WIND AND SOLAR ENERGY

OPEN ELECTIVE SEMESTER 5

SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY
UNIT 4
WIND ENERGY

Dr. Bhinal Mehta

UNIT IV: Wind Energy
Wind Energy Physics:
Introduction, Basic Principles of Wind Energy Conversion, History of Wind Energy, Power in
the Wind, Forces on the Blades, Wind Energy Conversion, Wind Data and Energy Estimation,
Site Selection Considerations, Betz Limit.
Wind Energy Conversion System:
Important Terms and Definitions Pertaining to Wind Energy Conversion System: Blade Angle,
Pitch Angle, Tip Speed Ratio, Power Coefficient, Maximum Power Point Tracking, Yaw Control,
Pitch Control, Stall Control, Wind Power, Wind Speed, Cut In Speed, Cut Out Speed, Rated
Speed, Wind Histogram, Aerodynamic Forces Acting on the Blade, Components of Wind
Turbine Generating System and its Function, Power-Speed & Power-Torque Characteristics,
Classification of Wind Energy Conversion System, Types of Wind Energy Systems in Context
with Type of Generator Used (Type A, B, C, D), Advantages and Disadvantages, Application,
Working of Fixed speed Induction Generator, Working of Variable Speed Generators.

PAGE 2
 Introductory remarks – Generation of Wind
• Wind can be defined as “moving
air.”
• First of all how wind has been
generated; the uneven heating of
the earth’s surface causes wind.
• Sea Breezes, result of the seas
ability to maintain temperature.
• Daytime land heats Sea is cool &
during night land cools faster than
sea.
PAGE 3
Basics of Wind Turbine Technology
One basic thing
Everybody knows

PAGE 4
 Break-up of
India’s 175 GW
Renewable
Energy Target
India’s for 2022
Renewable
Energy
Target
175GW

PAGE 5
Source : TERI market research
 Potential of Wind Power in India
Uo to
State 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19
2002
Tamil
Nadu
877.0 133.6 371.2 675.5 857.6 577.9 380.7 431.1 602.2 997.4 1083.5 174.6 107.38 124.45 158.80 247.57 335.64 723.82

Karnataka 69.3 55.6 84.9 201.5 143.8 266.0 190.3 316.0 145.4 254.1 206.7 201.7 183.00 230.50 230.90 882.30 857.00 86.50
Maharasht
ra
400.3 2.0 6.2 48.8 545.1 485.3 268.2 183.0 138.9 239.1 416.5 288.6 1074.50 273.45 207.85 117.55 12.60 10.20

Rajasthan 16.1 44.6 117.8 106.3 73.3 111.8 69.0 199.6 350.0 436.7 545.7 615.4 98.80 267.70 685.50 287.70 16.00 2.00
Andhra
Pradesh
93.2 0.0 6.2 21.8 0.5 0.8 0.0 0.0 13.6 55.4 54.1 202.2 298.50 166.30 400.10 2187.45 348.10 123.50

Madhya
Pradesh
23.2 0.0 0.0 6.3 11.4 16.4 130.4 25.1 16.6 46.5 100.5 9.6 37.40 143.90 1261.40 356.70 22.10 0.00

Kerala 2.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.5 16.5 0.8 7.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.40 8.00 1.00 0.00
Gujarat 181.4 6.2 28.9 51.5 84.6 284.0 616.4 313.6 297.1 312.8 789.9 208.3 279.80 126.90 392.40 1392.00 272.80 459.65
Telangana -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- 77.70 23.10 0.00 27.30
Others 4.3 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00
Total 1666.8 242.0 615.2 1111.7 1716.2 1742.1 1663.3 1484.9 1564.6 2349.2 3196.7 1700.4 2079.4 2333.2 3423.05 5502.37 1865.24 1480.97
Cumulative 26777.3 32279.7 34145.0 35527.4
Capacity
1666.8 1908.8 2524.0 3635.7 5351.9 7094 8757.3 10242.2 11806.8 14156 17352.7 19053.1 21132.5 23465.7
9 6 0 3

PAGE 6
 Potential of Wind Power in India
Cumulative Growth in Wind Power Generation for India in MW
40000

35000

30000

25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0
Up to 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13 2013-14 2014-15 2015-16 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19
2002
Capacity

PAGE 7
 Introduction to Wind Turbine System

• Video 1

PAGE 8
 >1000
kV

AC

DC
Large scale onshore >50kV AC
wind turbines
DC

Grid integration of wind turbine

with various voltage levels DC

AC
10kV AC

Medium scale
onshore wind
turbines
AC

0.4kV

AC

Small scale wind turbines

PAGE 9
Video 2
 Derivation of Betz Limit for Wind Turbine
• The kinetic energy in air of mass m moving with speed V is given by the following in joules:

• The power in moving air is the flow rate of kinetic energy per second in watts:

P = mechanical power in the moving air (watts),

ρ = air density (kg/m3),
A = area swept by the rotor blades (m2),
V = velocity of the air (m/sec).
 Derivation of Betz Limit for Wind Turbine

▪ The relation of mass, the volumetric flow

rate (AV) and air density has a unique
relation;
m= ρAV
the mechanical power coming in the
upstream wind is given by the following in
watts:

PAGE 12
Bernoulli's principle states that an increase in the speed of a fluid occurs
simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy
 Wind turbine Modelling for Betz Limit
1
P= AV 3C p ( ,  )
2 Applying Bernoulli's Principle,

V V2

It has been assumed that the flow is axial and that no rotational kinetic energy is imparted to the air stream. The flow through
the disc separates distinctly from the remainder of the steam.
 1

Now initially which force exists? Thrust…..

Thrust force has been observed by the disc:
so thrust is pressure difference times area.
Thrust can also be observed by change in momentum (it’s a force) .
 4

Thrust can also given by change in momentum,

. Momentum is product of mass and velocity

6
 UP TILL NOW……

1
P + P =  (V − V2 )
+ − 2 2

2
1
v = (V + V2 )
2

SO CONCLUDING LINES UP TILL NOW: V - AVG OF WIND SPEEDS

 What is our goal????
• The maximum efficiency can be extract from the wind.

• So we can categorized the entire scenario in three cases:

• Case I: no wind → no power and max wind → max power

• Case II: V∞ passing through wind w/o hindrance or thrust at that time.

V∞=v=V∞=V2

So how much power has been extracted??? Zero

• Case III: suppose the surface consists of very large power extraction like a wall so that V∞
stopped over here.
• So power extracted is again???? Zero
• Hence, in between these two extremes, some value is there from
which maximum power can be extracted.
• Logically this phenomenon is called Axial Interference Factor. “a”
• If a=0 ➔ no interference and a=1 ➔ complete blockage.
So power extracted is given by the drop in kinetic energy of the air stream per unit
time.

1
P = Av(V − V2 )
2 2

2
1
P = AV (1 − a )(V − V (1 − 2a ) )
2 2 2

2
1
P = AV (1 − a )(1 − (1 − 2a ) )
3 2

Simplify and Differentiate wrt ‘a’

 3
𝑃 = 2𝜌𝐴𝑣∞ 𝑎(1 − 𝑎)2

]=0

]=0

]=0
]=0
• Putting a = 1/3,

1 3 16
P = Av [ ]
2 27

Power contained in wind

ultimate maximum efficiency
 Betz limit for wt
No wind turbine could convert more than 59.2% of the kinetic energy of the wind into
mechanical energy turning a rotor.
 Initially, Thrust force has been observed
Applying Bernoulli’s by the disc so thrust is pressure difference
Subtracting,
Principle, times area,

𝑇 = 𝐴(𝑃+ − 𝑃− )
𝑃+ − 𝑃−

Thrust is also defined as change in

momentum,
V∞ <V∞ 𝑇 = 𝑚(𝑉∞ − 𝑉2 )
v 𝑇 = 𝜌𝐴𝑣(𝑉∞ − 𝑉2 )
Comparing,
P+ P- Turbine
P∞
P∞ rotates
P∞
with
= 𝜌𝐴𝑣(𝑉∞ − 𝑉2 ) average
of wind
Derivation of Betz Limit speeds
PAGE 26
The maximum efficiency can be extract from the wind.
So we can categorized the entire scenario in three cases:
Case I: no wind → no power and max wind → max power
Case II: V∞ passing through wind w/o hindrance or thrust at that time.
V∞=v=V∞=V2
So how much power has been extracted??? Zero
Case III: suppose the surface consists of very large power extraction like a wall so that V∞
stopped over here. So power extracted is again???? ☺
So in between this some value is there from that maximum power can be extracted.
Logically this phenomenon is called Axial Interference Factor. “a” so if a=0 ➔ no
interference and a=1 ➔ complete blockage.

So if defining a with different velocities;

v = V∞ (1-a)
Similarly putting value of v; 𝑉2 = 𝑉∞ (1 − 2𝑎)
So power extracted is dropping of energy.
PAGE 27
 ▪ Putting a = 1/3,
Rewrting the equation in the form of power,

Power Ultimate
contained in maximum
𝑃 efficiency
wind

Simplify and Differentiate wrt a

PAGE 28
 Power Coefficient
• The power coefficient of a wind energy converter is given by, ratio of power output from
the wind turbine to power contained in the wind.
• The power coefficient differs from the efficiency of a wind machine in the sense that the
latter includes the losses in mechanical transmission, electrical generation etc.
Power in the air flow is given by,
 Power Coefficient

TSR is very important yardstick in the characterization of wind energy conversion.

 Tip Speed Ratio (TSR)
➢ By definition, TSR is the speed of the blade at its tip divided by the speed of the wind.

➢ For example, if the tip of a blade is traveling at 100 mph (161 kph) and the wind speed is
20 mph (32 kph or 9 m/s), then the TSR is 5 (100 mph/20 mph).

➢ Simply put, the tip of the blade is traveling five times faster than the speed of the wind.
 Importance of TSR
➢ If the rotor of the wind turbine spins
too slowly, most of the wind will
pass straight through the gap
between the blades, therefore giving
it no power! But if the rotor spins
too fast, the blades will blur (make
or become less distinct) and act like
a solid wall to the wind.
What is meant by Rated wind speed (Vr)?
• Specified wind speed at which a wind turbine’s rated power is achieved.
Relationship between wind speed (x) and power (y)
 Terms related to wind energy
➢ Cut-in wind speed: the speed at which the wind turbine starts to operate.
➢ Cut-out wind speed: is the wind speed where the wind turbine stops production
and turns out of the main wind direction.
➢ Tip Speed Ratio: TSR is the speed of the blade at its tip divided by the speed of the
wind.
➢ The design wind speed: when the windmill reaches its maximum efficiency.
➢ The rated wind speed: when the machine reaches its maximum output power.
 Idealized power curve.
No power is generated at wind speeds below VC;
at wind speeds between VR and VF , the output is equal to the rated
power of the generator; above VF the turbine is shut down.
 Design example of Wind Turbine

• Find the value of power at different wind speeds and plot the curve of wind
speed v/s power and wind speed v/s Cp?
• Considering, Rotor Swept Area: 2198m2, =1.225 kg/m3
• https://www.enercon.de/fileadmin/Redakteur/Medien-
Portal/broschueren/pdf/en/ENERCON_Produkt_en_06_2015.pdf

PAGE 37
Characteristics
of
Enercon E53
Wind Turbine

PAGE 38
 PAGE 39
Datasheet of Enercon E53
Characteristics
of
Enercon E53
Wind Turbine

PAGE 40
Advancement in Wind Power
Generation PAGE 41
10MW offshore Installation at Glance

Video 3

PAGE 42
PAGE 43
World’s Largest Offshore Wind Turbine |
Haliade-X | GE Renewable Energy

Video 4

PAGE 44
 Wind data
and energy
estimation
 Wind data and energy estimation
•Wind speeds frequency distribution plots (in that):

•Histogram:

❖Power and energy: Energy=Power times time and Power=Energy per

time=J/s

•Suppose wind turbine gives 1000kW power during 1 hour has produced
1000kWh if a WT during a year gives 300kW power in avg. it produces;
300kW*8760h = 2628000kWh/year.
 But in real world…..

• Wind speed and direction change continuously; change during day

and during night, different seasons and year by year.
• To find and estimate the power density or energy content at a site
the avg. power has to be calculated.
• So for that calculation the mean value,

vmean =
 v
n
n = no.ofobservations
 Say for example….
• At a wind site w/s is 6m/s, power density 135W/m2 and energy content
1182 kWh/m2. Unfortunately assumption is false, power of wind is cube
of w/s,
(v1 + v2 + v3 + − − − + vn )  (v + v2 + v3 + − − − + vn )
3 3 3 3 3
1

• Eg. If 6m/s for half year and 8m/s for rest of half year, then v=6/2+8/2
= 7m/s.
• Assumption above power density will be vmean??? and energy content??
 Mean Wind Speed

• Mean wind speed can differ considerably for two different

sites, depend upon certain location, mountain, sea shore,
land, offshore etc.
• So for the energy estimation one cube factor or energy
pattern factor (EPF) is used moreover it is different for all
the potential sites. In general,

E year = 0.625v * 8760 * EPF

3

Discrete wind histogram

How to generate this? Discrete wind histogram

• Suppose, for example, that during a 10-h period, there were 3

h of no wind, 3 h at 5 mph, and 4 h at 10 mph. The average
wind speed would be……

• By regrouping some of the terms in, we could also think of

this as having no wind 30% of the time, 5 mph for 30% of the
time, and 10 mph 40% of the time:

2
 Working example 1

• An example of site data and the resulting wind

histogram showing hours that the wind blows at
each wind speed.
• Begin by imagining that we have an anemometer
that accumulates site data on hours per year of
wind blowing at 1 m/s (0.5 to 1.5 m/s), at 2 m/s
(1.5 to 2.5 m/s), and so on.
• Draw histogram.
 Working example 2
extended from histogram
• Average Power in the Wind. Using the data given in histogram,
• Find the average winds speed and the average power in the wind
(W/m2). Assume,
• The standard air density of 1.225 kg/m3.
• Compare the result with that which would be obtained if the average
power were miscalculated using just the average wind speed.

• Solution: Prepare a speared sheet that can cover entire equations and
calculations.
• Let’s do a sample calculation of one line of a
spreadsheet using the 805 h/yr at 8 m/s:
 Wind
Hours @ vi Fraction of vi× Fraction (vi)3× fraction
Speed (vi)3
per year Hours @ vi Hours @ vi Hours @ vi
vi (m/s)
0 24
1 276
2 527
3 729
4 869
5 941
6 946
7 896 Calculate as
8 805 per equation;
9 690 If not getting
10 565 still
11 444
12 335 Observe
13 243 sample
14 170 calculations…
15 114
16 74
17 46
18 28
19 16
20 9
21 5
22 3
23 1
24 1
25 0
Total 8760 1 7 653.24
 Hours @ vi per Fraction of hours
Wind speed vi in m/s v*fraction of hours @ vi vi^3 vi^3*fraction of hours @ vi
year @ vi
0 27 0.0031 0.0000 0 0
1 276 0.0315 0.0315 1 0.031506849
2 527 0.0602 0.1203 8 0.481278539
3 729 0.0832 0.2497 27 2.246917808
4 869 0.0992 0.3968 64 6.348858447
5 941 0.1074 0.5371 125 13.42751142
6 946 0.1080 0.6479 216 23.3260274
7 896 0.1023 0.7160 343 35.08310502
8 805 0.0919 0.7352 512 47.05022831
9 690 0.0788 0.7089 729 57.42123288
10 565 0.0645 0.6450 1000 64.49771689
11 444 0.0507 0.5575 1331 67.46164384
12 335 0.0382 0.4589 1728 66.08219178
13 243 0.0277 0.3606 2197 60.94417808
14 170 0.0194 0.2717 2744 53.25114155
15 114 0.0130 0.1952 3375 43.92123288
16 74 0.0084 0.1352 4096 34.60091324
17 46 0.0053 0.0893 4913 25.79885845
18 28 0.0032 0.0575 5832 18.64109589
19 16 0.0018 0.0347 6859 12.52785388
20 9 0.0010 0.0205 8000 8.219178082
21 5 0.0006 0.0120 9261 5.285958904
22 3 0.0003 0.0075 10648 3.646575342
23 1 0.0001 0.0026 12167 1.388926941
24 1 0.0001 0.0027 13824 1.578082192
25 0 0.0000 0.0000 15625 0
8760 1.00 6.99 653.2622146
Exactly correct and wrong power calculations
Exactly correct and wrong power calculations

Now one can easily start with Weibull & Rayleigh

Statistics
Forces on Airfoil

PAGE 60
Forces on Airfoil

PAGE 61
 Forces
(Lift & Drag) on
wind turbine
blade and their
visualization

Lift and drag on

a translating
Lift and drag on a stationary airfoil airfoil

Higher air flow low pressure

Slower air flow high pressure PAGE 62

Laminar and Turbulent
Flow
Wind Turbine Geometry
The angle of attack,
which is the angle
between the chord line of
the blade and the relative
wind or the effective
direction of air flow.

The pitch angle, which is the

angle between the chord line
of the blade and the plane of
rotation

PAGE 64
 F
Forces on Airfoil
FL

v w

FM
u FD -u


Plane of rotation

v
PAGE 65
Forces on Airfoil
How to draw??
F

FL

v
w

FM

u FD
 -u

PAGE 66
 Effect of Angle of Attack and Blade Forces
Lift
Lift

Drag
Drag
a=4° Drag
Drag
a=12°

Lift

a=24° Drag
Drag

PAGE 67
Wind turbine Parts &
Components
 MORE Parts
• Low-speed shaft
• High-speed shaft
• Brake
• Gearbox
• Generator
• Nacelle
• Pitch
• Upwind and downwind
• Vane
• Yaw drive
• Anemometer: Measures the wind speed and transmits wind speed data to the controller.

• Blades: Most turbines have either two or three blades. Wind blowing over the blades causes
the blades to "lift" and rotate.

• Brake: A disc brake which can be applied mechanically, electrically, or hydraulically to

stop the rotor in emergencies.
• Wind vane: Measures wind direction and communicates with the yaw drive to orient the
turbine properly with respect to the wind.
• Yaw drive: Upwind turbines face into the wind; the yaw drive is used to keep the rotor
facing into the wind as the wind direction changes. Downwind turbines don't require a yaw
drive, the wind blows the rotor downwind.
• Yaw motor: Powers the yaw drive.
Video 5
 Control of Wind Mill
(Speed control)

Mukund R. Patel, “Wind and Solar Power Systems Design, Analysis, and Operation”, 2nd
Edition Taylor and Francis, CRC Press. (Page no. 68)
 Method 1 : No speed control whatsoever
• No speed control whatsoever: In this method, the turbine, the
electrical generator, and the entire system are designed to
withstand the extreme speed under gusty winds.
 Method 2 : Yaw and tilt control
• Yaw and tilt control: The yaw control continuously orients the
rotor in the direction of the wind. It can be as simple as the tail
vane or more complex on modern towers.
• A controlled yaw is often required and used, in which the rotor
axis is shifted out of the wind direction when the wind speed
exceeds the design limit.
 Method 3 : Pitch control
• Pitch control: This changes the pitch of the blade with changing
wind speed to regulate the rotor speed.
• Large-scale power generation is moving towards variable-speed
rotors with power electronics incorporating a pitch control.
 Method 4 : Stall control
• Stall control: Yaw and tilt control gradually shifts the rotor axis
in and out of the wind direction.
• This always happens at a high pitch angle. The blades
experience a high drag, thus lowering the rotor power output.
 Pitch Control
➢ Blade pitch control is the system which monitors and adjusts the inclination angle of the
blades and thus control the rotation speed of the blades.
➢ Lower wind speeds the pitching system leads to an acceleration of the hub rotation speed
and at higher speeds blade pitch control reduces the wind load on the blades and structure
of turbine.
➢ Over a certain wind speed the blade pitch control starts to rotate blades out of the wind,
there by slowing and stopping the blade to avoid the complete damage.
 Pitch
Control

➢ Blade pitch control is the system which monitors and adjusts the inclination angle of
the blades and thus control the rotation speed of the blades.
➢ W/s exceed the rated speed → blades are gradually turned about the longitudinal
axis and out of wind with increase in blade pitch angle, which reduces the CP and
rotor output also. When speed exceeds safe limit rotor output is zero and machine
shifts to stall mode. After the gust passes, pitch angle is reset.
Pitch Control with feedback loop
 Pitch control requirements
• This changes the pitch of the blade with changing wind speed to
regulate the rotor speed.
• Large-scale power generation is moving towards variable-speed
rotors with power electronics incorporating a pitch control.
Effect on Cp due to change in pitch angle
 Yaw Control
➢ The wind turbine yaw mechanism is used to turn
the wind turbine rotor against the wind.
➢ The wind turbine is said to have a yaw error, if
the rotor is not perpendicular to the wind.
• For localities with prevailing (existing) wind in
one direction, the design is simplified.
• The rotor can be in a fixed orientation with
swept area is perpendicular to predominant
(largest) wind. So it is said to be yaw fixed.
• Smaller wind turbine yaw can be controlled by
tail vane.
 Yaw Control cont…
• The yaw control continuously orients the rotor in the direction of the wind.
• It can be as simple as the tail vane or more complex on modern towers. Theoretical
considerations dictate free yaw as much as possible.
• However, rotating blades with large moments of inertia produce high gyroscopic
torque during yaw, often resulting in loud noise. A rapid yaw may generate noise
exceeding the local ordinance limit.
• Hence, a controlled yaw is often required and used, in which the rotor axis is shifted
out of the wind direction when the wind speed exceeds the design limit (Cut out).
 Stalling of Wind turbine
• Stalling works by increasing the angle at which the relative wind strikes the blades (angle
of attack), and it reduces the induced drag (drag associated with lift). Stalling is simple
because it can be made to happen passively (it increases automatically when the winds
speed up), but it increases the cross-section of the blade face-on to the wind, and thus the
ordinary drag. A fully stalled turbine blade, when stopped, has the flat side of the blade
facing directly into the wind.
• A fixed-speed HAWT inherently increases its angle of attack at higher wind speed as the
blades speed up. A natural strategy, then, is to allow the blade to stall when the wind
speed increases. This technique was successfully used on many early HAWTs.
The lift in (a) is the result of faster air sliding over the top
of the wind foil. In (b), the combination of actual wind
and the relative wind due to blade motion creates a
resultant that creates the blade lift.
In our previous discussion there is decrement in relative
wind and drag is more and so to avoid lifting means wind
blade not to rotate
Increasing the angle of attack can cause a wing
to stall
Types of WECS

PAGE 89
Comparison of WECS - Type A B C D PAGE 90
 Comparison of various Wind Generators
Sr. Type of
Features & Disadvantages
No. WECS
• As SCIG draws reactive power from the grid, capacitor bank is
needed.
• Soft starter to be used for smoother grid connections.
SCIG
• The speed is not controllable and allows varying over a very
based
narrow range, in which only speeds higher than the synchronous
1 grid
speed are possible for generation.
connected
• As the speed fluctuations are directly translated to
WECS
electromechanical torque variations, it results in to high
mechanical and fatigue stress on the system.
• Excitation makes it difficult to support grid voltage.

PAGE 91
 Comparison of various Wind Generators
Sr. Type of
Features & Disadvantages
No. WECS
• The amplitude and frequency of the voltage can be fully
controlled by power converter at the generator side so that
generator speed is fully controllable over a wide range from low
to high.
• Does not require the use of PM’s which would represent a large
WRSG
fraction of the generator cost and might suffer from performance
2 based
loss in harsh atmospheric conditions.
WECS
• Main advantage of WRSG is that with the excitation control
supply power factor can be controlled.
• Large space and volume are required to arrange space for
excitation windings and pole shoes.
• The field losses are inevitable.
PAGE 92
 Comparison of various Wind Generators
Sr. Type of
Features & Disadvantages
No. WECS
• Categorized in variable speed grid connected WECS keeping tip speed ratio constant.
• DFIG with two VSC’s on the rotor side provides much wider speed variation in range.
• The VSC system can perform reactive power compensation and smooth grid connection
and also allows the performance of voltage support towards grid.
Variable speed
• It can provide a power under super-synchronous and sub-synchronous speeds.
3 DFIG based
• A multistage gearbox is still necessary in the drive train because the speed range is
WECS
far from common WT speed.
• Slip ring required transferring the rotor power by means of partial scale VSC, which
needs a regular maintenance and may cause electrical machine failures.
• DFIG has not LVRT feature, it is required for grid disturbances.

PAGE 93
 Comparison of various Wind Generators
Sr. Type of
Features &Disadvantages
No. WECS
• It does not require external excitation current.
• Diode bridge rectifier may be used at generator terminals since no external excitation
current is needed.

PMSG • Fewer rotating components reduce mechanical stress an increase technical service life of
type equipment maintenance.
wind
4
energy • Operating cost reduces.
conversion • No gear box is required.
system
• Connected through a power converter.
• Amplitude & frequency of supply voltage can be fully controlled.
• Operating wide range of speed even at a low speed.
• Less noise, less maintenance cost.
PAGE 94
 Comparison of various Wind Generators
Sr. Types of
Features & Disadvantages
No. WECS
• Same generator is suitable for different grid frequencies 50Hz & 60Hz
• High energy yield.
PMSG
• Better thermal characteristics.
type • No brush and slip rings.
wind • No need of capacitors.
4
energy • For the same generator rating comparative cost of PMSG based system is lower than other
conventional topologies.
conversion
• Cost of permanent magnet is higher.
system • Difficulties in manufacturing.
• Demagnetization of PM at high temperature.

PAGE 95
Basic Types of Wind Turbine

PAGE 96
 Merits
1. The primary energy (wind) is cost-free;
2. The primary energy is renewable and never runs out;
3.There is an abundant resource, nobody can cut access/supply.
4. Stable life-cycle-cost of its use can be guaranteed;
5. Wind power is competitive with other new power sources;
6. Operating wind turbines cause no carbon emissions, no air pollution and no hazardous
waste;
7. No water for cooling is needed;
8.Wind has a short energy payback of energy invested, normally less than one year;
9. There is a global, easy access to wind technology, compared to nuclear and others;
10. Time to market is very short, erection of entire wind farms within one year possible;
11. The project is environment friendly.
12. Good wind potential to harness wind energy.
13. Operation and Maintenance (O&M) costs are low.
14.No marketing risks, as the product is electrical
energy.

Photo Courtesy Burbo

Bank wind farm (Photo:
Wind Power Works) UK
 Limitations of Wind energy

• Low energy density.

• Favorable winds are available only in few geographical location
that is away from the cities and forests.
• Direction of wind changes it will never remain constant.
• Requires energy storage batteries or back up diesel power
generator for constant availability of the power to load.
 Cont…

• Solar can be directly converted in to heat while the wind energy can
be converted in to mechanical and then into electrical.
• Wind farm locations are away from the cities that is power
generation medium.
• Only in kW and MW range.
• Presently higher cost per MWh.
Grid Integration of Wind Generators Simulations

Type
D

PAGE 101
 The Wind Farm Project Timeline

Reference : Diagram taken from the course of WIND ENERGY Denmark Technical University
PAGE 102
 5,39,14,25,000.00 INR Development
Implementation Site assessment
€65M
Turbines Wind resource
Foundations Permissions & licenses
Sub-station Preliminary design
Cabling 2 1
Legal & contracts
Grid connection Environmental study
Operation
Operation Calculation of the Decommissioning
Maintenance 3 economics of a
Administration wind farm 248835000.00 INR
4 €3M
33,17,800.00 INR For wind farm
€40k
per 2 MW Costing of WECS
Reference : Diagram taken from the course of WIND ENERGY Denmark Technical University
PAGE 103
The Sunny Island generates a stable AC grid and can start the diesel
generator or switch off loads in case of demand bottlenecks. Concept of
Please refer the link to explore more on hybrid system:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZlGHRIBSHqI
Hybrid System
PAGE 104
Mode of Renewable Energy System – Hybrid System

Standalone
Or Off grid
Hybrid Systems Grid tied Battery/
PV Systems
PAGE 105
 AC Load

Inverter

WT, PV & BESS Hybrid System

Stand alone Mode 106
 AC Load

Grid
via Transformer

Inverter

WT, PV & BESS Hybrid System

Grid tied Mode 107
Grid Applications of Energy Storage

108
 Different Topologies of Hybrid
System with Grid Integration &
Standalone Mode
Grid-connected hybrid system at common DC bus

Grid-connected hybrid system at common AC bus Stand-alone hybrid system at common DC bus

109
Stand-alone hybrid system at common AC bus Hybrid system with AC Microgrid
Types of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
Typical Wind Energy Stand-alone System

110
 Types of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems
Typical Hybrid Wind-based Stand-alone System

111
 You may know this also…
• The state run auction by Gujarat for wind
power has fetched a tariff of Rs.2.43 per unit, Wind power is superior
for grid tied system.
• For standalone wind energy system it is the
comparatively.
feasible solution to fed the power to the remote
centre and for battery charging applications and
hybridization.
• It can also be hybridized with conventional
grid.
• NREL:
✓ https://www.nrel.gov/wind/distributed-
wind.html
✓ https://www.nrel.gov/wind/offshore-wind.html

PAGE 112
Thank you; any questions?

PAGE 113
 Lets
begin
with
small
fun

PAGE 114 114