The document provides an overview of Module 3 of a Natural Science course, which covers the topics of mass and weight, significant figures, rounding numbers to the proper number of digits, and scientific notation. It includes lessons on differentiating between mass and weight, identifying significant figures, and applying the three rules for rounding numbers - dropping or adjusting the last digit retained based on the number following it. Examples are provided to demonstrate each concept.
The document provides an overview of Module 3 of a Natural Science course, which covers the topics of mass and weight, significant figures, rounding numbers to the proper number of digits, and scientific notation. It includes lessons on differentiating between mass and weight, identifying significant figures, and applying the three rules for rounding numbers - dropping or adjusting the last digit retained based on the number following it. Examples are provided to demonstrate each concept.
The document provides an overview of Module 3 of a Natural Science course, which covers the topics of mass and weight, significant figures, rounding numbers to the proper number of digits, and scientific notation. It includes lessons on differentiating between mass and weight, identifying significant figures, and applying the three rules for rounding numbers - dropping or adjusting the last digit retained based on the number following it. Examples are provided to demonstrate each concept.
The document provides an overview of Module 3 of a Natural Science course, which covers the topics of mass and weight, significant figures, rounding numbers to the proper number of digits, and scientific notation. It includes lessons on differentiating between mass and weight, identifying significant figures, and applying the three rules for rounding numbers - dropping or adjusting the last digit retained based on the number following it. Examples are provided to demonstrate each concept.
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Republic of the Philippines
Province of Cotabato Municipality of Makilala MAKILALA INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Makilala, Cotabato
Criminology Department Bachelor of Science and Criminology
Course Number : I Instructor: Rosario R. Velasco
Course Title : Natural Science Mobile Number: 09219341043 Description : General Chemistry Email: rosevelasco604@gmail.com Credit Units : 4 units Module Number: 3 Duration : One Week (March 16-22, 2021)
WELCOME TO MODULE 3
Module 3 consists of four lessons namely:
1. Mass and Weight 2. Significant Figures 3. Rounding Off Numbers to Proper Digits of Significant Numbers 4. Scientific Notation of Numbers
LESSON 1 I. Learning Outcome A. Differentiate mass and weight B. Demonstrate the understanding of the definition of mass and weight
II. Topic: Mass and Weight
III. References:
Hein, Marris, Leo R. Best and Scott Pattison. College Chemistry, 3 rd ed. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, California. 1984. ISBN 0-534-02863-2
IV. Course Content:
Chemistry is an experimental science. The results of experiments are usually determined by making measurements. In basic experiments the quantities that are commonly measured are mass, length, volume, pressure and temperature.
Mass and weight are often used interchangeably. The two words are quite different words. Mass- of a body is defined as the amount of matter in that body. The mass of the body is a fixed and unvarying quantity that is independent of the object’s location.
Weight- of a body is the measure of the earth’s gravitational attraction for that body. Weight varies in relation to its distance from the earth. The rate of motion is changing of the object is changing with respect to the motion of the earth.
Example: 1. Mass of astronaut’s body is 70 kg before taking off to space travel. As the distance from the earth increases into orbiting course the weight of the body decrease until a state of weightlessness is attained. However the mass of the astronaut’s body has remained constant at 70.0 kg during the entire event.
1 V. Activity:
A. Express the mass and weight of the following quantities and locations:
Place Quantity Mass Weight
Makilala 40 kilograms of vegetable ____________ _____________ USA 150 kilograms of metal ____________ _____________ Australia 60.5 kilograms of fruit ____________ _____________ Philippines 2,160.0 kilograms of rock ____________ _____________ 5th orbit to the moon 56.0 kilograms of rice ____________ _____________ 3,000 miles away from the earth 40 kilograms of package ____________ _____________
VI. Evaluation:
A. Complete the missing data in the table
Place Quantity Mass Weight 1. Earth 100 kg of apparatus _____________________ _____________________ 2. ________________ 25 kg of food 25 kg 10 kg 3. ________________ 75 kg of oxygen tank _____________________ 0 kg 4. 300 miles from the earth 120 kg of package 120 kg 100 kg
B. Your weight on the earth is 50 kg but when you travel to the space it becomes lighter. Explain.
2 LESSON 2
I. Learning Outcome
Identify the significant digits in a given measurement.
II. Topic: Standards for Measurement (Significant Figures)
III. References:
Hein, Marris, Leo R. Best and Scott Pattison. College Chemistry, 3 rd ed. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, California. 1984. ISBN 0-534-02863-2
IV. Course Content:
There is some degree of uncertainty in every experimental measurement due to limitation inherent in the measuring instrument and the skill of the experimenter. The value recorded for measurement should give some indication of reliability (precision) .To express some precision this value should contain all digits that are known plus one digit that is estimated. The last estimated digit introduces some uncertainty. B because of this uncertainty every number that expresses a measurement can have only a limited of digits
Figure 2.1 (a) scale on a balance indicating a weight of 15.4 grams (b) scale on a balance indicating a weight of 15.0 grams
II. Significant Figures or Significant Digits used to express a measured quantity. It is defined as any of the digits of a number beginning with the digit farthest to the left that is not zero and ending with the east digit farthest to the right that is either not zero or zero but is considered to be exact.
III. Rules for Determining When Zero is Significant in a Measurement follow.
1. All zeros between other digits are significant:
205 has three significant figures 1.05 has three significant figures. 61.09 has four significant figures.
2. Zeros to the left of the first nonzero digit are not significant. These zeros are used to locate a decimal point: 0.0025 has two significant figures (2,5). 0.0108 has three significant figures (1, 0, 8).
3. Zeros to the right of a number after a decimal point are significant:
0.500 has three significant figures (5, 0, 0). 25.160 has five significant figures. 3.00 has three significant figures.
4. Zeros to the right of nonzero digits but before the decimal point may or may not be significant: 1000 (The zeros may or may not be significant.) 3 590 (The zero may or may not be significant.)
One way of indicating whether these zeros are significant is to write the number using a decimal point and a power of 10. Thus, if the value 1000 has been determined to four significant figures, it is written as 1.000 x 10 3. If 590 has only two significant figures, it is written as 5.9 x 10 2 (in this case the zero is not significant).
V. Activity
Directions: Write your answer in the space provided before each item.
How many significant figures are in each of these numbers?
II. Topic: Standards for Measurement- Rounding Off Numbers to Proper Digits of Significant Numbers
III. References:
Hein, Marris, Leo R. Best and Scott Pattison. College Chemistry, 3 rd ed. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, California. 1984. ISBN 0-534-02863-2
IV. Course Content:
In calculations we often obtain answers that have more digits than we are justified in using. It is necessary, therefore, to drop the nonsignificant digits in order to express the answer with the proper number of significant figures. When digits are dropped from a number, the value of the last digit retained is determined by a process known as rounding off numbers. There are three rules for rounding off numbers.
Rule 1. When the first digit after those you want to retain is 4 or less, that digit and all others beyond it are dropped. The last digit retained is not changed.
Examples rounded off to four digits.
74.693 = 74.69
This digit is dropped
1.00629 = 1.006
These two digits are dropped.
Rule 2. When the first digit after those you want to retain is 6 or greater, increase the last digit retained by 1 and drop all digits to the right of the last digit retained.
Examples rounded off to four digits:
1.026868 = 1.027 These three digits are dropped. This digit is changed to 7.
25.6294 = 25.63 These two digits are dropped. This digit is changed to 3.
12.899 = 12.90 This digit is dropped. These two digits are changed to 90.
Rule 3. When the first digit after those you want to retain is 5 and all others beyond are zeros, increase the last digit retained by 1 if it is an odd number; leave it unchanged if it is an even number. Drop all digits to the right of the last digit retained. When any digit beyond the 5 is other than zero, increase the last digit retained by 1.
Examples rounded to four digits.
28.2850 = 28.28 These two digits are dropped. This digit is unchanged.
5 18.02500 = 18.02 These three digits are dropped. This digit is unchanged.
146.55 = 146.6 This digit is dropped. This digit is changed to 6.
V. Activity
Directions: Write your answer in the space provided before each item.
Round off these numbers to the number of digits indicated.
Directions: Round off the following numbers to three significant figures. Write your answer in the space provided before each number.
__________1. 82.174 __________6. 3.8826
__________2. 0.03854 __________7. 62.15 __________3. 8.945 __________8. 216.509 __________4. 25.453 __________9. 1.835 x 106 __________5. 13.663 __________10. 2.067 x 105
6 LESSON 4
I. Learning Outcome
Write numbers in scientific notation
II. Topic: Standards for Measurement- Scientific Notation of Numbers
III. References:
Hein, Marris, Leo R. Best and Scott Pattison. College Chemistry, 3 rd ed. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company, California. 1984. ISBN 0-534-02863-2
IV. Course Content:
The age of the earth has been estimated as about 4,500,000,000 (4.5 billion) years. Because this is an estimated value, let us say to the nearest 0.1 billion years, we are justified in using only two significant figures to express it. To express this number with two significant figures we write it using a power of 10 as 4.5 x 10 9 years. Very large and very small numbers are often used in chemistry. These numbers can be simplified and conveniently written using a power of 10. Writing a number as a power of 10 is called scientific notation. To write a number in scientific notation, move the decimal point in the original number so that it is located after the first nonzero digit. This new number is multiplied by 10 raised to the proper power (exponent). If the decimal was moved to the right, the power of 10 will be a negative number. Study the examples that follow. Example 1. Write 5283 in scientific notation.
5283. Place the decimal between the 5 and the 2. Since the decimal was moved three places 321 to the left, the power of 10 will be 3, and the number 5.283 is multiplied by 10 3. 5.283 x 103 (Correct scientific notation)
Example 2. Write 4,500,000,000 in scientific notation (two significant figures).
4 500 000 000. Place the decimal between the 4 and the 5. Since the decimal was moved nine places to the left, the power of 10 will be 9, and the number 4.5 is multiplied by 10 9.
4.5 x 109 (Correct scientific notation)
Example 3. Write 0.000123 is scientific notation.
0.000123 Place the decimal between the 1 and the 2. Since the decimal was moved four places to the right, the power of 10 will be -4, and the number 1.23 is multiplied by 10 -4.
1.23 x 10-4 (Correct scientific notation)
V. Activity
Directions: Write the following numbers in scientific notation. Write your answer in the space provided before each number.
