Spontaneous processes are those that occur naturally or after initiation under certain conditions. They proceed in a direction that decreases the system's energy and increases stability. A driving force pushes spontaneous processes forward. Decreased enthalpy is essential for spontaneity.
Entropy is a measure of disorder in a system. It is a state function that changes as the system changes. The entropy change of a system and surroundings always equals zero for reversible processes involving heat exchange. Physical meaning of entropy lies in its ability to provide a measure of degree of disorder - the greatest randomness corresponds to highest entropy.
For isolated systems, a process will be spontaneous only if the entropy change of the system is positive, with the system tending toward
Spontaneous processes are those that occur naturally or after initiation under certain conditions. They proceed in a direction that decreases the system's energy and increases stability. A driving force pushes spontaneous processes forward. Decreased enthalpy is essential for spontaneity.
Entropy is a measure of disorder in a system. It is a state function that changes as the system changes. The entropy change of a system and surroundings always equals zero for reversible processes involving heat exchange. Physical meaning of entropy lies in its ability to provide a measure of degree of disorder - the greatest randomness corresponds to highest entropy.
For isolated systems, a process will be spontaneous only if the entropy change of the system is positive, with the system tending toward
Spontaneous processes are those that occur naturally or after initiation under certain conditions. They proceed in a direction that decreases the system's energy and increases stability. A driving force pushes spontaneous processes forward. Decreased enthalpy is essential for spontaneity.
Entropy is a measure of disorder in a system. It is a state function that changes as the system changes. The entropy change of a system and surroundings always equals zero for reversible processes involving heat exchange. Physical meaning of entropy lies in its ability to provide a measure of degree of disorder - the greatest randomness corresponds to highest entropy.
For isolated systems, a process will be spontaneous only if the entropy change of the system is positive, with the system tending toward
Spontaneous processes are those that occur naturally or after initiation under certain conditions. They proceed in a direction that decreases the system's energy and increases stability. A driving force pushes spontaneous processes forward. Decreased enthalpy is essential for spontaneity.
Entropy is a measure of disorder in a system. It is a state function that changes as the system changes. The entropy change of a system and surroundings always equals zero for reversible processes involving heat exchange. Physical meaning of entropy lies in its ability to provide a measure of degree of disorder - the greatest randomness corresponds to highest entropy.
For isolated systems, a process will be spontaneous only if the entropy change of the system is positive, with the system tending toward
Spontaneous process may be defined as an irreversible process which has a natural tendency to occur either of its own or after proper initiation under the given set conditions. They are also known as feasible process or probable process. (i) Spontaneous process that need no initiation. Evaporation of water. (ii) Spontaneous process that need initiation Hydrogen reacts with oxygen gas to produce water initiated by passing an electric discharge.
Spontaneous process has a potential to occur in a particular direction under given set of conditions. This indicates that there must be some kind of driving force which is responsible to drag the spontaneous process in a forward direction. All of them proceed towards the state of lower energy and lower energy related to the stability. Reduction in energy can be indicated by negative sign. Hence decrease in enthalpy is an essential criterion of spontaneity.
ENTROPY(S)
The degree of disorder or randomness in a system is expressed by a thermodynamic function
called entropy. Entropy is a state function and an extensive property.
When the state of the system changes, the entropy also undergoes a change. The change in entropy during the process is represented by ΔS= Sfinal -Sinitial. The change in entropy can be find by using 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑣 ΔS = 𝑇 ENTROPY AS A STATE FUNCTION
Consider a cylinder fitted with a frictionless piston which contains a gas and is contact with large heat reservoir.
(1) Isothermal reversible expansion of system (Absorb heat from reservoir)
chanage in entropy of the system
𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑣 ΔS(system) = 𝑇 Change in entropy of the surroundings 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑣 ΔS(surroundings) = − 𝑇
Total entropy = ΔS(system) + ΔS(surroundings)
=0 1. Isothermal reversible compression of system (Liberate heat to the reservoir) chanage in entropy of the system
𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑣 ΔS(system) =- 𝑇 Change in entropy of the surroundings 𝑞𝑟𝑒𝑣 ΔS(surroundings) = + 𝑇
Total entropy = ΔS(system) + ΔS(surroundings)
=0
PHYSICAL MEANING OF ENTROPY
Physical meaning of entropy lies in its ability to provide a measure of degree of disorder or randomness. The greatest randomness in a system, higher is its entropy. Crystalline substance has lowest disorder and thus represents the state of lowest entropy. Gaseous state has maximum disorder and thus represents the state of higher entropy. In all physical and chemical process, system passes from less random state to more random state, , the value of change in entropy will be positive.
ENTROPY CHANGE AND SPONTANEITY
Consider the following cases
1. When non-reacting gases are allowed to intermix, the process continues till each gas is distributed throughout the entire available space uniformly. 2. If a drop of ink is added to water in a beaker, the colour of the ink starts spreading and ultimately the whole amount of water acquires the uniform colour.
In each of the above process, the system can be assumed to be isolated because it does not involve any exchange of matter or energy with the surroundings.
In each of the process the system is tending to attain more disordered state and
S final > S initial
ΔS= Sfinal -Sinitial > 0
Hence in isolated systems, the process will be spontaneous only if the entropy change of the system is positive. This critieria is not applicable for non-isolated systems, because the system will interact with surroundings and there is a heat exchange also.
SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
The entropy of the universe is always increasing in the course of every spontaneous (natural change).
