some point must take those values, it is not taking those, it is
absorbing, it is just understanding that they exist.
 Topic: 056 – Types of Social Interaction

 Cooperation
 To work in groups or as a team
 Competition
 To compete, such as in sports, knowledge and profession
Cooperation mean working together, working together as individual or working
together in groups or as a team. Usually the teacher like to student who work in
group or team but before to do that, make it clear to the students that what are the
rules working in a group or team. The team spirit or group spirit must be
inculcated in the students. The students must be aware of the rules of working in a
group,. Cooperation has to be exerted not for the sake of the honor but sake of the
need in a group. So before start working in a group, they need to understand what
are the rights of other member of the team or the group? This is how there are
going to learn in their life when they are together, they need to work as a group
and also respect the rights of the other people in a group or a team. They cannot
dominate the group. Sometimes it is noticed that students are doing group work
that they are trying to dominate the other members in a group, The teacher must
monitor this sort of action because this would be leading some sort of bullying in
a group. In order to avoid that the teacher needs to be very sharp in monitoring
that no body in the group is trying to takeover the right the other member of the
group to do something, to speak or express their opinion.
Competition, there is nothing wrong there is healthy competition in a class, in a
group or in a team.\, to compete such as sports, knowledge, profession or any
other field of life, there is lot to do of the responsibility of a teacher. They must
introduce before the start such type of activity.

- Topic: 057 – Types of Social Interaction

- Conflict is also a type of interaction. Conflict has to be there as it is not a bad thing
because:
 - People would have different point of views to work as an opposition. But is should not be
displayed as a negative action.
- There is no harm with it as it is something natural.
- Even with conflicts people can learn a lot. E.g. if we are misunderstanding something,
and the other group is telling us what actually is the truth. So, that is a learning process
through social interaction.
- Opposition is actually a helping tool to improve ourselves. The same goes with the
students in a class.

Conflict in class:
- If there is a conflict in an opinion that teacher wants the students to express about, there is
no harm to have a conflict in the class. Even if there is one person having a conflict in the
class, the teacher needs to look at it very carefully, address it and to find out what are the
expressions of the conflict.
- It will be useful not only for the person who is having a conflict but also for the rest of
the class who are listening to the teacher who is addressing the conflict. They will be
learning in two ways:
1. They will be learning whatever the teacher is informing them about. E.g. the teacher
is asking the students about the annual examination system of the school. So,
everybody in the class says yes, the schools must have annual examination system.
Whereas there are few students in the class who thinks that annual examination
system is no good for them. But this does not mean that if they are standing in
opposition, the teacher should neglect them, or should not have an atmosphere in the
class where the minority is being neglected. Because in this way, they would never
learn in their life. They have to accept somebody‘s opinion. In order to learn, they
need to have training on conflict management.
2. Learn from conflicts. If this habit is inculcated and children are trained from the
very beginning in their lives that somebody can have a different opinion, it will help
them all their lives and we can have a better society of listeners.

- Conflict does not have to be in a violent manner.

 The conflict should not carry a package of violence with it. Rather, the conflict can be
there and it can be discussed, everybody can gain information and knowledge, and
express their feelings on the opinion. They would learn how to bear somebody who is in
the opposition. At least they would be able to look at the other side of the picture. Even if
they don‘t believe in it, there is no harm because they have a certain point of view. This
sort of interaction must go on. If we don‘t want to accept conflicts it means that there is
no further interaction. There is just a stop to communication.

Topic: 058 – Group Formation

-
- There are some common features of the people who make groups. These are:
- Same language: language is the first and foremost thing which has to be similar in order
to form a group.
- Similar economic and social status: that means there is a possibility that the language is
not the same in this group but their social and economic status is the same. In this way,
they can interact with one another. However, there would be a difficulty of language in
that group but may be they can overcome it by using a language which is common for all.
- Common goals and interests: groups are also formed on the basis on common goals and
interests of the people, e.g. you have a cricket club in the society, and so all the members
of cricket club have the same goals and same interests. The goal is that they want to
become good cricketers and have interest to play cricket in their free time. Similarly, girls
can have their own interests like having a stitching club in the society or a home
economics club nearby home where they learn how to cook or decorate their homes etc.
They can form a group because of their interests and goals to become better domestic
women in order to carry on with their household chores.
- Similar family structure: it means people who are all married and having young
children may like to have one group formed. Those families having elder children would
have another group because of the issues that they are facing having elder children would
be not understood by families who are having younger children.
So, there are different reasons of these group formations. Now it is not necessary that once these
groups are formed, nobody can come out of these groups that are disintegration of groups. It does
takes place but sometimes it happen that there is a group and in the end certain things happen
which forces some of the members to leave the group and join the other group. There is no harm
in that because that is called growth. It is the growth in the minds and spirit and also physically.
Some people find it difficult to now go on with the same group because their physical needs are
more. E.g. maybe they were playing cricket but now they want to go for hockey. So, they can
change the group with members of cricket club to a hockey club. There can also be chances
where people want to look for more opportunities or they want to look their group to be more
prosperous. So, they can always leave a group and go for another one. This disintegration of
groups should not be taken as a conflict or a negative activity because all these lead to learning.
If someone wants to leave the group, they should be encouraged to do that with harmony and
tolerance for the further growth of the groups.

Topic: 059 – Group Formation

Priorities and opinion
The priorities of some group would be the same and therefore they meet and form
the group. Some people are looking the opportunities for their children education,
so they would be all sitting together and discussing how to get good education and
thus they form a group. Then there can be another group who could be related to
business in a town and they want to talk about how to accumulate the wealth, how
to be successful in business and how to make more money.
Having similar point of views on social, religious issues
group have similar opinion in their life, they get to gather and form the group. It is
god activity to form a group. This is because when you are a group, you have
people similar opinion, similar priorities, so this makes you relax and express
your opinion. This takes out the frustration from you because you want to say
something in your life. Man is asocial animal; he likes to share his opinion and
priorities with other people.So, it becomes easy when other people also thinking
like you. It does not mean if in a group, a person who does not have same priority
 or he has different thinking, should be ignore or rejected. Even then we should
learn from the person who has different opinion. People mostly like to stay in a
same group where their priorities and preferences are the same and they think
alike. Most of the time we form the groups in which we find the interest are the
same. There are some groups which like to politics, current situation of the
country, they should be allow to do as well because that is the way they can talk
and find out ways to make themselves happy and also get information to other
people to make their life easy.
 Mind set for same priorities in life, for example children‟s education,
accumulation of wealth etc.
All these groups working own opinion, points of view and priority. The basic
ingredient that we need is tolerance, acceptance. So we should other people ideas
and tolerate the other people priority. We should what other want their life, it is
not necessary what we want in our life. Basically all these cultural attributes but
teacher needs to inculcate all these habits in the students. They should make their
students aware that in a group, they have to give importance to each and every
member of the group. They should avoid bulling any member of the group. They
should avoid neglecting anyone opinion. They should avoid rejecting anyone
priorities.From the very beginning if the children given training by the school
staff, supported by the parents and community then we go the healthy community
and society in a country where there is lot acceptance and tolerance among young
people as well as the old.

Topic: 060 – Social Stability

All we talked till now, what are the results of these groups priority, opinion, freedom of
express.Freedom to accept,freedom to treat to each other equally without bullying each other or
criticizing each other. The ultimate result is social stability. When we are working these spirit,
the groups, people .team, they have their own priorities, own thinking and these needs to be
respected, that means we are going toward social stability.
Schools and teachers play a major role in bringing social stability
School and teachers play manor role in bringing social stability. That is how it is going to
happen. When teacher inculcate this habit, training their students to be accepting what is
different from them would be accepting that can be conflict only then we will train them toward
stability, and this stability will be happening nationally and locally by developing ethos toward
culture and value in the society. So its going to start at a small scale, school, in a classroom
acceptance.
, nationally and locally by developing an ethos of respect towards culture and values in the
society
This ethos has to be maintained by the teacher.parents, school and community members.
Community members are also members who are parents, they can also be teachers, they can be
all other professionals I the community who can bring ethos. The elders can be the role model for
the youngers. The young people always like to listen to person they think to be a hero. A hero is
one who displays moral character and conduct. The children who see parents, teachers as role
model, they listen their talks with interest. All opinion, values and culture are respected and are
given to the importance. Therefore, this type of ethos would start from a very small scale but it
would be developed by the elders of the community, by the leader of the community an by the
school staff and by the teachers. The students would be having good example of all these
important people in the society and thus will be able to take it as habit for themselves and have
the patience and tolerance.

Topic: 061– Effective Communication

 Express your opinion

 No hidden agendas
 Focus on the goals
 Achieve them
 Basic strategies
 Communication is one tool by which we are going to listen to other and say our
opinion and look at the priorities of others and accept them.
 How to make these strategies
We must express our opinion in order to make a strategy. Usually it is noticed that
when the strategy is being made. No body participate and no one contribute but the
strategy is made then there is lot of criticism, in order to avoid the criticism, it is good
thing to suggest in the beginning when some strategies or rules are make and also the
responsibility lies with the organization.
 Make your message clear

Before taking the decision, they should really sent a survey to all the members of the
organization and ask them their opinion on that matter. In the western world this is
very common even if they built a road or bridge, they would send a survey to each
and every home premises and around the place to find out whether people think this
road is useful or this bridge would be causing any sort of hazard for the life of people
there or do they really think they need a bridge. So, this is wonderful example of
giving freedom to people to communicate. Not only it is a display of freedom to
express but also training their mind. It is also given information because different
people will say different things and may be some of the things may not occur in our
mind. We come to know about those things only now, may be some people right
about things which we are un aware then we will be learning so much from them.
This strategy is also to keep yourself safe because you have asked a opinion for doing
something and then you see what is the majority opinion is and then you make a
report on that and then you declare the report every member of the society. You ask
for a survey that whether this community needs a bridge or needs a road and this is
what the response was. 30% said that they don‘t need it, 70% said they need it and
these are the reason are given. So, in the report reasons, there will be reasons for not
having the bridge and there will be reasons having the bridge. So we come to know
why we need the bridge and why we don‘t need a bridge. All this information,
actually, is training our mind to look both sides of the picture. It is also training of our
 mind whatever we want to do, we ask other people as well because they have also
right to say thing. Most of the time we would not be knowingevery thing because we
are not expert everything. We might be expert in one field or two field but we can‘t
be expert of everything. So.we need to have opinion of the people around us. When
we read these opinions, we will shock to see that there are so many things that we
didn‘t know. The organization who has asked for this opinion would be safe because
they declared everything to you. They told you this is what thing you should do, tell
us shall be do this or not and when you tell them they declared this is what the
response is and this is what they say. So, they are safe now, there will be no criticism,
nobody would point them out for doing that thing.

Topic: 062– Find out?

 Who are the volunteers in your community?

Volunteering is not very common in Pakistan. Teachers are the one who can find out who can be
volunteers? It is time high time now that students in Pakistan learn to be volunteer. So, that they
developed an instinct to help people, to participate in social activities without expecting the
reward. The teacher needs to find out to volunteers in a school in a very early age. From the
primary section, teachers can find out volunteer who can do things in the school or may be just
the neighborhood or may be just in their house. For example teacher can introduce a project of
making the child know that whether the mother or father knows a particular language. So,
teacher can select the volunteers in the class and say, will these children are going to go home
and ask these words to the parents, do they know the meaning of these words. So, these children
become the volunteers of teaching a language to their parents. Some volunteers can be selected
in their schools to work in the environment of the school.So that mean during the break time,
children having lunch. These groups of volunteers can go in each corner of the school and teach
the people to through the waste papers in the dust bin and keep the school hygienic clean. They
do not have really task, they just to go and train the people, they just to inform them that children
who are throghing these things need to learn that these have to be thrown in the dust bin. So, all
these volunteers work has to be introduce at a very early age in the school and the students
should know that volunteering would be continue during their school session. In the end of
school, when they are leaving the school they will be given a certificate for the all task that they
had served as volunteers. In western countries these certificate have a lot of value when the
student go to the university and colleges. If they have a lot of things done as volunteer, they do
get standing for that and that help them to get admission in a good university. So teachers needs
to introduce the same thing in the pakistnaicontext where they would encourage the students to
be volunteers work and this volunteers work should be recorded in their reports, ultimately when
they leave the school, they should have the certificate of being volunteers and all the work they
have done should be added to that certificate. That would be another incentive for those who are
still in the school to work as volunteers and then have a certificate at the end of the school.
 Which charity organizations are promoting education around you?
This is also a task which teachers needs to find out, they need to find out which are the
charity organization which are working on the education, by finding them out the teachers
can join or at least get some information about that and then give suggestions or can do some
activities in their own school and invite the people from the organization to some charitable
work in their schools. In the west, a lot of such practices are done, the charity organization
are invited to the schools in order to do so many things like introducing the cooking sessions
or introducing the project which are for cleanliness and charity organization provide dusts
bin to the schools or provide bags to collect the paper or waste which are stored in the
schools.

Topic: 063– Find out?

 Talk to your students about helping others, joining volunteer work and
charity organizations.
Not only the teacher needs to participate in such organization or get information,
the teacher also inculcates the habit among the students to know about the charity
organization. The teacher should encourage the students to participate in the
volunteer work and also find out to similar things for the charity organization and
arrange some completion in the school. The student should also encourage to visit
the charity organization to observe how the different task in the charity
organization are be done. So that may be in later life these student would love to
 work as themselves for charity organization and then they would know how to set
up a charity organization. So, all these things are exposure toward progress,
communication, understanding and helping each other. But when helping each
other actually we are helping ourself.So, in hat sense teacher should work in that
directions. It is not only the book that is required for a teacher to be delivered for
the students. All these aspects are very important for the teacher to look at these
aspects and find out whether there are possibilities of the students to go through
this and learn this.

 Start your own project

The students can start their own project with the help of teacher. There are so
many projects which can be worked out at specially in the secondary level. For
example literacy project, there are example we find in Pakistan where the literacy
projects are going on with the help of the teachers and students. The students are
working to teach servant and maid in their houses and teach them how to read and
write. Many student are doing that Pakistan and that is wonderful and very
positive thing. So this can be in the literacy project which can be supported by the
teachers and the school. There can be many other projects especially on
environment, collection for rubbish.So many Times Street are laden with rubbish
and when you are walking on those streets is very difficult to walk safely. These
things need to be inculcating in those areas where there is less education or less
awareness of the cleanliness. Such project can also be run by the school student‘s
with the help of the school and also the teachers.
Topic: 064 – Types of groups

 Primary groups
 Family and friends
 Secondary groups
 Work, profession, organization
Primary group are based on family and friends. These groups are the one
which are form while people are thinking and expressing opinions in a family
 or friend. So some friends get to gather and think this is the group that they
would like to make because they have similar opinion or they have similar
priority therefore they can form this group.More professional group could be
form as secondary group, those professional group would be work place form
profession or from an organization. So it is possible doctors all over the city,
they form a certain group and it is also possible that doctors in one hospital
they form their own groups according to the work place environment and it is
also possible that some organization which may be in different city would
form one group having members of different city because they would have an
input from all over the country. So in any case the secondary group would
seem to be more professional. Having said that, it does not mean that the
family or friends group which would be the primary groups would not be
professional or they cannot be professional. Of courage they can be
professional, it is up to them they want to make very professional group but
why we are primary group because it is formed by the members of the family
or friends, It is not requiring any location or any organization or any
professional. It is open to family and friends. So there is no restriction of
profession and workplace or location and organizational name. It is more free
and people have more access to the family and friends groups. It does not
mean that these groups cannot work more than the professional groups.

Topic: 065 – Community Education & Parent Involvement

 Role of community education

How is community education being practiced in the country, Is parents involvement is important
in the community education? All these related to one another. The school, parents and the
community, again it comes to be triangle whether in a community, there has be community
education. How much the parents to be involve this community education. This is the serious
issue most of the countries in the world. This has to be introducing in Pakistan as well in the
context of teaching and learning.
Role of community education
Role of community education is that since people who are in the community, also going to the
school and also learning and teaching, they are also parents of those who are going to the school
to learn and teach, they are also people of the community. The role of community education
would benefit everyone like the child, the learner, the teacher, the adult, the parents, the
community member, the community leader, the community and society as a whole. Therefore it
becomes very important that there is some community education prevailing in the society. This
community education can be encouraged by having community schools in the community and
people who are in the community a part from those who working on salaries and are employed
by the community, other people should also participate and get involve in the different activities
in the community to bring better results. So that mean everybody is responsible for the
community education.

Topic: 066– Context of a Community

 Teachers come to know the community and be active in the community in which
they teach
 The community is the children, their families, neighbors, parents, grand parents,
retired adults.
What is the community?
The community is the children, their families, neighbors, parents, grandparents, retired
adults. So in a way all these people are related to one another either they are children or
they are parents either they are teachers or they are parents, either they are family or they
are neighbors, parents, grandparents or retired teachers in the community.
Responsibility of a teacher
The teachers must come to know community and be active in the community in which
they teach. For some teachers it would be difficult to understand the community if they
are coming from some other place. But if they are living in the same community, it would
be much easier for them to know the people in the community and the people who are
teaching, they would know what sorts of community they are living in. That is why it is
suggested that people should be working in the places which are near by to the homes
 anthe community because it is easy for both the parties. The teacher would know about
the community because they are living in the same community. The people and
community would be knowing about the teacher because the teacher belongs to the same
community.

Topic: 067– Context of a Community

 They are a valuable resource of knowledge

 They must be welcomed by school and teachers
 Communities are dynamic and change is important to survive
The community is a valuable resource, it is the resource which is actually in life given
information to the people in the community. The learners, students, teachers and the school, they
are informed in time about what is happening currently in the community. They must be
welcomed in the school and the teachers because if they are discourage to participate in school
and other activities then that means school will be isolated from the community. The community
also isolated from the learners who are the major part of the community
 Communities are dynamic and change is important to survive
It is not compulsory that the community would just stay as it is or it would stay stagnant.
Communities have to make changes in their rules and regulations as well but this can all be
done together with the help of the staff of the school, students, teachers and parents.
Therefore it should be considered to be a resource which is actually given the current
information about the all the activities taken place in the life of individual who is living in the
community. The parents should be also involved in the activities which are taking place in
the community. They should also sense of appreciation as well as they should evaluate
whether those activities are really contributing to the family life of the children and school
education is being also guided by the community. If the school not involving in the
community, in the activities that are taken place in the educational circle of the students,
that‘s means community would be deprive of knowing how the knowledge is transmitted in
the young generation of the community.
Topic: 068 – Collaboration

 Community education must develop within schools a climate of cooperation,

expertise and experience in parent involvement in the school education.

Community provides a certain education in a school. This community education must have
climate of cooperation. Cooperation and collaboration with the school authority and the
teacher and also parents are very important. So that community school should know what are
the things which are going to be elements of particular community education and also parents
need to know how they would be able to contribute to that particular community. Community
member also play a role in imparting community education to the learner by providing
documentaries on the community work and how the progress is taking place in the
community and how the community member can help the learners, for example
documentaries on the environment project running by particular community. So community
education which has to be imparted to the learner and it has to show that community is
participatingand imparting knowledge and information to the learners. They have to show
some evidence to that this is be done but the consent to the parents and school authority is
very important in all respect. Most of time it has been notices that people who are involved in
these activities seldom know who is doing what. So, it is very important to know what are the
responsibility who are the people who are engage in the community education.

Topic: 069– Collaboration

 Community education is a relatively new subject
 Self help groups and voluntary efforts can help the expansion of community
education.
 Teachers can guide the community to form such groups.
In the community education, there is not major role of government to participate rather it is self-
help and voluntary efforts.So, members of the community do not have depended the sources
from the government. They have to be self-sufficient. They have to depend on self-help group,
where are self-help groups come from? Off course there are going to be either the parents of
those school children or school staff who are going to be groups, who are going to work on their
own and provide enough contribution and administration to hold these community education
school. Teacher also can guide the community to form such groups. So teacher can be who can
nominate, who can be voluntarily, who can be self-help group because they would be having
understanding if they are knowing the community and the parents that which people can become
the member of self-help group and who can work as a volunteer.

Topic: 070– Community Education

 “Community education is a process of commitment to the education and leisure of

all ages through local participation in setting priorities, sharing resources and the
study of circumstances.

Community education refers to an organization's programs to promote learning and social

development work with individuals and groups in their communities using a range of formal and
informal methods. A common defining feature is that programs and activities are developed in
dialogue with communities and participants. The purpose of community learning and
development is to develop the capacity of individuals and groups of all ages through their
actions, the capacity of communities, to improve their quality of life. Central to this is their ability
to participate in democratic processes.[1]

Community education encompasses all those occupations and approaches that are concerned
with running education and development programs within local communities, rather than within
educational institutions such as schools, colleges and universities. The latter is known as the
formal education system, whereas community education is sometimes called informal education.
It has long been critical of aspects of the formal education system for failing large sections of the
population in all countries and had a particular concern for taking learning and development
opportunities out to socio-economically disadvantaged individuals and poorer areas, although it
can be provided more broadly.

Topic: 071– Mutual support between school & community

 Shared facilities between school and community
 Learning based on the local area.
 Shared management and control
  Involvement in decision making

It is a support which has to be shared by the school and community and of course, in a
community we have also parents involvement. When we talk about this mutual support, we talk
about the facilities which are being shared by the school and by the community.This mean those
facilities which are present in the school will be shared by the community and those facilities
which are with the community will be shared by the school. For example, there can be events
which can take place the school premises because school has big grounds.

Community is a part of the society and education is the counterpart of both the above mentioned
elements. School is the social institution where consciously designed learning experiences are
provided with the objectives of achieving social aim at large, over a period of time. School is
also defined as a subsystem of the larger system of the society. It has to functionally coordinate
with its immediate environment, the community in which it is situated.

. Topic: 072 – Mutual support between school & community

 A community oriented curriculum

 Community development
 Sharing of power
 However, considering the above in the Pakistan context, some observations are to be
noted

Community has a support to introduce the community problems and issues and what ever the
community needs and requires for its development in the curriculum and they can inform the
students and the teachers about the community progress and the development that is taking
place in the community. So, who is going to design this curriculum, there has to be
involvement of the teachers, parents and community board members and off course they need
to have skill in order to develop the curriculum. People coming those qualification who can
do the curriculum will be encourage in order to set the curriculum with regard to the
reference from curriculum of the community but at the same time they have to see to it that it
is that part with curriculum of other states, other community in order to compete the national
and local level. The community development would be included as a part of community
curriculum. So that every body of aware of it that how the community going to developed,
what are the requirement of the community to develop and what has it done till date about the
 development of the community. The entire member, parents and the school staff are
responsible of that community development.

Topic: 073 –Sharing of Facility

 This may be interpreted differently by the school and the community.
 School standards and expectations to be upheld by the community members while
using the school premises and its facilities.

When we talk about the mutual cooperation and support between school, community and the
parents. We also talk about the sharing the facility. This can be interpreted differently by the
school and the community. As the interpretation could be different of different people for
example students may misunderstand that can use the community facilities whenever they want
or the community member can misunderstand that they can make use of school whenever they
do that. However there has to be time table to be followed when can each party use the facility of
the others shared those facilities. Along with that school standard and expectations to be upheld
by the community members, why use the school premises. should not be practiced If the
community members using school premises for some event that they just destroy the things that
are present even it is furniture, the chairs and tables or drinking water facilities, anything of that
kind has to be taken care of the community members. All things should be over handed properly
in a correct order to the school staff. Any destruction cause due to some reason on the other may
be noticed and paid for the community members to the school and also school is using
community hall or the community center to perform certain events that they need to that
particular premises, the same policy applies to them as well. They must see that students have
left the premises clean and tidy with everything in its place but along with this all these things
must be written down and they must be discussed in a meeting and policy has to be made in
order to follow and take care of all the utility,. The school standard must be kept in view. There
are certain school standards which school needs to exercise and maintain in the school. The
community members should be aware of it. The parents and student need to protect and take care
of school standard. Everything that need to be done has to be in writing and best thing is if all
those policies and rules are exhibited on the notice board in the school and also pamphlets
booklet should be distributed in the community to make sure everybody knows the school
property has to be care of and it is not to be damaged.

Topic: 074– Sharing of facilities

 Care should be extended in all areas by every member of the community

 Guidelines to be made clear to all by the school and teachers
It is the duty of every member in the community to take care and protect and have
understanding how to maintain the things in the building and also to look after all the
items which are present in the building. Sometimes in some place there is no fire alarms,
it has to be taken care of that building have the fire alarms and fire system in order to
control the fire in case of emergency. All these things need to be in the knowledge of
students, the teachers and school administrator and community members and parents so
that they know where they have to assemble in case of any emergency. In the context of
Pakistan, these things are highly ignored and also building maintenance not taken care of.
All these things are very important for the safety of the children and elders. Both in
school and in community centers which since these are the boiling which are the use in
public, for the public, they have to be taken care of and proper care needs to be in place
and these notices should be displayed in the walls and the notices boards

Topic: 075– Parents Involvement

 Parents involvement in schools can be in the form of:

 Parent‟s day or parent‟s evening
 Practical help in the classroom
Parent‘s may involve in both school and the community. Parent‘s involvement in schools can
be in the form of parent‘s day or parent‘s evening and practical help in the classroom. So,
school can hold the parent‘s day to parents to come in and look at the school premises, look
at the facilities provided by the school and evaluate what is going on in the school. There can
be suggestion register, parents can write their suggestion the end of their visit and also
 community center can do similar activities. They can invite the parents to the community
centres and let them, know, what is happening in the community

Topic: 076 – Parent‟s Involvement

 Contribute to school magazine

 Share projects, e.g environment, cleanliness, recycling etc.
Parents also contribute to the school magazine; there is a section of school magazine where
there is parent section. This is not necessary to parents to write about the school. They can
write about anything. May be there are some parents who are poets, they can contribute as
poet. If the parents know how to make flower and they can just write the article which is
given guidance to people how to make paperflower. Similarly parent s run and share the
projects for example environment project, the cleanliness projects or recycling project etc.
These projects can be run by the school or the community, it can be any body which is
wanted to do some of the other project and the parents can get involve in it. This will not
help the parents to know what is going in the school and what is going on in the community
rather it also help to grow mentally and to become mature, to contribute in the society.

Topic: 077– Success of the community

 Individual success is taken to be more in focus, as well as important.

 Bright students get the maximum attention from all corners of the society.

Success of individual depends upon the success of the community. However, whenever it is be
thought about success, individual success is taken to be more in focus and important. In order to
have successful community we all know it depends on the individual. If the individual are
successful, the community would be successful. But in order to have team spirit, a group spirit
and the spirit of having community successful, it is not important to focus on just one individual
success. It is important to focus on every individual success.
Bright students
Bright students they get maximum attention from all corner of the society. The community needs
to focus on those people who really need help and support to be successful. It is good thing and it
is appreciated those who are bright and going to success and thus, making the community feel,
the community is being successful. It is much to be appreciated. But at the same time, it must be
taken into consideration, those who cannot make it and those who are not successful, need some
attention to the community, parents, school, every member of the society in order to lead them
the success. If we focus on individual success, that mean we are not working toward the goal in
totality. We are taking it as all together one thing. We are just working on individually. So that
will not produce the spirit that we need produce and reflect upon our youngsters.

Topic: 078– Success of the community

 It is beneficial to focus on the success of the community as a whole.

 The neglected section of the society has far worst implications, than the profitable
gains of the successful ones, in comparison.

It is beneficial to focus on the success of the community as a whole. How it is beneficial?

We just on the scenario where the some part of the community is successful and the rest
in not. And also we look on the scenario where the majority part of the community is not
successful and only a little part or little section of the community is successful, So when
we compare the two, we come to know that neglected section of the society is far worst
implication than the profitable gain of successful ones.
So, if we compare, on one hand we have the people who are successful, what is the
implication of that, for example there is society or community in which 10% people who
are getting very good education, there are 30% people who are making good businesses
and 50% people who are getting good education and 70% who are knowing a lot about
religion and getting good religious education. So what about the rest of the persons. So
 these will be showing good results and good implication to the society and it has to be
appreciated. But the gain and benefit of this type of community would be much less than
the worst implication which is done by the neglected section of the society. Because the
neglected part of the community is going to implication which are going to spread more.

Topic: 079 – Social Individual

 School failure of an individual child is not an individual failure, rather it is a

disadvantage which affects all those from this individual‟s social setting.
An individual belongs to society and therefore he is known social individual. No man is a
island. No individual is something by himself. School failure of an individual child is not
an individual failure, rather it is a disadvantage which affects all those from this
individual‘s social setting. So when one individual is fail that mean that social setting has
fail. The social setting from which he is coming from has not given him enough
confidence or enough wellbeing or enough well fare to become success. Similarly after
his failure, the whole setting is again going to be suffered because the setting which has
given him a failure will take back the failure as it is. Therefore it has to be considered if
somebody is exceeding and if an individual is successful in one setting that mean that
will result in the whole setting. By the setting mean the community by which he is
coming from. Usually it has been noticed that one person has become successful in a
family, he then tries to bring the change. Although the change is very gradual a things do
not change very quickly. Therefore he has to bring that change because he is aware now.
He understand how to bring the chang and what are the factors which really needs to be
change. There fore the whole setting and the family, they start changes in their traditions
and approaches toward their life. And one family spread to another family and this
process goes on and on till the time come, when the whole community is changed. When
the community changed and be successful, this spread to the other communities as well.

Topic: 080 – Social individual

  Educational success from a disadvantaged background should be taken as a step
towards changing the condition of all those who share this social setting.
Even we look at the platform which has been damaged for the success of the education still we
no losing heart. For example it has been noticed there are some schools in a city or town which
are labeled to be school of bad results. Probably the students and teachers have accepted to be
damage reputation schools and then they do not think this platform can do any better. It is good
practice to start the educational success from disadvantage background because disadvantage
background would have evidences which would show people, the people who are concern like
the teachers, school administrators and the students that what need to be improved. So in that
case, educational success is from disadvantages background should be taken as a step toward
changes the conditions of those who share this social setting. So if there is social setting which is
been harm or disadvantaged because of the damage done because of consequently failure in that
particular background then there is need to take steps and changes the circumstances of that
particular disadvantaged area. It should not be consider that because it has labeled as a school
which cannot perform well therefore no expectation are there or improvement of the school
results or the school performance. Nothing should be labeled in the education. It should be
considered if some steps should be taken at any platform they would result for the betterment of
that educational process.

Topic: 081 – Collaboration in Learning

 Group learning should be encouraged

 Community learning must be in practice
 Peer learning is a useful tool for learning together
Collaborative learning is a situation in which two or more people learn or attempt to learn
something together. Unlike individual learning, people engaged in collaborative learning
capitalize on one another‘s resources and skillmore specifically, collaborative learning is based
on the model that knowledge can be created within a population where members actively interact
by sharing experiences and take on asymmetry roles.Put differently, collaborative learning refers
to methodologies and environments in which learners engage in a common task where each
individual depends on and is accountable to each other.
Collaborative learning can occurs peer-to-peer or in larger groups. Peer learning, or peer
instruction, is a type of collaborative learning that involves students work in pairs or small
groups to discuss concepts, or find solutions to problems. This often occurs in a class session
after students are introduced to course material through readings or videos before class, and/or
through instructor lectures. Similarly, to the idea that two or three heads are better than one,
many instructors have found that through peer instruction, students teach each other by
addressing misunderstandings and clarifying misconceptions.
Topic: 082 – Collaboration in Learning

 Working as a team result in achieving high goals.

 Teachers can have a role in collaborative learning, but they need to be free of the
traditional control to make decisions.
Working together in a group can be a great experience for some people and a terrible one for
others. In cooperative learning, students work together in small groups to complete a structured
task or goal. It is more than just working in a group, as group work alone does not guarantee
cooperative learning.
To encourage and support teachers to work more collaboratively with students, they need to
experience what it is like to work in a collaborative community themselves. If teachers are
expected to control less, so must school and education authority management. Many head
teachers already know that top-down management does not empower teachers to create vibrant
and innovative learning environments.
Topic: 083 – Authority and power

 Teachers need to share their authority and power with parents and other
community members.
 In turn, parents and community members need to share the responsibility and
outcome of this shared authority.

Teachers need to share their authority and power with parents and other community members.
What is authority and power? Authority and power is very much related to education.
Fortunately or unfortunately it is the subject which everybody needs to explore. Usually there is
concept that education has nothing to do with the authority and power but it has a lot to do with
authority and power. It starts with compiling with the syllabus, it starts with writing with
curriculum, and it starts with building up to school. Everywhere there is authority and power
which influence the education. Whatever the authority and power of the teacher ir or whatever
authority and power of the community is, and whatever is the authority and power of the parents.
All power and authority has to be shared among these three bodies. If any of the three bodies
itself taking the control the authority and power in education, there will be disturbance, people
will be confused and upset because of imbalance. So it is required there should be balance of
authority and power among these three bodies in order to have stable educational system. If the
teachers have some authority, they need to share with parents as well. The parents need to
knowwhat is the authority of the teacher is, what is the power of the teacher. Similarly teachers
need to know what is the authority and power of the parents. The community member‘s needs to
know what is the power and authority of the parents and what is the power and authority of the
teachers. So as far as the teaching and learning and results concern, it is mostly power of the
teachers. The teacher know about the curriculum, syllabus, the teacher is in the classroom to
monitor the students and make them work. The teacher is one who tests the students. So he has
the power over questions and examination power, the parents have no power in the assessment
system. They have no authority because ultimate authority in this case is the teachers

 Topic: 084– Authority and power

 Negotiations must be directed towards the benefit of the student.

Negotiation in this power and authority must be directed to the benefit of the students.
There are things which have to negotiate and there are things which need to be changed.
Change is survival, change is existence. If we keep on changing things then things exist.
Therefore there is possibility that negotiation is required on authority and power. For
 example there are some students in the school who are not attending the school regularly.
The community member and school staff tries out to reason for that, ultimately the
community and staff come to know that it is because of parents that students are not
attending the classes. What do the parents want? Parents are probably too busy or leave
the house before the children supposed to go the school. The job of the parents such a
nature where they have to leave the house earlier than the children. Therefore the
children, they do not get up after their parents leaver and in their absence they make some
of the excuse not to go to the school. In that case staff and parents should approach the
parents whenever possible. Then discuss the matter with them and ask them to authorize
them to come and check that students are getting ready to school or not. This authority
the parent s can give either to some community members like neighbor or school staff. If
the school has sufficient number of people who can go to the home and find out whether
the children are getting ready or not. If the school cannot provide help then the
community member need to offer this help to parents.

Topic: 085– Common Purpose of Education

 Successful schools in which children, students, parents and teachers have learned
how to learn together with cooperation collaboration and harmony

Successful schools in which children, students, parents and teachers have learned how to
learn together with cooperation collaboration and harmony achieved the common
purposed of education. Why it is important to have all these parties together to learn and
why it is so much common to have purpose of education done by all these people.
Because learning together process is not just to simply learning together process. It makes
everybody understand the common goal of education. They can watch and observe what
is happening with the learning that is taking place and they do understand what type of
learning is taking place, due to which change is taking place. The parents would know
what the children are learning. The teachers would know what the parents are learning.
The community member would know what everybody is learning. So in that case, not
 only the learning will the students but everybody is learning in a process. Everybody is
aware of it that what are the goal and purposes of this education and learning.

Topic: 086 – Low Esteem

 Sometimes children coming from homes with uneducated backgrounds develop low
esteem, due to their parents‟ lack of knowledge or education.
Low esteem is very negative aspect that affects the learning of the people. Sometime children
coming from homes with uneducated background develop low esteem due to the parents lack of
knowledge or education. This brings a lot of discomfort in the lives of the student and the
learning of the students. They feel they are not confident because their parents are not confident.
The parents‘ lack of education and do not come up the level of society and the community or
they cannot be represented in the school as the parents of their child. Therefore automatically or
naturally, these students develop low esteem in themselves. They are less confident not because
of themselves but because of parents. They tend to stay away from the rest of the group. They
not like to learn collaboratively because they have the feeling that why learning collaboratively,
may be there background will come to surface and the other friends and students of the class
would come to know about their parents. So this is what they don‘t like because they think very
low about their parents. In this case, community member play great role. The community
members should as such parents to come to the community center and have some extra classes
on basic learning even spoken classes in their mother tongue could be improved by the
community center. It is not necessary that community centers must hold classes in English
language, even mother tongue knowledge and awareness can be provided because it is for the
parents to star some lesson in own language.
Topic: 087– Low Esteem
 Teachers play a major role to boost the confidence of such children and treat them
at par with children coming from educated backgrounds.

Children come from low back ground have low esteem and the teacher should be able to know
who these children are. The teachers who are can boost these children who have low esteem.
Teacher play key role to boost the confidence of such children and treat them at part at which
children coming from educated background. It is some time very difficult to treat the children
coming from educated background with the children who are from coming uneducated
background in a equal manner. Because they think that what the children have learnt at home
makes their hob easy. Because children come from educated homes already know the lot due to
the exposure their parents have, also their parents discussing different things and children comes
to know about those things which makes the life of the teacher easy because the student has
already come that experiences.

Topic: 088– Social Class Difference

 Many parents do not meet the school administrators or teachers because of the
difference of social class between them.

Unfortunately social class difference has effects on education. Many parents do not meet the
school administrators and teachers because of social class between them. Either the children
make them conscious about this, that parents are not fit to see school administrator and teachers
because probably they cannot dressed up well or they do not look rich or their behavior is
different from the school teachers and staff or they cannot speak the language. Sometimes the
parents themselves who develop this complex, sometimes students come home and tell story
about the teachers and school staff belonging to high class and parents themselves think they
should not be going to school to meet the school administrator and the teachers because they
belong to high class. So sometime students discourage their parents to visit the school and
sometimes parents themselves think they should not visiting the school because they would
probably harm the dignity of their children.

Topic: 089– Social Class Difference

 School must have an open door policy to encourage this two way communication
between parents and school.

It has been noticed that the schools, they have timing for the parents. That is fair enough as for
the as the discipline for the school is concerned but at the same time, there should be one person
available for the parents all the time in the school to meet any parents who come. It is fair that
sometime parents come to see the teacher in the class. Of course teacher cannot leave the class
and come and see the parents but in order to substitute to that teacher there should be some
person, may be person who can be counselor or person who is looking after the discipline of the
students because these people who know all the students. So, if the parents are discouraged to
enter the school because it is not the time for the parents to enter the school then probably
parents cannot make some other day. Because may be, he has some tasks to do, maybe he is
discouraged because he thinks that body language of the school was not good and was not
welcoming and probably he get into complex, he has should not going to school. So this will
discourage the parents to go to the child school. Therefore it is important that school should
maintain open door policy. There can be at least one person available for the parents to meet the
staff of the school in order to any query that they have in their mind. The parents should be
encouraged to meet the staff just because they have some query and to know what is happening
in the school.

Topic: 090 – School generated problems

 Some teachers are insensitive to the needs and problems of students and their
families.
 Students sometimes come home and talk about their teachers‟ insensitivity towards
their problems.
Some problems which are generated by the school. Some teachers are insensitive to the needs
and problems of students and their families. Because these teachers they do not know what is
going on in the family of the students. Therefore, they are unaware that are problems students
are facing at home or in their families. They become totally insensitive toward it. Sometimes
it has been noticed that teachers in the staff room, they talk about some child that he is never
smiling or he is showing poor performance. The teachers need to know why that child is not
smiling, why he is showing poor performance. There might be some problem at home which
is affecting this child or may be condition in which he is coming for school is not very
appropriate for the child. It may be child feel very uncomfortable in reaching the school. The
teacher needs to show a lot of sensitivity all these issues. Instead of passionremarks teacher
 need to find out these condition and situation. It is very helpful if the teacher finds out what
are the conditions which make the child unhappy. Why the child is sad. It is important to
know the reasons instead of just saying that is the situation in which the child exists.

Topic: 091– Winners and Losers

 The concept of winners or losers prevails in the minds of parents to a great extent,
nonetheless, it is also sometimes displayed by the behavior and attitude of teachers
and school staff.
The concept of wining in the education has been prevailing in many years. It is not a good
practice, however, to winner and loser in education. The concept of winners or losers prevails in
the minds of parents to a great extent, because they always to see their child as a winner. It is not
a meter of wining of education, it is mater of learning as long as the child is learning and
progressing. The parent‘s needs to just have an idea that child is learning and progressing and
changing his behavior according to his learning in a positive direction.
Topic: 092 – Teachers‟ Perspectives

 Teacher must consider the parents involvement in school as a positive measure to

work together for better educational goals for their children.
Teacher must consider the parents involvement in the school as a positive measure. They should
encourage the parents to come to the school and work together toward the better educational goal
for their children. It has also been noticed that the teachers think if the parents are coming to the
school and getting involve that what is happening in the school that means, parents are criticizing
the teachers. Teachers needs to understand that parents that leave their children in the school for
the progress and better development of their child. In order to control and watch their child
progress, they need to talk with the teachers. They need to get involved in the school activities
and need tosort of supervise what is going on in the school. They have right to it. If the parents
just asking the progress and trying to get involved in order to make the growth in a positive, that
is fine with the parents and the teachers should encourage the parents to do that. Parents
involvement in the school must be encourage as well. Sometimes parents come into the schoolfor
a visit and meet the school authorities or teacher; they are not offer the chair to sit it. These
things, which discourage the parents to visit the school. The school and the teachers must make it
very comfortable for the parents to come and visit the school and the teachers. By doing a little
gesture, it will be shown that the school encourages the parents to involvement in the school and
class room activities.

Topic: 093– Guideline to parents

 Parents must be informed about the activities that take place in their child‟s
classroom.
 They should also be guided about the aims of doing those activities.
Parents must be informed about the activities that take place in their child‘s classroom. So, it
the school authorities inform the parents what is going in the school, what are the activities
are taking place and when the children verified that these particular activities are taking place
in the school then the parents to satisfied as long as they have the information and they are in
the picture that what is going on in the school. They do have a medium from which they
always verified, children just tell the truth to their parents. So if the parent, they are well
informed and discussed those activities with the children. They come to know that school is
informing very and also come to know these activities are given development and growth to
their child because the child knows about that. In case the parents finds that whatever the
school is different from whatever the child is telling at home then they need to ask the school
authority very politely that they just want to clarification on it.

Topic: 094– Use of Home Resources

 Parents can be guided by school and teachers to make use of home resources to help
their child learn basic language, literacy, numeracy at home.
The work resource just meansanything to do with from where learning can take place. Even the
things in the home can make the children learn. For example if the child is siting in the room.
The parents can ask, named the things in the room. For example there is a table/chair/fan and
also there is a mirror in the room. All these things are the resources. These are the home
resources from which a lot learning can take place. Nobody has to buy anything. Newspaper is
the good form of resources which is present at the home, magazine; all these things are the
resources which the parents may use in order to different activities at the different level. Parents
can be guided by the school and the teachers to make use of home resources to help their
children to learn to basic language such as numeracy, literacy at home. So things which are at
home, the parents can always use them as resource.
Topic: 095– Use of Home Resources
 For numeracy, children can be asked to maintain a household account according to
their level.
 Geography lessons can be made easy by talking about the city, the country,
landscape, climate etc.

For numeracy, children can be asked to maintain a household account according to their level.
Household account means that there is some purchases be done in a house daily. May be the
children who are in a secondary level could be asked to go and shop and then make the list of
things and then put down the prices and add those prices and find out, how much balance has to
be there due for them to take back from the shopkeepers. So, such the activities would help the
students to learn how to purchase, how to deal with the money, how to add and how to subtract?
Off course such activities cannot be done with the younger children who are in the primary
section. But still the parents can always deal with the smaller money and ask the children that
money, they are going to pay for the child fee. For example, the parents can show the notes to the
children who are younger, that is five rupee note, this is 10 rupee note, this is twenty rupee note
and these notes are going to pay to school as their school fee.

Topic: 096– More Examples

 A visit to some historical place can take the form of a history lesson.
  A game played together could be a lesson on discipline, team work and learn to win
and lose.
A visit to some historical place can take the form of a history lesson. The parents should be
more careful to take their childrento places where some learning takes place. Usually in the
Pakistani cultural context, parents love to take their children to eat; they love to take their
children to weddings. This is cultural concept which is common in the context of Pakistan.
The parents must encourage to visit the historical places, places where the children can learn,
places where the exhibition of knowledge. This is very important aspect where the parents
have to really work on. Because the for parents only the entertainment taking them out to eat
or taking them to watch movies or attending the wedding. In this, parents can teach the table
manners to the children, parents can talk about the hygienic and along with the parents needs
to take the children in the historical places where they can talk about the history.

Topic: 097 – Support the Mother Tongue

 In order t make children learn other languages in school, it is important that the
children are supported to make use of their L1 or mother tongue.
 In order t make children learn other languages in school, it is important that the
children are supported to make use of their L1 or mother tongue.
Mother tongue refers to the language that a human learns from birth. Children who come
to school with a solid foundation in their mother tongue develop stronger literacy abilities
in the school language. When parents and other caregivers create time to spend time with
their children and tell stories or discuss issues with them in a way that develops their
mother tongue vocabulary and concepts, children come to school well-prepared to learn
the school language and succeed educationally. Children's knowledge and skills transfer
across languages from the mother tongue they have learned in the home to the school
language. From the point of view of children's development of concepts and thinking
skills, the two languages are interdependent. Transfer across languages can be two-way:
when the mother tongue is accepted at school and promoted at home, the concepts,
 language, and literacy skills that children are learning in the majority language can
transfer to the home language

Topic: 098– Using Knowledge of Life Skills

 Teachers may ask their students to talk about a difficult problem they had to face
with regards to their culture or community.
 Usually these problems are focused on interpersonal peer issues of acceptance and
rejection.
It is very important for the teachers to teach the knowledge of life skills to the students. It is the
same time; it is also job of the parents to teach these life skills to their children. Teacher may ask
to the students to talk about the difficult problems they have to face regards to their culture and
community. For example community may ask to the girls students to stay at home or just to by
nearby the school and not to travel the school which is for away. This could be one problem
which is faced by the girl‘s students. Therefore, the students should be able to communicate
these problems with their teachers. The teacher must encourage the students to talk about the
community problems or the society problems to the teacher. It should not be hesitation on the
part of students to talk such a problem to the teacher. As a result of that, the teacher must
explain a method to solve the problem with life skills. This is how the student going to learn,
how to live in the life and solved the problem instead of getting upset and frustrated about it.

Topic: 099 – Listen to the Problems

 As teachers we need to listen to the problems of our students and accept those as
problems and try to solve the problems by discussion.
 Students need to be part of the discussion in order to know both sides of the picture.

AChild has number of problems while they are growing up at home or in the school. Sometimes
the parents or teacher in the community take it very lightly that children have a problem. Agree
that problem could be very minor but this is the age which makes it bigger. A small problem in a
young age becomes very big problem for these young people. As a teacher, we need to listen the
problem of our students and accept those problems. It is important to accept that this is the
problem for the students and tries to solve the problem by discussion. So, it is possible that big
problem for the students may be easy in front of teacher. But still teacher should accept that this
is the problem that the child is facing. The best thing is that to have a discussion, to communicate
instead of hide it. It is a good thing to listen the problem, have an open mind and open heart to
accept the problem and discuss with the child.

Topic: 100 – Confidence and Trust building

 Students coming from any cultural background and any community must have trust
in their teachers that they will be heard by the school authorities.

Students coming from any cultural background and any community must have trust in their
teachers that they will be heard by the school authorities. Even if there is violent act in a school
that is taking place by the children, as a result of some frustration because they were negative
feeling about the community or the school or they were child abuse in a school. Anything that
happen, the students and child must have trust and confidence in the school, in the community
and in their family. If they are not having this the confidence that mean they are not going to talk
about the issue which has come up to be result of some unfair treatment from the school
authorities or the parents or some kind of frustration which has led to that particular incident.
So, whether they are coming from any cultural background or any economic status they should
have the trust that when they talk to the parents, the parents are going to listen to them and accept
the problem and also they should have the trust that school is treating them fairly. Community
member needs to listen the students if they have the problem in the community and if any kind of
violent act takes place in the community. The students must have the confidence and they must
have the trust that everybody in the community, in the school and in the home treated them
fairly.

Topic: 101– Expending the Dialogue

  Each student must have an opportunity to explore,discuss, and express their
opinion freely.
 Explore new areas and find new meanings to express cultural values
Each student must have an opportunity to explore, discuss, and express their
opinion freely. To explore mean that when they the problem and they come to the
teacher and the parents or to the community members to get solution of it, the parents
and the teacher can ask them to explore about it, to go further and think about questions
and answer of that problems. They should be actually growing to lean the problems, the
causes, the reason and how to get solution of it. So, that this prepares the students to
listen the teacher or the parents when they were talking about their opinion. Because
students will have explore the all areas and then have note to all those areas and be ready
for discussion with the parents and the teacher and then discussed after exploring the
areas after exploring the problem, the student has lot to say because he has explore that
area. He knows why this problem happens. It is not an immediate emotion. He has been
ask to go and work on it, to work on the problem and come with the solution and then the
teacher and parent, they are going to have discussion on that. The student will be able to
give all the ideas that he has known after exploring.

Topic: 102–Building Bridges between Home & School

 Share knowledge from school with family and community and vice versa.
 Exchange knowledge of culture, traditions and community with friends and
teachers at school.
Building bridges between home and school. Both the places are good and both the places
are amazing for a child.
Share knowledge from school with family and community and vice versa
So, all the knowledge that is coming from the school has to be shared at home and all the
knowledge coming from home has to be shared in the community and all the knowledge
that is coming from the community has to be shared in school. So the circle of knowledge
has to be shared between all these three parties.
  Exchange knowledge of culture, traditions and community with friends and
teachers at school.
Students should not be ashamed to share their culture, their tradition and whatever is
happening in the community with the teachers in the school. Any thing is happening in
the school, the students should not be ashamed of sharing it with the family and friends at
home. Whatever happened should be shared with the positive manner with the family,
community and friends. If this knowledge is shared, nothing will come as a surprised or
shock of any three parties.

Topic: 103– Priorities

 What are the expectations my parents have for my future?

 What is my community wanting from me and my family?
 Compare these priorities with those of your teachers, school and you
yourself.

We all have priorities, as a student, he faces a lot of priorities coming from school,
parents, community and then he has his own priority.
What are the expectation my parents for my future?
Usually in the context of Pakistani society, the parents expect a lot from their children
and specially from their male children. From the very earlier childhood, boy is told that
parents are expecting him to be the earner of the family when the parent getting old. The
child has a lot of pressure because of that. He think that he has priority to earn money for
the rest of family when he grows up. With this pressure on his shoulders, he has also
pressure his on priority. When he goes to the school, may be the priority totally changed.
The teachers want to the student to be concentrating on their subject. The school expects
them itself in different activities in a school. Therefore, the students feel pressurized
having all these priorities and responsibility on his shoulders.
 What is my community wanting from me and my family?
Community expect from the children, participating in the community events,
participation in such events which give rise the reputation of the community and enhance
all those things that are happening in the community in order to bring it good reputation
Topic: 104– Priorities
 How can I justify my role?
 Overcome these pressures by discussing, brainstorming
Another thing related to the priorities is to justify my priority
 How can I justify my priority?
Sometime students are getting confused whether I am going in a right direction or
not and how can I justified, this is my priority. For example, student may have
situation, there is some body sick in the family. The school expect from the
students to perform well in the examination but at the same time student is facing
a problem at home and serious situation is there where parents or sibling are not
well. That person needs his attention. Then student decide the priority. How
students explain this with the teacher? Sometime they feel very scare to talk about
this to the teacher because the teacher just going to say, you need to work hard,
you need to focus on your study. You cannot be doing anything else. Is this
justified from the part of the teacher? The teacher must realize that he is a human
being and he has full of emotion of that age. In this age, he cannot decide how to
handle the situation. He gets pressurized and may be ha could not perform these
two tasks. So encourage the students to talk about the priority and their suffering
which is really making them as a confused individual that how to justified my
priority.

Topic: 105 – Parents‟ Trust

 One positive result of interactions between classroom and home is that

teachers can really begin to communicate interest and caring toward all
students.
Parents must develop a feeling of trust among the children, school and the community. The
parents should trust the child. One positive result of interactions between classroom and home is
that teachers can really begin to communicate interest and caring toward all students. Because
they are well inform about the situation of the students what is happening at home. The parents
have already informed the teachers. They have trust in the teachers that when they will explain,
what is the problem and what is the student facing that moment, thinking about his priority but
having an issue to decide which one is the priority and if the teachers know about it. The parents
can trust them to find solution together. Teachers can take interest and take care of the students
in that respect. Even just asking the students when he is having somebody sick at home.
Sometimes it has notices that teachers become insensitive toward a problem of a child. But if
there is interaction between the parents and the teachers and parents informed the teachers what
is happening at home and how the child feeling. Is it a better for a teacher to find a way to sort of
support to a student and talk about the different things to him in order to let him choose what is
going to do in future. Let him decide what should be his priority and let him decide whatever
choices he makes. So that he is not frustrated any more in that respect.

Topic: 106 – Parents Trust

 Families become more willing to share their experiences and thoughts as they
comet believe that the teacher is sincere and that their own child values the
information given.
 McCaled (1994) Building Communities of Learners. New Jersey

How do we build communities of leaners?

Families become more willing to share their experiences and thoughts as they come to
believe that the teacher is sincere. So, what happen is that family would love to share
their experiences and thoughts what they think if they come to know if the teachers is
sincere enough to help their child and also come to know that their own child values the
information given. It is very important for the child and the student to value the
information that is given to him by his teacher or parents. It is natural phenomena when
the students respect the information given by the parents or the teachers then they tend to
look at the information and follow it. In cases where the students do not trust or source
from where the information is coming then they tend not to listen to it and not to follow it
because they already no respect for the person. Therefore, they do not trust them. It is not
only in the case of the teachers that students do not trust, in some cases, tit is also the
parents attitude that student do not trust them.

Why does this happen?

Not because the parents are not sincere but parents do not know how to behave in front of
a child. Sometimes they talked about the negative things, they find in the child in front of
other people. In this respect, child loses all respects for the parent and he do not have any
trust in his parents because he understands that parents will share any weakness what he
has. So, these parents would not be trusted by the child and child will never tell them any
weakness that he has or he suffer from.

Topic: 107 – Differences and Similarities

 Sharing, Recognizing and Appreciating differences and similarities between

culture, traditions and communities makes it easy to integrate and
communicate with people coming from diverse communities.

Looking at the difference and similarities in the Pakistani context, we come to know there
are so many different waysof living and so many accepting the society norms in different
places of Pakistan. It has been noticed that acceptance level in most of the parts is very
low. But in order to recognize our weakness and strengths. We need to work on these
differences and similarities.

Sharing, recognizing and appreciating

By recognizing mean that this is something that is there and we need to accept this. We
need to recognize this and this difference or similarity is in the community or in a society
and it exist. We cannot escape from the fact and reality.
Sharing, Recognizing and Appreciating differences and similarities between culture,
traditions and communities
We have to share tradition, culture. We have to recognize these are the differences, we
need to understand that, we need to appreciate whatever the differences or the similarities
between the cultures and also we accept this with open mind and heart. It makes too easy
to integrate and communicate with people coming from diverse communities. Even in
one community, there will be differences in attitude of people. Community needs to
recognize that and face it and appreciate it. Because there will be some similarities as
well which would be same. So we cannot look upon on other community or group, just
because some differences.

Topic: 108 – Transformation

 All the above mentioned principles and views if taken practically would
enable participant to transform the community towards achieving better
results.
Transformation in the community and society is very important to take place. How will it
take place? The diversity, the differences, similarities, acceptance in community, all these
views taken practically would enable participants to transform the community toward
achieving better result. On the other hand, this is not accepted, the community would lead
the disaster and there is going no improvement in the community toward going and
achieving goals, targets and moving toward progress. Families, students and communities
would become the center the class room life. That will be transformed community. That
would be transformed society in which everything is happening in the family, school and
community would be part of class room learning. How is this going to take place because
everybody is accepting every other being in the community, school and family?
Everybody in the community knows what is happening in the family who is progressing
towards which goal. The school is informing everything to the parents and the
 community. So that mean this community is so common between everyone and
everybody knows community, class room learning and about what is happening in the
family. So, there will be nothing to be surprise about. There will be nothing to be shock
about. Everybody is sharing and supporting. Everybody would contribute and enrich the
class room experience.

Topic: 109 – Family involvement in Education

 Recognize the context of students learning
Family involvement in education becomes very important if that place there is no other support.
Families need to intervene in order to give support for context of education and learning there.
For example in some remote places, schools are there but still for certain reasons, the family
involvement has to be there. The family has to intervene in order to provide some facilities and at
some places some funds in order to carry on the education. It has been notices that there are no
buildings in the schools, the families provide the house to school to run so that students can have
comfortable rooms to start learning. So, recognize the context of students learning that is very
important and if the parents in the community recognize the context and then they come to know
the needs of context of learning in that particular case. In that case, they have to intervene and
support the education system and the learning there. Family involvement also needs maintain
balance, dynamics balance between thoughts and feeling. So this is also required if the family is
intervening or getting involved the education context in certain place. Whatever is the thoughts,
feeling and actions behind the support should be dynamic and for purpose of maintaining balance
between learning and support.

Topic: 110– Feminine Approaches

 Passion
 Intuition
 Aesthetics
 Care
 Spirituality
  Community

The teacher also the deal the gender limits in the community specially reference to Pakistani
context. The feminine approaches of teachers believed to be all over the world.The feminine
teachers, they have more passion in institutions, sense of aesthetics, more care to the students,
spirituality and understanding of the community. It does not mean that male teachers do not have
it. There is possibility that some male teachers who have similar approaches toward teaching.
They can have passion toward the children. They can feel that children are facing problems and
these problems are very sensitive to the students and they are too dealt with care. However the
passion is to besupposed to be female characteristics and comes under feminine approaches.
Intuiting is largely found in women as a whole. By intuition here, it is meant that female usually
have intuition when something goes wrong with the student or we may say, it is a sixth sense that
something is going wrong at somewhere. Again it is possible male teacher do have intuition.
The female teachers tend to have some aesthetics as is very clear from their gender. We know,
women have sense of aesthetics and they always try to implement that in their household by
taking care of their children and in their family and if they are professional at their professional
place. So when the teachers deal with aesthetics. They really take care of it and provide the joy
of those aesthetics. Usually it has been notices, that female teacher are good artists. They are
good drawing teachers.

Topic: 111 – Masculine Approach

 Linear
 Fact Oriented
 Authoritative

Comparing the feminine approach of teaching to the masculine approach of teaching, we

come to know that masculine approach is very linear. It goes in straight direction and is
taken up matter of fact. It is more fact oriented. The teachers who are in the business of
teaching and having their own school have also realized that they must have the feminine
 approach in the primary school. They have found of that primary school because you
cannot deal facts all the time. There can be many other things involved in getting it the
education for primary school students. Therefore it is good practice to have
femaleteachers in the primary school, whereas in the secondary school because
everything becomes serious and knowledge has to be based on facts, therefore it is
advisable to have male teachers in the senior section of the school. Now the training for
the students would be more realistic and more practical. So that reason, the masculine
approach would be fact oriented and helpful for the mature students whereas in the
younger age the children are not very realistic and practical about things. They look other
things than the facts. They can be talking about the imaginary things. So it is good
practice to have the female teachers there because female teachers tend to less fact
oriented approach toward teaching.
Authoritative is the gender sign of authority and power in men. So, the male teachers they
tend to have authoritative approach in teaching. But at the same time, we see that male
teachers are not very authoritative rather they lack discipline in the students. Sometimes
they become too friendly especially with the boys students. In one way, it is helpful for
the students because they share everything with their male friends as teacher. They can
share those things with them which cannot be share with the parents and their families
because at adolescent they find it very embracing sometime to share the problems with
their families and to their colleague. So, it is better to them to friendly t the male teachers
and discuss about it.

Topic: 112 – Knowing Students & their Families

 It is a misconception that the teachers would lose their control over their
students if they develop a relationship with their students and their families.

It is a misconception that the teachers would lose their control over their students if they develop
a relationship with their students and their families. Probably, this conception is totally
misconception is developed in the male teachers. The male teacher tend to stay indifferent
probably they believe that relationship lead them to lose the control they have over students. This
concept can be present in the female teachers as well. They can also think that this relationship
building up would result to lose the control over the students. But sometime this relationship
between the students and the teachers and their families proves to be very helpful because it
support the whole system. If we look it this concept in a positive manner, if we are looking
because of relationship the teachers are losing control then the teachers can always have
reinforcement on their control. For example the teacher can display on the noticeboard what are
the limits of having this relationship with the students. They can just write the a few rules on the
board or paste them on the wall or the notice board on the class room. So he students are the
aware that where t are the limits if they still having relationship which supposed to be very
supportive, helpful with the teachers and parents involved in this relationship. That mean that is
the positive relationship.

Topic: 113– Knowing Students & their Families

 Poplin (1992) warns that teachers who generally have the greatest problems
with “behavior management” are those who do not know their students in an
authentic way.

In relations to knowing the student and their family and the concept this may lead some sort of
problem, we quote Polin (1992) ―teachers who generally have the greatest problems with
―behavior management‖ are those who do not know their students in an authentic way‖.
What is the authentic way of knowing to their students? The authentic way of knowing
their students that teachers are concerned in the family background, . What is the
happening in the family and how is the social, economic status, helping and supporting
the students or not supporting them. This knowledge is for the sacking of wanting to
know, what the problems that the students facing at home are. This knowledge is not to
be gained. Sometimes it is notices that some teachers abuse this knowledge and start
talking about this in front of other teachers which is not required. So that will be not a
authentic way of dealing with the knowledge coming from the family. That will be
 creating more problems, students who come to know that their circumstances are talked
about in a town. They will never respect to their teachers.
Topic: 114 – Co Participation in Learning

 Teachers and students learn together

 Students have ways to knowing
 Interchange of ideas and experiences

Teachers and students learn together as co-participants. This is the modern method of teaching
and learning. Students always more ways to knowing things than the teacher because of
technology which is very much fashion and very common today. The students have more time to
serve and they come to know more things than the teacher. The students have generally more
information about the current situation. Therefore it should be kept traditionally because the
students are the students. This concept is now no more there. The teachers also learn from the
teacher because students learn from different media. They are more social and exchange ideas
and share information and also give opinion.
 Interchange of ideas and experiences
Interchange of ideas and experiences become very common due to the technology like twitter,
Facebook, where everything is happening. People come to know in the north area of the country
even if they are living in the south side of the country. They also come to know what is
happening in globally and every other mint, they get other news. They have so much information
in their heads; it is also difficult for them to focus it.

Topic: 115– New Knowledge is built on old knowledge

 Knowledge is dynamic
 Continually undergoing evolution
 True learning takes place when students are involved in both the creation
and utilization of knowledge.
 New knowledge is built on old knowledge. That‘s mean we cannot discard the old
knowledge. We even cannot discard the old traditions. We always cab built up the old
traditions taking the good part of tradition and built the new one on it.
Similarly knowledge can alsobase on the knowledge which has been used in the past. So,
we cannot discard any knowledge because knowledge is dynamic. Everything needs to be
dynamic in order to exist. If the knowledge is dynamic it will stay because it is
continuously undergoing evolution. Every time new thing is coming up. There are so
much research going on in the world and so many things prove beneficial or proved to be
less beneficial. So something which is used early and was called beneficial out rightly
becomes harmful. There might be more knowledge and information which comes out to
be stated as harmful effects. But those benefits which are mention earlier may still
remain. So that‘s mean, , we are building some new knowledge due to the research and
finding out more about it.

Topic: 116– Power Relationship

 Parents to become participants in their learning by contributing their oral
and written words, ideas and experiences as part of the text of schooling.

Parents become participants in their learning by contributing their oral and written words, ideas
and experiences as part of the text of schooling. So when the parents become the participants in
learning they do not have to have power statements in the verbal and written form. They can give
their ideas and experience as part of the schooling but this has to be scrutinized every member of
the community and the school. Sometimes it is notices that parents talk about verbally about the
things, they give the instruction to the teacher verbally and they talk to the children verbally
about the things to be done in the school. In that case they are representing power relationship.
They believe whatever they say has to be done in the school. This should be instructive to the
parents whatever the idea or experience to be shared with the school, community and teachers, it
has to be discussed and scrutinized by the committee which has also members of the school and
the community. Thus no power relationship exists because the relationship which is there has to
be very authentic one among the school, community and the teachers. It became authentic when
it is all being treated on fair bases.
 Topic: 117–Relationship in Schools
When the relationships in school are poor, a sense of depression and hopelessness exist.
 Parent is the first teacher of the child, and the teacher is the second.
 If those two teachers are in contradiction to one another, the child‟s ability to
leaning is at risk.
When the relationship in school are poor, a sense of depression and hopelessness exist so
this is the cause of depression in a school if the relationship are unfair. Those who do not
have power feel depress that they are forced to do things and those who are unfair to the
society are exercising all the power. This brings hopelessness in the society. There is no
hope for the society to improve because they know that they are not going to have the
power and all these people who in the power will never take the right decision. Parent is
the first teacher of the child and the teacher is the second, so both have the responsibility.
If the parents abusing the power then that mean first teacher abuses the power and the
teacher is abusing the power that means second teacher is abusing the power.If these two
teachers are in contradiction to one another how will the child ability affect. The child
ability to learn is at risk. There is no learning taking place because in child mind s the
first teacher who is very important for the child and the second teacher who is equally
important for the child. The child see both the teachers have harmony in one another but
if there is contradiction one is using the power of the other that mean the child is the
person who is going to get disturbed. He is the one who is going to upset.

Topic: 118– Values at Home

 When the values and teachings of the home and the school are quite different
serious conflicts can results.
 Students should not be forced to respect the values of one teacher and negate
the value of the other.
When the values and teachings of the home and the school are quite different serious conflicts
can results. That mean although the values at home and the school can be different. May be some
values at the home may be exercise in the school and some values in the school may be exercise
at home. So the gap between the two can be shorten, madness by the dialogue of the school
administration, teachers and the parents. Students should not be forced to respect the values of
one teacher and negate the others. Again the just like the gap to be shortens between home and
school. Similarly the gap of the thinking of the teachers in the school has t be just broad to
negligible so that the students are not confused. These values whether they are coming from
home or school or from teachers they all have to unified at some place where the focus is good
values and all these good values, coming from home or school should be common.

Topic: 119– Peer Culture

 Some students and young people begin to feel ashamed of the culture and
language of their parents and grand parents
 Sometimes they feel a need to separate from their home culture.

Some students and young people begin to feel ashamed of the culture and language of their
parents and grandparents. They do not share that with the pair. They don‘t want the friends to see
or meet their parents because they think their grandparents have old fashion; they may not be
stylish, smart. Sometimes it has been notices that some students think are not good looking.
Therefore they should not meet their friends. This happens in adolescence. So there is nothing
wrong with it that children have bad feeling. It is just the feeling which comesin the adolescence
time to any body and parents need to deal with it. Sometimes they feel a need to separate from
the home culture. They like to keep home culture separate from the school and the pair. They
don‘t discussion the things what is happening at the home and they don‘t even want to friends
and pair to meet the parents or visit them at home. This is the part of adolescence. It should be
considered that children became rude. It is natural and the parents and teachers need to deal with
it and look at the reason why this is happening. The best practice if the parents feel that they
should improve their behavior and get some knowledge. They can go community center and
become more popular there, being social, by learning skills and if they have certain skills, they
can share it with others. They can have exposure on which the students and children, they will be
proud about it that their parents can do something more. The children feel very proud when the
children do something even small.

Topic: 120– Self -Assured Human Being

 Teachers need to facilitate a partnership with their student‟s families and

communities.
 The student will then become an integrated, self-assured human being.

Self-assured human being mean a confident person who know what he has to do and is in
confident that whatever he does will be appreciated by the family, school, teachers, and the
community. Teachers need to facilitate a partnership with their student family and the
community. It is like a partnership liked businessman they have the partnership, they do not want
to go in loss. They always look at the profit, so this is the profitable thing when the teachers
facilitate to have the partnership with the students families and the community. This is lead going
to profit and there is going to no loss in this relationship. The student becomes self-assured
human being. He will not be confused and he will not many directions to thing about and feel
ashamed about one and appreciated the others rather he will have understanding, there will be
big strong party behind his development and growth. He will be confident whatever he does will
be appreciated by everyone who is related to him.

Topic: 121–Schools in Pakistan

 School culture and students achievement
 Social scientists consider that there is some relation between the culture of the country,
community and the school with the students achievement. So they consider that culture of
the school, community and the society is directly related to the students achievement or
can be said vis e verse. The student‘s achievement depends upon the culture that is being
provided to the students in a school, community and the society. When we look at the
different countries, off course we all know there are different cultures in different
countries. We also know in one country also have different cultures in different cities,
provinces and districts. So that mean all these factors do affect to students achievements.
It has been noticed that people in older times always consider that students coming from
the certain part of Pakistan all more intelligent or students coming from the particular
parts are good in Mathematics. So, these things must be having some bases which are
related to culture of those places and thus students achievement is affected due to that. It
is also said globally that students coming from one country are good in Mathematics. The
students coming are coming from other country are good in Geography. So, this can also
be taken a part of same studies as the social scientists have done previously with regard to
the culture and students achievement.

Topic: 122– Teacher Training

We all know that teachers who are to develop a new type of education need more
exacting and compressivetraining, Dewey (2009:3).

Teacher education refers to the policies and procedures designed to equip

prospective teachers with the knowledge, attitudes, behaviors and skills they require to perform
their tasks effectively in the classroom, school and wider community.

In the 'consecutive' model, a teacher first obtains a qualification in one or more subjects (often an
undergraduate Bachelor's degree), and then studies for a further period to gain an additional
qualification in teaching (this may take the form of a post-baccalaureate credential or Master's
degree).
In the alternative 'concurrent' model, a student simultaneously studies both one or more academic
subjects, and the ways of teaching that subject, leading to a combined Bachelor's degree and
teaching credential to qualify as a teacher of that subject.

Topic: 123– Teacher Training

 However, this practice is not considered necessary in most of the educational
setting in Pakistan
 The teacher is considered to be master of all knowledge, who does not need
further training.

To teach all students according to today‘s standards, teachers need to understand subject
matter deeply and flexibly so they can help students create useful cognitive maps, relate
one idea to another, and address misconceptions. Teachers need to see how ideas connect
across fields and to everyday life. This kind of understanding provides a foundation for
pedagogical content knowledge that enables teachers to make ideas accessible to others.
If teachers investigate the effects of their teaching on students‘ learning and if they read
about what others have learned, they become sensitive to variation and more aware of
what works for what purposes and in what situations. Training in inquiry also helps
teachers learn how to look at the world from multiple perspectives and to use this
knowledge to reach diverse learners.

Topic: 124– Classroom situation

 Another important factor which is overlooked in the running of the
educational institutions is the lack of understanding of the actual classroom
situation with regards to the cultural aspects of the teachers and the students
in these classrooms.
When asking students to explore issues of personal and social identity, teachers must provide safe
spaces where students are seen, valued, cared for and respected. It is also important that students
have opportunities to learn from one another’s varied experiences and perspectives. To create this
learning environment, teachers need to skillfully draw on student experiences to enrich the
curriculum.
Teachers can show they value students’ lives and identities in a variety of ways. Some are small, like
taking the time to learn the proper pronunciation of every student’s name or getting to know young
people’s families. Others require more time and investment, like building curriculum around
personal narratives or incorporating identity-based responses into the study of texts. At the
community level, it is important to understand neighborhood demographics, strengths, concerns,
conflicts and challenges. Like students themselves, these dynamics may change frequently.

Topic: 125– School System

 Fundamental changes to the school system still need to be made in countries

like Pakistan
Fundamental changes to the school system still need to be made in countries like Pakistan. How
these fundamental changes take place and what are these fundamental changes and who
responsibility to change. Off course everybody responsibility to make a change and the people
who wait for the policy to be made and then they follow things and these fundamental changes
are done on the governmental level.
Governmental and political planning overshadows the emancipation of teachers to a large
extent, affecting the learning process of students as well as teachers
So even the teachers in a school who understand the class room situation and class room factors
influencing the classroom achievement and who have the good understanding the culture who
want to go further teacher training are sometimes suppressed the policies made by the
government and political leaders. It is very unfortunate that things when change, the teachers are
not taking into confidence and ask for given suggestion to these changes. They are not even
asked what changes are required so changes which are being brought are dependent and base the
suggestion given by the teachers.

Topic: 126– School Size

 There is a significant correlation between school size and school culture and
school size and students achievement
 Small schools reveal positive school culture and perform better than medium
and large schools

There is a significant correlation between school size and school culture and school size and
students achievement. So there are two things which are dependent of school size.
School size does affects the culture of the school and does affects the students achievements and
it is one of the finding that small school reveal positive school culture perform better than
medium and large school. But this is not written in school. It does not mean that every small
school will have positive culture and student‘s achievements will be better. We cannot say that
large school or medium school has not good culture or cannot produce good results.

Topic: 127– Literacy

 The literacy rate in Pakistan is less than 50 per cent. The participation rate
at all levels is low and dropout rate is high, especially at primary level and
over 5.5 million children (5-9 year age) do not attend schools (Government of
Pakistan, 1998).
The literacy rate in Pakistan is less than 50 per cent. The participation rate at all levels
is low and dropout rate is high, especially at primary level and over 5.5 million
children (5-9 year age) do not attend schools (Government of Pakistan, 1998). This is
the rough figure which is reported by the Govt of Pakistan. Pakistan literacy rate
being less than 50% is quite alarming. The participation rate is all level is low and
 dropout rate is high. So that‘s mean dropout rate is high due to certain reasons. Either
child is not getting what is required, the parents are not satisfied or economic state of
parents so bad that they cannot afford the education of the children and dropout rate
become high. Participation rate , all level is low. So that mean primary,secondary,
college and university, the participating in education is quite low. Especially in
primary level over 5.5 million children that is age of 5-8 years do not attend school.
Hopefully this situation has become better in the past years. This is the report of Govt
of Pakistan in 19998.

Topic: 128– School Environment

 School environment is the result of teachers, students head teachers, and

learning activities with the prime goal of preparing young generation for
having successful future.

School environment is the result of teachers, students head teachers, and learning activities with
the prime goal of preparing young generation for having successful future. So what is the role of
school environment is basically to develop individual who will be able to successful citizen of
Pakistan and they will be able to contribute to economy, health, education and different sectors
of Pakistan. This school environment is very dependent on the school, parents, teacher and
community culture. Altogether, these entiremembers are going to develop school development
and only then interaction will take place. This is the weakest area in school of Pakistan.
Interaction is not to be considered a factor that is useful. Interaction is the least attendant area.
NO one tries to address this area because the psychology is education mean reading the book,
siting in the examination, getting marks and apply for the job. All the other factors are being
ignored. Education is basically impart to the young people, the ability is to distinguish good from
evils. They should be able to identify what is good and bad for them. There is no interaction
among the school staff, the community members and parents regarding find out what is good for
me and what is bad for me. This area develops the whole environment and culture of the school.
 Topic: 129– School Environment

 But number of factor affect the learning process or success interaction

But number of factor affect the learning process or success interaction and these are studied by
social science and let see what they say Seeed (2003) states as school, teacher, pupil and
parent/community related- all affect the teaching learning discourse. So we conduct discussion,
interaction and discourse that take place among family, teacher, student and administration of the
school. So he says, teacher, students and parents all need to participate in the discourse. We need
to think, we are talking of our children, students, bosses, people in the community, what are we
talking about or we contributing the discourse which are related to teaching learning process.
This discourse is not the topic of Geography, Mathematics and Physics. It has to be discourse
that how teaching and learning would be taking place I school,community and at home. It has not
to be subjective. It has to be general discussion; it has to be a way of interacting which is actually
working as message for the younger generation. Sometimes people misunderstand this discourse,
they probably consider that to debate on some topic and ask some question, to ask some topic of
Geography, Civics it is not so. This integration has to be positive, it has to identify issues. If we
talk the community and talkthe traffic rules, this is a leaning that is taking place. There is so
many things involved if nation learns about the traffic rules which is very much requirement in
Pakistan because in traffic rules in Pakistan, most of the people don‘t want to come back to
Pakistan because it is monster. So if the interaction, people simply talking about how to control
traffic rules that would really contribute 50% interaction to makes things better in Pakistan.

130– Low Literacy

 The drop out at primary level is 45 percent , while at middle/elementary and

secondary level is about 30 percent.
 Low literacy rate is mainly due to poverty and non-statutory primary
education
How does the literacy becomes low? Low literacy is happening because dropout is happening in
Pakistan. According to the reports in1998 by the government the drop out in primary level is
45% while in middle, secondary level is 30% which is quite alarming. Low literacy rate is
mainly due to poverty and non-statutory primary education. Why the literacy rate is coming
down because there is increased the dropout especially in primary level. This drop out rat is
happening in middle and secondary level which is also quite alarming. Its mean if there is 100
students, 30 students are leaving the school. In the primary level 45 students are leaving out of
100. What are the reasons for that? The Govt needs to find out the data how is happening that
students entered the school but due to some reason they leave it. It has been considered due to
the Govt reports that this is happening due to the poverty, long distance from the home, costly
education, physical punishment and strictness.

Topic: 131– Culture Defined

The term culture is a system of:

 Shared ,meanings symbols, experiences.
 Practices, shared values, beliefs and sense-making (Morgan, 1989).
 Culture includes “ deep pattern of values, belief and tradition that have been
formed over the course of the school‟s history”. (Deal and Peterson 1990)
The term culture is a system. Morgan (1989) called culture to be a system. It is system of
shared meaning. Everybody has a same meaning to the culture if they are belonging to
the same culture. The same symbols, experiences, Practices, shared values, beliefs and
sense-making. For example there is culture in which every person when comes in from
outside has to greet to the people who are sitting in the room. That will be shared
meaning of greeting. There could be shared symbols in the culture that is when greeting
people would be taking their hands to the forehead in the form of respect,gesture to greet.
So everybody in their culture would be raising their hands to their forehead in order to
make a slam or greeting to the people who are sitting.
Same experience
Same experience the way the life is going on the life style and experiences are the same.
The practices, whether the women are going to the work in this particular culture or they
are not going to work that could be one practice shared by all the members of that culture.
Shared values
Are the parents going to live with their children in their old age? In this shared values that
particular culture, are the parents going to live separate from their children in their old
age? This could be one the shared values
Belief
Belief is also related to their faith. So you are sharing the same belief, they are called
social beliefs.
Sense making
This makes sense. This is my priority. It makes a sense for me to send my child in a
primary school because it makes sense for me and this is my priority.
So all these things are shared by all the members therefore they have same culture.

Topic: 132– Perspective of Culture

 In view of McBrien and Brandt (1997) school culture and climate refers to
the sum of values culture, safety practices and organizational structures
within a school that causes it to function and react in particular ways.

Other perspective of culture

In view of McBrien and Brandt (1997) school culture and climate refers to the sum of
values. So we noticed that all the social scientists and educationists are talking about the
culture, having values. That‘s mean values is the most important factor in keeping a
culture And we add further culture, safety practices in a definition in this respect.
Safety practices
That mean safety of every member in a school is considered to be important and the culture is
developed in a way that everybody safety is valuable.
Organizational structure
Organizational culture within a school,that causes to function and react in with particular ways.
There is organizational section in the school which monitors things that are happening,
functioning and cause why these things are happening. For example what will happen if the
student abuses the other students? Is there some section in the school who is going to counsel
this child not to abuse and who is look after the person who has been abused. Both need
counseling. Is there culture of counseling for the victim and victimized to be taking care of, are
they been emotionally supported whether they have done something wrong or something wrong
happened to them or school culture has no organizational setup and it is just going to be
considered that something has happened that is normal. Therefore, it does not need to address.

Topic: 133– Perspective of Culture

 Heckman (1993) perceives school culture as “ the commonly held beliefs of
teachers, students and principals”.
 Heckman (1993) gave an interesting definition of culture. He perceive“the
commonly held beliefs of teachers, students and principals”.
So, delimits the definition to the belief which is common among teachers, students and
principal. For example if the principal, teacher or student thinks that safety regulation has
to be there in the school. If they consider that safety, regulation need to be in place
because safety of every member is important then it becomes the culture of school if they
don‘t believe on it. So culture is nobody cares the security of anybody, it is considered
that everybody is safe there. Similarly if the culture of the teachers, students and principal
is that anything left in the school is safe. NO body is going to pick up anyone pencil,
book;notebookwhatever left in the school will be in safe custody in the school. If
anybodybelieves in that then that become the culture of a school. For example if the
teacher believes everything should be kept safe in a school, no one should pick up any
one book,pen but the students do not develop this habits then that cannot be culture of a
school because there are the things which are missing.
Topic: 134– Perspective of Culture
 Naseer Ahmad Salfi andMuhammad Saeed (2007) “ Relationship among
school size, school culture and students achievement at secondary level in
Pakistan”.
 International journal of Education Management, vol.21 iss pp.606-620.
 Permanent link to this document:
 Http://dx.doi.org/10.11 08/09513540710822201
In order to the Pakistani context the culture, size and students achievement there is a good
book by Naseer Ahmad Salfi and Muhammad Saeed which are written in 2007. The
students may refer to this book to understand the relationship among the school size,
school culture and students achievement at secondary level in Pakistan. This book does
not talk about the school size, culture and students achievement of primary level. To
reads the online read, student may read online link Http://dx.doi.org/10.11
08/09513540710822201 about the information of the size of the school, culture of the
school and how the achievement is affected in case of those school which are bigger or
smaller in a Pakistani context.
So things will be very different when school will be small in a Pakistani context and
when it is small in international context. So there are the counties where the size
limitation is dependent on the size of the building. There are the places where the
government schools have big building, building might be very big but the number of
students might be very small.

Topic: 135– Culture Defined

 A school culture is a complex pattern of norms, attitudes, beliefs, behavior,

values, ceremonies, traditions and myths that are deeply ingrained in the
very core of the organization”. Barth (2002)

In 2002 Bath define the culture ― A school culture is a complex pattern of norms,
attitudes, beliefs, behavior, values, ceremonies, traditions and myths that are deeply
ingrained in the very core of the organization‖. So this definition is somewhat is very
 close to the definition of the culture of some community school or some religious school
as well because the mix ceremony is the part of the culture. So the school culture would
be displaying a pattern of norms , the way, the actions is being carried out, the way the
things are be done the attitude of the students, staff and the teachers.
Traditions
There are some schools which keep the tradition alive. By having those tradition
displayed and most of the time talked about the school, in the class room, among the
meeting and also the other staff of the school.
Myth
There are certain myths in certain sectors of the country where people follow certain
myths. These things are going to happen in the same way they were happening 10 years
because of certain reasons.
All these are deeply ingrained in the very core of the organization. So the organization
ingrained in their policies, action and display,so that all these things are practice in the
school.

Topic: 136– Students Learning

 There are many factors which affect the students leaning in schools. These
include: teachers qualification and experiences, teachers guidance tostudents,
availability of teaching learning resources, physical facilities students own
cognitive and other abilities and their socio-economic background.
There are many factors which affect the students leaning in schools. These include:
Teachers Qualification and Experiences
Of course this is the first thing that matter whether the teacher is the qualified to teach
that subject and also experience is counted to be some strong pillar to hire the teacher.
Because it is considered that more experience teacher will have more knowledge of the
subject.
Teacher Guidance to students