-

SCIENCE TECHNOLOGY & SOCIETY - Alchemists wrote and published books using
LESSON 1: INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY OF ALLEGORICAL CODE because it was not
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY publicly available for people.
Main question: WHAT IS MATTER? What happen to them?
Mainly, alchemy is both rooted of science and
SCIENCE religion, since they are more scientific, they
- Not a single idea, it is not stable as other choose to be Science.
disciplines. - Since alchemy wanted to be in control, they
- Covers multiple contributions of different did not share knowledge and that was their
natural philosophers and scientists. mistake because when knowledge is kept, it
- the word “science” was discovered by William dies but when the knowledge is shared, it
Whewell, an English scientist, historian, priest, grows.
in 1840. Field of Chemistry
- Scientists are called natural philosopher - Known to be the central science came from
before. the word ALCHEMY.
- The aim of science is to show the different DECKNAMEN
world of knowledge wherein it will serve as - Meaning the words written were not what it
your lenses in viewing our relatively evolving seems.
science.
“What was true then cannot be true now and what 2 KINDS OF ALCHEMICAL METALS
is true can be not true in the future”
- Knowledge is not fixed, it is constantly NOBLE METALS - Gold (sun) Silver (moon)
changing and evolving. BASE METALS - Mercury (mercury) Copper
- Knowledge is power. (Venus) Iron (mars) Tin (Jupiter) Lead (Saturn)

2 ASPECTS OF SCIENCE 2 FORMS OF TRANSMUTATION

1. OBSERVE some specific aspects of the world
2. Conduct an EXPERIMENT to answer some PARTICULARS – one transmutation
questions about the world. UNIVERSALS – turning anything into new form
NULIUS IN VERBA (philosopher stone)
- A tattoo that scientists in western world have
- It means “no one’s word” ASIAN CULTURE
ROYAL SOCIETY
- Don’t believe something just because CHINESE CULTURE
someone tells you its true, test out each new - Very tied to the idea that the earth is a living
hypothesis/ educate yourself. organism.
- FENG SUI
LESSON 2: ALCHEMY - They also searches for Walden for
ALCHEMY immortality
- It is not a practice of knowledge, but they are INDIAN CULTURE
experimentally skilled and theorists of - Focused on natural medicine
understanding. - AYURVEDIC practice focused on natural
- ALCHEMY means BLACK EARTH that products and toxicology.
symbolizes the rich and fertile lands of Egypt, SOUTHEAST ASIAN CULTURE
LAND OF KHEM. - BABAYLANS – spiritual shamans
- A philosophical manner of thinking about specialized in communicating to spirits,
material world and changing it.
 -
showed intelligence on the practice of - Contributed in astronomy, geometry, math. o
medicine, scientific crafts. Gnomon – helps identify the time
MIDDLE EASTERN ALCHEMISTS which is being uses by Asians.
- Influence of Aristotelian, Chinese, Indian - Also developed a model cosmos that
- More advanced and focused on mathematical attempted to picture by heavenly wheel
and understanding the heavens. - He also worked on the possibility of animal
PERSIAN ALCHEMISTS transformation.
- JABIR IBN HAYYAN o Where did we come from
o Led to the theory of evolution
LESSON 3: NATURAL PHILOSOPHERS: THE EMPEDOCLES
“HOWS” AND “WHYS” GREEKS - Last great thinker and philosopher that said to
be astonished with the Milesian school.
- People of interest and craft - Made a book called “on nature” air, water, earth,fire
- They practiced natural philosophy - Formed a theory on four classical elements.
- Their intellect was “self-conscious inquiry” PHYTAGORAS
- Most famous pre-Socratic.
PRE SOCRATICS - Abstract thinker
- Philosopher before Socrates - He introduced idealism
- They created the “school of thoughts” o - “Math is the language of science”
Group of students and teachers that - Greatest contribution: geometry
asks and attempts to answer questions. Pythagoras view numbers as sacred and not
o Biggest contribution: “rational just mere counting.
debates” to generate knowledge. - He hates irrational numbers.
THALES DEMOCRITUS
- First European philosopher that was recorded - Most known natural philosopher that
in the ancient Greece that contributed in the contributed a lot in science
crafting knowledge. - Biggest thread in the Greek contributions if
- He was known to be first individual to have knowledge was “Atomism”
made and proved his own theorem “Thale’s - He held the idea of “the small particles that
Theorem”. is indestructible, uncreated, always in
- He believed in separating the divinities of the motion and infinite numbers”
gods to the power of human intellect. SOCRATES
- Founder of first European “schools of - He studies more on politics, morality and
philosophy” called “Milesians” o Known for citizenship.
its attempts in explaining the natural and the - He contributed a lot in the quest of
material world. understanding the universe by “asking
ANAXIMANDER questions”
- First Greek to contribute to the body of - Socratic Method – the art of questioning,
knowledge. constantly asking questions
- First European philosopher to write down his - His legacy is his students, Plato and Aristotle.
ideas. PLATO
- He believed that the material world and the - Had a great impact on “Metacognition” or
natural world is governed by discoverable “Thinking about your own thinking”
laws. - He established “Academy” - A school how
o He rejected Thales and proposed his to think properly over the door of academy.
ideas and introduced formless initial - Inscribed at the door of academy: Let no one
states “apeiron” enter here who is ignorant of Geometry.
 -
- He believed that cosmos was perfect. - They sought knowledge and did not rely on
- He believed that all materials is made of atom reasoning like the Greeks. They focused on
and varied geometrical shapes “platonic the question “how to apply the knowledge?”
solids” - Aristotle sought knowledge and classified it
- He believed that both stars and planets is in 2 forms:
revolving around the earth in circular motion. Useful knowledge – practical
ARISTOTLE Theoretical – reasoning
- Star student of Plato
- His philosophy is more on common sense 2 FORMS OF KNOWLEDGE
- He is known for writing books on ethics TECHNE
- Mentor of alexander the great - Practical knowledge
- He created “Lyceum” after Alexander died. - Root word for technology
- He trusted his senses, he used it for his works. - Associated with arts (Arts of craftmanship)
- The taxonomy he created were based on EPISTEME
“system of souls” - Epistemology
➢ Plants – vegetative soul (grow) - Requires logic
➢ Animals – mobility soul, they
have ARCHITECTONS/ ARCHITECT
vegetative and sensitive animal soul - The people that build war machines
(the move and the grow) ARCHIMEDES
➢ Humans – highest form of soul, - Famous mathematician
combination of vegetative, sensitive - He used his knowledge to help the Greek fight
and rational soul. It helps the humans the romans by inventing war machines
to think and reflect - Great craftmanship
- He also made useful contraptions, to pull up
LESSON 4: THE ENGINEERS: THE ARTISTS water.
GREAT BUILDERS OPUS CAEMENTITUM
- Roman engineers mixing ash, rocks. Water
- Their works are portal for the modern world and lime to build this concrete.
to have a glimpse of their lives in the past. Their material is durable and could be poured
- and shaped in different forms. This used to
EGYPTIANS form domes ( The Pantheon in Rome )
- They created measurements for construction
purposes The romans also found that the Arches are strong
- They invented the cubic system where they supports for weights.
used it to build pyramids. The water during the Roman Era where able to
BABYLONIANS move in long distance using “Arch Aqueducts”
- Great builders and architect as they build the Cloaca Maxima = Big Sewers
hanging garden of Babylon. Apian Way – open door for the roman troops
MESOAMERICANS - “All roads, lead to Rome”
- Great builders of temples and houses and step Flavian Amphitheater, the Colosseum
pyramids - Most known infrastructure of the Roman
THE ROMANS empire that flooded blood for many years
- They are more invested in their strength in - Has retractable roof
technology and building rather than reasoning MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO
and natural philosophy. - Wrote about architectures, buildings and
- Conquered the state at around 146 BCE urban planning of human system
 -
LESSON 5: THE SCIENTIST 2.0 - He proposed a developing hub for intellectual
work, a university called SOLOMON’S
SCIENTIFIC METHOD HOUSE (ALL MALES).
- Should possess basic principles of seeking - Divided into classification:
knowledge o TRAVELER – gather facts
o Rationality o EXPERIMENTALIST – conduct
o Experimentation experiment and create new facts
o Ruthless self examination o BOOKWORM – extract facts o
- given credit to 3 scientists: ANALYZER – analyze all experiment
o INTERPRETER OF NATURE –
GALILEO GALILEI composed of 3 males, will take all the
- In 1609, he reinvented the telescope and used facts to create new “axioms” (new
it as an instrument that changed astronomy truth)
today o BENEFACTOR – the “Dowreymen”
- In 1611, he became vocal to his stand on the will use the new axioms to put it in
cosmological understanding of the world and practical use (TECHNE).
supported heliocentrism then was called by RENE DESCARTES
the church. - He is known as one of the founding figures of
- He stated that the bible and nature do not modern mathematics, modern philosophy and
disagree with another he bridge geometry and algebra.
o BIBLE – word for the people, a guide - He developed the Cartesian coordinates
and story on how we behave and why - Because of the news about Galileo Galilei, he
o NATURE – God’s physical work stopped his works about heliocentrism called
▪ ▪ “Science is the uncovering “LE MONDE” or “THE WORLD”
of God’s work” - In 1637, he published his book called
- In 1616, the church banned all his work “Discourse on the Method”
- In 1623, he published “ASSAYER” - How do we know what we know?
o Stated that scientists should be free to - He used mathematics as a way towards the
do their work. natural world
- In 1632, he stood for heliocentrism SYSTEMATIC DOUBTING
- In 1633, he was house arrested for the rest of - Simple doubting yourself on what you know
his life, but it did not stop him from being a BOTTOM LINE:
scientist and continue his works. GALILEO GALLEI – EXPERIMENTALIST
FRANCIS BACON – PRACTICAL THINKER
FRANCIS BACON RENE DESCARTES – PURE PHILOSOPHER
- He proposed a new approach which scientists
should be practical, instrumental and SIR ISAAC NEWTON
supported by the state. It should be - His works are focused in universal
experimentally proven. gravitation, three laws of motion which then
- Natural philosophy should be used to improve became the foundation of the modern physics.
well-being/ humanity. - He discovered Calculus.
- He wanted to focus on “useful knowledge”
- Created the SOLOMON’S HOUSE.
SOLOMON’S HOUSE
- In 1626, he published his book “NEW
ATLANTIS”
\
 -
CHEMISTRY ANUS MIRABILIS OF EINSTEIN
 Brownian Motion – random motion of
ANTOINE LAURENT DE LAVOISIER particles suspended in fluid, allowed the
- He worked on understanding the chemical collision of moving molecules in the fluid.
reaction of combustion.  Photoelectric Effect – supporting the idea that
- He understands that the Phlogistic air was the energy series of particles & not a wave.
oxygen and dephlogisticate air was carbon  Equivalence of mass – mass can be
dioxide. transformed into energy
- Developed Law of conservation of mass Special Relative – mothing can move faster than
- He published the first list of elements light, speed of light, it was about comparing
- He established states of matter physical effects from different observer position in
- He became a rational experimentalist terms of velocity/ speed in a particular direction.
- He is the Father of modern Chemistry -
- He was branded as traitor because he was - In 1915, he published theory of general
involved in taxation and supported foreign relativity
scientists. - In 1920’s, the controversy of understanding
- He died by the guillotine in 1794. subatomic particles became more
MADAM MARIE SKLODOWSKA CURIE controversial
- First woman to win the Nobel Prize
- First person to win two of them WERNER HEISENBERG
- The only woman and only four people to win - invented the matrix mechanics and theory of
two different fields and remains as the only uncertainty principle.
person ever win Nobel prizes in multiple
natural sciences. ERWIN SCHRODINGER
- She went to a secret school called Flying - studied wave mechanics and used
University mathematical equations to describe finding the
- Marie developed “Theory of Reactivity” electrons in a certain position.
which then became the fundamental for
modern physics SOLVAY CONFERENCE, 1927
- She proved that atoms can be divided. “BIRTH OF QUANTUM MECHANICS”
- She served as a major contributor in the
discovery of Thorium, Polonium and Radium
- In 1903, Marie, Pierre and Becquerel won
Nobel Prize in Physics.

NUCLEAR SCIENCE

ERNEST RUTHERFORD
- Father of nuclear science
- The principle of “transmutation”
-
ALBERT EINSTEIN
- The pillar of the Modern Physics
- In 1905, it was an “Anus Mirabilis” or
“Marvelous year” for him
 CHAPTER 2: SCIENTIFIC AND
INTELLECTUAL PEOPLE INVOLVED IN COPERNICAN
REVOULUTION INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY
INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION and - proposed GEOCENTRISM which is referred
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTIONS are series of events as “PTOLEMAIC MODEL OF UNIVERSE”.
that marked the emergence of new concept or - stated that the heavens move like a sphere, the
introduction of modern science. earth and the heavenly bodies are spheres, and
In 1962, THOMAS KUHN published book the earth is the center of the universe, it is
called “THE STRUCTURE OF SCIENTIFIC called “COSMOLOGICAL ALMAGESTS”,
REVOLUTIONS”, in this book he stated that also called as the “MATHEMATICAL
different sciences undergo “REVOLUTIONS”. The SYNTAXES”.
paradigm shift is a fundamental change in the basic ARISTARCHUS OF SAMOS
concepts and experimental practices of scientific - Heliocentric view of the universe was initially
discipline, it is shifting from “NORMAL” to the introduced by him.
“NEW NORMAL”. NICOLE D. ORESME
- Geocentrism was challenged by him again in
LESSON 6: COPERNICAN INTELLECTUAL 1370. He wrote a book called “The book of
REVOLUTION (how the view the world…the heaven and Earth” supporting Heliocentrism
universe rather) NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
- He reintroduced the Heliocentrism with this
The quest in understanding how the days and book called “De Rev: or “De
night happen, and UNDERSTAND THE Revolutionubus Orbium Colestium” or
HEAVENLY BODIES LIKE STARS, MOON “The Revolution of the Heavenly Spheres”
AND SUN attempted by Greek Philosophers and the saying that cosmological theories like the
Egyptians. Earth are not the center of the universe and the
The Copernican intellectual revolution did not center of the universe is near the sun.
only change the way we view the world but also the - - upon his death, came the rise of the
universe. Copernican Intellectual universe.
TYCHO BRAHE
TWO MAJOR CONCEPTS WHICH INVOLVES - Took some concepts from geocentric view and
UNDERSTANDING OF THE UNIVERSE heliocentric view and fused these two concepts
and proposed geoheliocentric view.
GEOCENTRISM - The dutch king provided him fully funded
- also known as GEOCENTRIC VIEW is the research island
belief that Earth is fixed at the center of the ➢ Uraniborg, castle of heaven
Universe. That the sun, moon, stars, and ➢ Stjerneborg, castle of stars
planets revolve around it. ➢ De Nova Stella or the New
HELIOCENTRISM Star
- Also known as HELIOCENTRIC VIEW is JOHAN KEPLER
the astronomical model in which the earth and Wrote the “ASTRONOMIA NOVA” OR
planets revolve around the sun, it challenged THE NEW ASTRONOMY proposing three
the concept of Geocentrism. laws of planetary motion and introduce
heliocentric view to the church saying
“FAITH, EMPIRICAL DATA, AND
ELEGANT MATH, ALL SYNC”.
 JOHN GOULD
GALILEO GALILEI - A naturalist attested that the finches Darwin
- Father of observational astronomy collected are different species and not varieties
- Father of Scientific Method of one species.
- Father of the modern physics - Father of the THOMAS ROBERT MALTHUS
modern science - A proponent of the Malthusian theory of
- In 1609, GALILEO GALILEI did not invent population and coined the term “NATURAL
telescope but by HANS LIPPERSHEY in SELECTION” and inspired Charles Darwin
Holland. by the “ESSAY ON THE PRINCIPLE OF
POPULATION”.
LESSON 7: DARWINIAN INTELLECTUAL ALFRED RUSSEL WALLACE
REVOLUTION (fit and right?) - A naturalist, He coined the term
“SELFACTING PROCESS” then sent a
What is life? letter to Charles Darwin to publish a joint
 In the early 18 hundreds, the English society is
th
letter.
slowly moving away from the traditional way of - In1844, he met HENRY WALTER BATES
thinking about life which was called and decided to venture on how evolution
“Natural Theology” works to apply that knowledge to the human
 WILLIAM PALEY wrote a book in 1802 called society. Both ventured where their ship sunked
“The Natural Theology” which inspired Charles but fortunately survived, the fossils he sunked
Darwin in his pursuit of trying to understand the along the ship.
how’s of life. - In 1854, he ventured to Southeast Asia to
collect specimens and pay for his debts due to
CHARLES DARWIN the fossils lost in the incident.
 His family sent him in South America through the - In 1869 he continued working in southeast
ship “BEAGLE” for 5 years where he eventually Asia and later on published “MALAY
became a theorist. ARCHIPHELAGO”, he observed that there
 His notable experiences was in Galapagos island. seems to be an INVISBLE LINE NOW
 He became obsessed with the Finches and CALLED AS THE “ WALLACE’S LINE”
collected it. IN INDONESIA which inspired him to
 This will result in to be one of the clues that invent the PRINCIPLE OF
would lead to theory of evolution by natural BIOGEOGRAPHY.
selection.
 He published a book called “The Voyage of the “HOW” OF LIFE OF LIVING ORGANISMS
Beagle” TO “SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST”
 He became inspired again by the “Essay on the
Principle of Population” by Thomas Robert HERBERT SPENCER
Malthus - a fellow biologist, re-coined the term as the
 1858 he received a letter from ALFRED RUSSEL “SURVIVAL OF THE FITTEST” in 1864
WALLACE, a fellow naturalist where both intended for animals but slowly used in human
published a joint letter in the Linnaean Society of society the “SOCIAL DARWINISM”.
London, presenting a summary of a theory of
natural selection.
 1859 he published his 500 paged book on
‘THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES BY MEANS
OF NATURAL SELECTION
 LESSON 8: FREUDIAN INTELLECTUAL  examples are bowel, bladder elimination, and
REVOLUTION (to do or not to do?) toilet training.
The human behavior and personality is a PHALIIC STAGE (3-6 YEARS) – Center of
puzzle for many people and many years, one pleasure is the child’s genitals
psychologist sparkled the venture in this discipline in  examples are incestuous sexual feelings, this
the late 19th CENTURY, SIGMUND FREUD. mostly the development of Oedipus complex
The Freudian intellectual revolution or Electra complex.
challenged and changed the way we view the human LATENT STAGE (6-PUBERTY) – there is no
mind and its relationship to our behavior and particular center of pleasure because it is repressed
personality. however, this is also showed dormant sexual
THREE FUNDAMENTAL STRUCTURES OF feelings.
THE MIND OF THE PSYCHOANALYTIC GENITAL STAGE (PUBERTY ONWARDS) –
THEORY the center of pleasure is genitals and directed to
ID full sexual maturity and adult sexual interests
- “I want to do that now!”
- it is the most aggressive of the three structures PEOPLE INVOLVED IN FREUDIAN
- is concerned with instant gratification of the INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
basic physical needs and urges, the
unconscious mind. SIGMUND FREUD
SUPER EGO - An Austrian neurologist and founder of
- “It’s not right to do that” psychoanalysis.
- Is the most rule governed structure of the - PERSONALITY is a distinctive and enduring
mind characteristic patterns of thinking, feeling, and
- concerned with social rules and morals, it is behaving of an individual.
often called the conscience or the moral - He introduced “PSYCHOANALYSIS” also
compass. referred as the psychoanalytic perspective was
EGO introduced by FREUD.
- “maybe we can compromise” - He believes that our decisions are affected driven
- Is the rational and pragmatic part of the mostly by sexual aggressive urges and social
personality as it pacifies both id and superego control or THE PLEASURE PRINCIPLE.
THE PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY the NON-FREUDIAN PSYCHOLOGIST focused on
personality development is focused on the the NON-SEXUAL MOTIVATIONS AND THE
changing seat of sensual pleasure of an individual. CONSCIOUS MIND.
The childhood stages of development during
which, according to Sigmund Freud, the id’s KAREN HORNEY
pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct - A German psychologist and psychoanalyst,
erogenous zones. founder of feminist psychology, and proposed the
PRINCIPLE OF SELF-HELP ANALYSIS
FIVE STAGES OF THE PSYCHOSEXUAL CARL GUSTAV JUNG
- A Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst who
THEORY
founded ANALYTICAL PSYCHOLOGY, he
OAPhaLaGe believed that sexual drive do not solely dictate
ORAL STAGE (BIRTH-18 MONTHS) – Center ones behavior and it is just part of an equation
of pleasure is on the mouth. - also believed in “COLLECTIVE
 examples are sucking, biting, and chewing. UNCONSCIOUSNESS” where a group of
ANAL STAGE (18-36 MONTHS) – Center of
pleasure is anus and bladder
 shared image of archetypes that are universal to all AFRICA IS KNOWN TO BE THE OLDEST
humas, and this is also why different cultures CIVILIZATION KNOWN IN THE HISTORY OF
share similar myths and imagery. HUMANKIND.
ALFRED ALDER Africa became to be known as the “CRADLE OF
- A psychologist from Vienna, agreed on the CIVILIZATION” because it is the first state systems
importance of childhood and emphasized social that were built along the Nile river.
tensions rather than the sexual ones. ANCEINT AFRICAN CIVILIZATION were first to
- He introduced the concept of “INFERIORITY dwell with:
COMPLEX”, where much of the adult behavior • APPLIED SCIENCES IN AGRICULTURAL
is linked to childhood struggles with feeling of ECONOMY
inferior. • METALLURGICAL SCIENCES
HUMANISTIC THEORY • TEXTILE AND ENGINEERING
“Who I am?” PRODUCTIONS
Developed the “SELF-CONCEPT” where a mix • ANCIENT NATURAL REMEDIES AND
thoughts and feelings that aims to answer the question FIELD SCIENCES DOMINATED ACROSS
“WHO I AM?” rose in attempt to explain the THE REGION
personality with the focus on the potential for healthy ASIAN CIVILIZATION AND CULTURE ALSO
personal growth. ADOPTED some of the variety of African plants,
including coffee, palm oil, African rice, and other
PEOPLE INVOLVED IN HUMANISTIC agricultural crops. They have mastered the art of
THEORIES nature, they are the first shamans to practice natural
medicine using natural remedies.
ABRAHAM MASLOW EGYPTIANS WERE GREAT BUILDERS, they
- An American psychologist who proposed created measurement mathematics for construction
“HIERARCHY OF NEEDS”. purposes, they invented the cubit system and used it to
CARL ROGERS build the Pyramids of Egypt.
- An American psychologist who proposed the
“PERSON-CENTERED PERSPECTIVE” ANCIENT EGYPT
They both believed in goodness based on “The oldest civilization that lived up to date.”
nurturing in a growth promoting environment that NILE RIVER
requires 3 conditions: Genuine, Acceptance, • the life and blood of Egypt as it sustained life
Empathy and agriculture of the Ancient Egypt, and until
now, the river still flows.
LESSON 9: AFRICAN INTELLECTUAL MAJOR CITIES OF ANCIENT EGYPT
REVOLUTION Cities located along the strait of the Nile river united in
We’re all African 3100 BC to form one EGYPTIAN STATE:
• HELIOPOLIS
The African intellectual revolution is the first • MEMPHIS
societal intellectual revolution since it is the cradle of • ABYDOS
civilization. Their civilization has enormously • THEBES
contributed to the body of knowledge, their long and • NEKHEN
best cultural contributions in linguistic, mathematics, The state sustained its power succeeding 300 Pharaohs.
science, and technology, has largely influenced a lot of
succeeding civilizations and various civilizations all
around the world.
 CULTURAL HERITAGE OF ANCIENT
EGYPT LESSON 10: MESOAAMERICAN
PHARAOHS INTELLECTUAL REVOLUTION
• are protectors, rulers, and serve as liaisons of
the people to the Gods. The MESOAMERICAN OR THE
• Upon their death, they believe that they will MEXICAN AMERICAN CIVILIZATION, has a
transcend as God themselves, they are very sophisticated culture and practices in science.
mummified, and buried in labyrinth tombs, like They have number of codices (codex), of all, there were
the pyramid. only four codices survived up to date, which were
ART OF MUMMIFICATION majorly destroyed by Spanish imperialists. This
• is one of the most known ancient scientific civilization aimed to answer an imperial question on
practices of the ancient civilization, for it is the “WHERE ARE WE?”, “WHAT IS TIME?”, and
art of science and preservation. “HOW DO WE MEASURE IT?”.
PYRAMIDS The Mesoamerican civilization was a powerful ancient
• are tombs and representation of the innovative civilization, they have flagged the history by its culture,
infrastructure of the state. its science and technology. They are foundations of
CUBIT SYSTEM engineering, hydraulic systems, ancient architecture,
• is a measurement of length developed in and many more.
Ancient Egypt, it is the length of the arm to the
fingers, it was said that they used this to build OLMEC CIVILIZATION
the pyramid and other massive structures of the OLMECS (1500 – 400 BCE)
ancient Egyptian state. • now the southern Mexico, has sophisticated
The EGYPTIANS ALSO COMBINED understanding of arts and sciences, the built
MATHEMATICS AND ASTRONOMY where they objects from the volcanic heads such as:
were able to make a 24 hour division in a day, and they HUMAN JAGUARS and COLOSSAL
also used this to create the first solar calendar to feature HEADS
a 365 day ration in one year.
MAYAN CIVILIZATION
METHODS IN ENGINEERING DEVELOPED “when are we?” accurately across the millions of
BY EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION: years
• METHODS IN SURVEYING OF LANDS
ALONG THE NILE RIVER MAYAN (2000 BCE – 1600 BCE)
• CREATION OF DAMS • now all of Belize and Guatemala, western El
• CANALS Salvador and Honduras, and Southern Mexico,
• IRRIGATION SYSTEMS reached the height of astronomical knowledge.
HIEROGLYPH • The Mayan civilization is also regarded as a
• an Egyptian writing system known to be the HYDRAULIC EMPIRE, SAME SCALE OF
OLDEST WRITING SYSTEMS. It was THAT OF CHINA. However, the fragility of
developed at round 3150 BC. the food system destroyed the Mayans.
HIERATIC
• a new writing system which followed Hieroglyph CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE MAYANS
is like a cursive form that uses ink and later on • They built great step pyramids, devoted for
was written on papyrus. kings which are the ZIGGURAT, and sites for
PAPYRUS astronomical observations such as CARACOL
• which is similar to papers were derived from or OBSERVATORY OF
papyrus paint, which are very richly growing CHICHEN ITZA.
along the Nile river
 • They also have a VEGESIMAL • TREATING SICK TURKEYS
MATHEMATICAL SYSTEM that is based Aztec physician had an extensive anatomical lexicons,
on twenty which included zero, but no and even treated dandruff. INKA CIVILIZATION
fractions.
INKA
• They have made a lot of CALCULATION
• developed an empire in the Andres Mountains
ABOUT TIME for religious reasons as wells
from roughly CE 1100 – 1532 CE until the
as a COMPLEX ASTRONOMICAL
Spanish conquest.
SYSTEM that was intended to generate
CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE INKAS
prophesies.
MACHU PICHU, PERU
• DECEMBER 23, 2012 stated the possible end • a city of polished, carefully fitted stones was
of the world because it is the end of the built around 1450 The most famous inkan site
MAYAN CALENDAR. which was part of the New Seven Wonders of
• BOTH SYMBOLIC AND PHONETIC the World.
MEANINGS are in the Mayan writing system.
• They have standard measurements units,
• CULTIVATION OF CROPS was intensively
medical specialists, ASTRONOMICAL AND
practiced by the Mayan civilization using their
CALENDRIC DATE, RECORDED INTRO
sophisticated irrigation system.
VERY
• They domesticated dogs, and ducks, and
ARCHITECTURE OF THEIR CITIES.
penned wild turkeys and dears.

AZTEC CIVILIZATION KHIPU

• AZTECS are a number from the • sophisticated system of trying strings which is
population of MAYAN MOVED TO THE used to keep records, which they used for
SOUTHERN MEXICO, data in taxes, calendar and even military
• THE NAHUAS, they were GREAT organization
BUILDERS OF THE CENTRAL
MEXICO. They built the capital
LESSON 11: MIDDLE EAST INTELLECTUAL
TENOCHTITLN in 1325, it is still around, REVOLUTION
known as the Ciudad de Mexico, or the Mexico If it goes easy something is wrong
City.
CULTURAL HERITAGE OF THE AZTECS The MIDDLE-EAST CIVILIZATION has a
They created a system of CANALS, FLOODGATES, very rich culture and tradition, they also have an
AND AQUEDUCTS and
enormous contribution to science and technology.
BUILT THEIR TEMPLES BASED on the setting of
The Middle-east intellectual revolution has
the sun and not Venus near lakes which allowed them
revolutionized mathematics, astronomy, medical
to practice intensive lake-marsh agriculture, growing
science and engineering, up to date, their sophistication
maze, amaranth fish, and ducks.
to the field is very evident. The colorful science and
BOTANICAL AND MEDICAL KNOWLEDGE
technology, paired with their rich culture and religion
collected were maintained by priests who also serve as
revolutionized the way we view science and arts.
astrologers.
ISLAMICATE SCHOLARS
They have a HUMORAL SYSTEM linked to plants, • are people influenced by Islamic
animals, and the human body, and the heavens. Aztec civilization regardless of their religious
Healers seems to have been specialists focusing on: views.
• SURGERY
• They gave us mathematical term like
• BLOODLETTING
algebra, azimuth, algorithms, and many
• CHILD BIRTH
more.
• CREATING HERBAL DRUGS
ABBASID CALIPHATE (750-1517) and in modern calculation, the earth’s circumference is
• they flourished during his time, where it served as 24,901 MILES less than 2% accurate.
a crossroad trading Zones for Persia, India, MU’TAZILA
Byzantine cultures, and various religions, and • were schools believing rationalism could be used
many languages flourished in the civilization. in order to understand both the physical world
CALIPHATE AL-MANSUR and spiritual world.
• founded BAGHDAD the first capital of Abbasid MADRASAS
founded in 754 AD the largest urban area in 930 • an Islamic college during Middle-East
AD. intellectual and scientific revolutions.
BAYT AL-HIKMAH Ancient philosophers, astronomers and polymaths
• or the House of Wisdom, a great library that began which attempted to propose heliocentrism, their
from collections of Caliphate AlMansur, theories were against Aristotle but with observed data
which he opened up to visiting scholars, even from Persia like:
the delegations from other state like India. • ABU MASHAR
• AL-RAZI
• AL-BIRUNI
CALIPHATE AL-RASHID AL-KHWARIZMI
• the successor of Caliphate Al-Mansur supported • WROTE KITAB “AL-JABR” or the
the “TRANSLATION MOVEMENT”. COMPENDIOUS BOOK ON
CALIPHATE AL-MAMUN CALCULATIONS by completion and
• re-founded the House of Wisdom as an balancing, an original manual of practical math.
international center for translation and Middle-east civilization also invented the
research, which eventually became the ASTROLABES, which are widely used in
largest library in the world by 850. NAVIGATIONS AND DEVELOPED ALGEBRA,
• He sponsored families of scholar- TRIGONOMETRY AND OTHER NUMERIC
translators to bring useful texts from RELATED SYSTEMS. Their scholars practiced both
different parts of the world with rich the TECHNE AND THE EPISTEME of knowledge.
philosophical foundations to translate BANU-MUSA BROTHERS • wrote “THE BOOK
it to Arabic like:
OF INGENIOUS
• GREEK
• CHINESE DEVICES” in 850 AD, it is a compendium of
• SANSKRIT one hundred devices and how to use them, this
• PERSIAN includes the earliest PROGRAMABLE
• SYRIAC MACHINCE, “AN INSTRUMENT THAT
He incested in power in the Greek and Perisan PLAYS BY ITSELF”. POLYMATH AL-JAZARI
translation because he found this as A SIGN OF
• wrote “THE BOOK OF KNOWLEDGE OF
CIVIC STATUS, A WORTHY CAUSE, AND A
INGENIOUS MECHANICAL
HIGHLY PRACTICAL CALLING. This helped
DEVICES” written in 1206, DYARBAKIR,
them to have a better UNDERSTANDING IN
TURKEY. It covers hundred of machines, and
ASTRONOMY which helped them to accurately
with instructions on how to build them. Like:
observe time keeping for mosques and they were also
o WATERWHEEL
able to improve their knowledge on geography that
o WATERMILL
helped them align their prayers facing to Mecca.
o GIANT WATER CLOCK
Al-Mamun created a team that attempted to measure
the circumference of the earth using astronomical o ELEPHANT AND CASTLE
observations and derived the number of 24,480 MILES, SHAPED
LOCK
 o FOUNTAIN
o CANDLE CLOCK ANCIENT CHINA
o MUSICAL AUTOMA Ancient China represented HYDRAULIC
o WATER FLUTE CIVILIZATION THAT MAINTAINED ITS
His most notable inventions were “MEDIECAL POPULATION BY DIVERTING RIVERS TO AID
AUTOMATONS”. IRRIGATIONS.
ABU BAKR AL-RAZI
• wrote dozens of book with detailed account of XIA DYNASTY
his work in 854 AD. XIA DYNASTY supported the different astronomical
• He is a MAJOR CONTRIBUTOR IN THE researches to create a more accurate calendars. And in
MEDIEVAL FIELD OF PSYCHOLOGY 400 – 0 BCE;
AND OPHTHALMOLOGY, the first to • THEY MEASURE THE LENGTH OF THE
identify smallpox and measles, and most of his SOLAR YEAR
medicinal works are based Greek humoral • COMING UP WITH 365.25 DAYS
medicine and natural philosophy. • PREDICTED ECLIPSES
• He also wrote “AL-HAWI AL-KABIR” or the • RECORDED SUPERNOVAS AND
VIRTUOUS LIFE and “AL-TIBB SUNSPOTS
ALNABAWI”. • AND EVEN FOUNDED A BUREAU OF
IBN SINA ASTRONOMY
• a Persian polymath born in 980 AD wrote the best- • THEY ALSO DETERMINED THE 26,000
selling book in medical education which is YEAR CYCLE OF PRECISION OF
“AL-QANUN FI AL-TIBB” or “THE EQUINOXES
CANON OF MEDICINE”
CULTURAL HERITAGE OF XIA DYNASTY
LESSON 12: ASIAN INTELLECTUAL AND They developed grand model of cosmos, that in an
SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION infinite empty space – enclosed by great celestial
The Sleeping Giant sphere – CELESTIAL BODIES FLOAT AROUND,
DIRECTED BY A “HARD WIND”. They also
Asia is a very large continent, a very large melting believed that the cosmos revolves the middle kingdom
pot of various cultures and practices. This is not – China itself, and the symbolic center of china stands
only where most of the religions stemmed, like the “son of heavens” – the emperor.
Hinduism, Christianism, Islam, Taoism, and many
more, but also a cradle of science and technology. CONFUCIUS
ASIA IS A VERY BIG CONTINENT FILLED • he emphasized the IMPORTANCE OF
WITH RICH CULTURE AND SCIENCE TRADITON, ETIQUETTE, RESPECT TO
PRACTICES, IN THIS LESSON, SELECTED ELDERS AND PATRIARCHS,
COUNTRIES WILL BE DISCUSSED BUT • HE FOCUSES ON ORDERLY HUMAN
NOT LIMITED. WORLD

Asian Intellectual revolution has revolutionized the HAN DYNASTY

world, by its inventions, rich culture and tradition, HAN DYNASTY
mathematical contributions, and largely on oriental • instituted an imperial universities and state
medicine, which unit now, not even the modern exam.
western medicine can explain its effectivity. SONG DYNASTY
SONG DYNASTY
• reigned the height of the science and technology
of the Ancient China.
NEW EARLY-RIPENING AND WINTER METAL, EARTH, WOOD, AND THE YIN-YANG
RIPENING BALANCE. Diseases were caused by imbalances,
OF RICE an agricultural technique started in 1012, hence in order to be cured, their physicians had to
acquired from CHAMPA KINGDOM, now know as practice moving the CHI USING ACUPUNCTURE,
VIETNAM which allowed the rice to be produced ACUPRESSURE, HERBAL THERAPIES,
faster with less water. EXERCISE, AND PRESCRIPTION DIETS.
Some of Chinese inventions;
INDIA
• RICE FIELD PLOW OR WATER LIFTING
DEVICES India
• WHEELBARROW • have a very COMPLICATED MATAPHYSICAL
• SILK PRODUCTION UNDERSTANDING ON THE
• CROSSBOW INSEPERABLE KNOWLEDGE AND
• UMBRELLA RELIGIOUS TRADITIONS, AND FOCUSED
• GUNPOWDER ON APPLICATION. They have a very high
• PORCELAIN regard on “VEDA”, KNOWLEDGE, they
• FISHING REEL were CONCERNED ON MATH AND
• EARTHQUAKE MONITOR ASTRONOMY, BUT MOSTLY
• PAPER MONEY CONCERNED RITUALS.
• SUSPENSION BRIDGES
The ANCIENT CHINESE CIVILIZATION and the GUPTA DYNASTY
state supported the arts and sciences, this allowed them GUPTA DYNASTY
to have rich accounts of science and arts, they made: • studied the science of life, AYURVEDA which is
• CLOCKS also the FIVE ELEMENTAL THEORY OF
• MECHANICAL BODIES MATTER IN THE ANCIENT CHINA.
• GIANT MACHINE REPLICATED THE AYURVEDA
HEAVENLY BODIES • THE SCIENCE OF LIFE, LARGELY
• HARNESSING THE GUNPOWDER TO ITS CONCERNS HEALTHFUL LIVING IN
POTENTIALS (19th CENTURY) GENERAL, including how to prevent diseases
But the FLAGSHIP OF ANCIENT CHINA WAS ITS and influence hygiene and diet, almost similar
INFRASTRUCTURE in 117 BCE, they have been to ancient Chinese medicine.
working on IRON RODUCTS but during Song CHARAKA SAMHITA
Dynasty, 1078, they produced 125,000 tons of iron. • one of the most regarded records or one of the
They were able to do it by KNOWING THE SCIENCE other Samhita, or collections that could help
AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF THE IRON you memorize hundred of named body parts.
AND COAL. They STUDIED ANATOMY AND ETIOLOGY and
In addition, the METTALURGY WAS USED IN THE focused on diseases for:
HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING IN RUNNING THE • CHILDREN
ENTIRE CHINA. • ELDERLY DISEASES
GREAT WALL • MENTAL ILLNESS
• the most known infrastructure of China • ORGAN DISEASES
GRAND CANAL • SURGERY
• most economical, social, and technical • POISONS AND ANTIDOTES
infrastructure of the empire completed in 1327 • APHRODISIACS
that stretched throughout China. And DEVELOPED UNDERSTANDING OF THE
Their ORIENTAL MEDICINAL PRACTICES WERE FIVE KARMAS or actions to remove toxins.
INFLUENCED BY ELEMENTS OF FIRE, WATER,
 CHAPTER 3 THREE MAJOR ROLES OF BABAYLANS
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 1. They serve as spiritual leaders
PHILIPPINES 2. They are also teachers
3. They are the alchemists of the ancient Philippine
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD the ANCIENT TIMES OF civilization
THE PHILIPPINES is when Scientific and PHILIPPINES IS NOT A POLITICAL EMPIRE
Technological developments began. BUT A SOCIAL UNIT
There were numerous, scattered, thriving, relatively,
sufficient, and autonomous communities in the ancient
LESSON 13: ANCIENT PHILIPPINES
Philippines, though not united by name, but UNITED
The Heritage of the Ancient World IN CULTURE AND IN PRACTICE.
POTTERIES
• The manufacture of potteries is one of the most
The three figures of foundation during the
known technological practices that came from
“SINAUNANG LIPUNAN” of the country;
Asia.
DATU or LAKAN
• The Ancient Filipinos have also practiced
• known as the political leaders and protectors of the
techne, with the evidences of various uses of
territory, they are in charge to lead the
whether it be COOKING OR EVEN FOR
community.
BURYING.
PANDAY
• The art of burying is some areas in the
• known as experts in TENHNE, metallurgy, and
Philippines involved MUMMIFICATION, this
agriculture. They are the Architectons or the
practice was preserved until the arrival of the
engineers of the ancient Filipino civilization.
Spaniards, and the caves of the containing
• They are the builders and the blacksmiths of the
mummies remained untouched until the 9th
community.
century.
• The word "Panday", similar to the Indonesian
The “MANUNGGUL BURIAL JARS”
word "PANDE", means "SKILLFULL
and “MAITUM BURIAL JARS”
HANDS", this may also mean that they are
• are some of the numerous jars discovered in
"BUILDERS" in Javanese.
caves which were believed to be burial sites of
KAMPILAN
the ancient Philippine Civilization. • Most of
• native swords which are the major products of the
the “Manunggul burial jars” were found from
Panday used for hunting and battles.
Tabon Cave Complex in Lipuun Point, Quezon,
BABAYLAN or KATALONANS
Palawan.
• know as experts in EPISTEME. They are
• These jars were excavated in March 1964; the
shamans or spiritual leaders of the ancient
jar has a unique and creative covering feature –
Filipino civilization.
a boat of the dead – which can be related to
• Most of them were women, but the title is not
ethnological and cultural link, these jars contain
exclusively gendered.
mummified bodies.
• This is a proof that women in the ancient
• This is evidence that THE “ART OF
Philippines society are specially regarded in
USEFUL SCIENCE” plays a vital role the
their roles.
culture of the ancient Philippines society.
ZUES SALAZAR
• a Filipino historian and archeologist, in THE • “Manunggul Jar has the design having a
“SINAUNANG LIPUNAN”, or the ancient boatman and the dead”
Philippines. The “BABAYLANS” are the core
in terms of culture, religion and medicine, and
maintains the flow of life.
 ANCIENT PHILIPPINE ENGINEERING • There were evidences in the ancient Chinese
archives that the Philippines were involved in
RICE TERRACES their trading.
- One of the engineering features of the ancient • The relationship of the two countries were
Philippine society can be observed in the established further during the tenth to the
CORDILLERAS, THE BUILT THE RICE fifteenth century, the trading flourished further
TERRACES, not exclusively the Banaue rice and crossed from Song dynasty (9601278 AD)
terraces, but the sophistication in ENGINEERING until the Ming dynasty (1360-1644 AD)
AND AGRICULTURE CAN BE SEEN IN THE • The Philippines, in the ancient world does not
ENTIRE REGION. have a one empire, it was formed of
- The STRUCTURE AND ART OF FARMING AUTONOMOUS VILLAGE called the
OF THE FILIPINOS, allowed them to cultivate (BARANGAYS), that scattered all over the
crops on the mountain side in spite being in a cold archipelago.
temperature. COASTAL AREAS OF TRADING
- They have sufficient understanding of 1. MINDORO
ENGINEERING AND HYDRAULIC 2. CEBU
ENGINEERING TO CONTROL THE RISE 3. SOUTHERN MINDANAO
AND FLOW OF WATER, though the irrigation 4. SULU
system, the water from the forests and mountains 5. MANILA
were used to water all the crops. ANCIENT PHILIPPINE WRITING
Unlike other infrastructures in the ancient world, BAYBAYIN
the function or the “USEFUL • The Philippines also has its own system of
KNOWLEDGE” diminished all throughout writing, called the “BAYBAYIN”. Which was
the history, but the rice terraces, still serves its richly used by ancient Philippine society as
purpose up to date. mode of communication and writing
documents.
• Many colonizers, like the Spaniards, claimed
The ART OF FARMING AND AGRICULTURAL that they brought education in the country. But,
ENGINEERING is still evident today, the rice terraces prior to their arrival, Philippines already has its
continue to serve its purpose as one of the major own system of education.
sources of food production and a portal to the rich THE LAGUNA COPPER PLATE dated 900 A.D.
ancient Philippine society. on display at the National Museum of the
BALANGAY Philippines.
• in the coastal regions of the country, Pandays The LANGUAGE is a representation of CULTURE
built boats for sailing and trading called the AND TRADITION which allowed the Philippine
“BALANGAY”. culture to flourish, not as an empire but as a social unit.
• DURING THE TENTH CENTURY A.D., RAUL NAVARRO
THIS ART OF CRAFTSMANSHIP BECAME • a Filipino linguist and artist, the songs of epic and
HIGHLY DEVELOPED TECHNOLOGY. culture of the ANCIENT PHILIPPINE
• These techne gave way to ancient Philippine SOCIETY WERE WRITTEN IN THE
society to participate in TRADING; THE “BAYBAYIN”, because the Spaniards cannot
INHABITANTS OF BUTUAN HAS A understand it during their colonization, they
TRADING HISTORY WITH THE burned to the ground many accounts of
KINGDOM OF CHAMPA (VIETNAM), literature and culture, some of these are
WHILE THE PEOPE OF MA-I ORIENTAL MEDICINE BOOKS OF THE
(MINDORO), MADE TRADES WITH “BABAYLANS”.
CHINA.
 ANCIENT PHILIPPINE EDUCATION The ancient Filipino civilization knows the TECHNE
OF HARNESSING GOLD.
BABAYLANS The DESIGNS OF THESE ARTIFACTS DEPICTS
• also served as teachers during the ancient times of THE CULTURE AND STATUS OF SCIENCE
the Philippines, they are responsible in AND TECHNOLOGY OF THE PHILIPPINES
knowledge transferring of the culture and Some of the Filipino artifacts are housed in different
tradition, as well as “THEORETICAL museums all over the world. One of which is the
KNOWLEDGE”. CHICAGO MUSEUM that houses more than ten
PARENTS thousand Filipino artifacts. Along with many treasures
• are also responsible in educating and training their of the world in the Granger Hall of gems.
children of “USEFUL KNOWLEDGE”. GOLDEN TARA
EDUCATION IS ACCESSIBLE TO BOTH MEN • or the AGUSAN GOLD IMAGE a golden statue
AND WOMEN, PROVIDING AN IMPRESSION of a woman that depicts the sophistication of the
OF MUTUAL RESPECT TO BOTH GENDERS IN Philippine society in the 13th Century.
THE ANCIENT HISTORY.
PHILIPPINE TEXTILE
GOLD IN ANCIENT PHILIPPINE HISTORY The clothes that we wear also REPRESENTS
AYALA MUSEUM HOUSES THE CULTURE THAT WE HAVE.
• more than one thousand gold artifacts in their ART OF WEAVING IS ONE OF THE MOST
“GOLDEN ANCESTORS” gallery, mostly EVIDENT SOPHISTICATION OF FILIPINOS IN
ranging from 22-24 karat gold artifacts. TERMS OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY.
• There are figurines, belts, bowls, and other gold Textiles, being necessities of the people, also
artifacts. serves as historical evidence.
GOLDEN REGALIA The PHILIPPINES HAS A VERY
• one of the most sophisticated gold artifact in the COLORFUL TRADITION AND CULTURE
museum made of detailed gold beads, gold WHICH IS DEPICTED IN DIFFERENT CLOTHING
threads, and gold cords. PATTERNS.
GOLD IS A REPRESENTATION OF POWER Nature is the BEST ARCHITECT, observing
AND SOCIAL STATUS the patterns of textiles across the country, it can be
GOLD IS ONE OF THE NATURAL RESOURCES observed that nature, culture, tradition, and livelihoods
OF THE PHILIPPINES. Written in the Boxer Codex, are crafted in these textiles.
a manuscript written in 1590, about the illustrations on The COLORFUL TEXTILES CAN BE
the ethnic groups of Southeast Asian countries, the SEEN IN THE ANCIENT PHILIPPINE SOCIETY
Philippines is depicted as people wearing a piece or because they already posses understanding of
more gold as a part of their daily wear. harnessing nature as a source of coloring, for clothes
Showing that the Philippines has a certain level of they used it for dying the textiles.
sophistication; men and women wear gold across the The PHILIPPINES TODAY HAS MORE
social strata. THAN 100 PLANT BASED DYE RESOURCES.
GOLDEN ANCESTOR GALLERY AYALA Cordillera is one of the richest parts of the country that
GOLD MUSEUM maintained the culture of weaving textiles
Filipinos in the ancient world are aware of the Across the region, it can be observed that there are
TENCHNE IN PROCESSING GOLD. DIFFERENT PREVAILING PATTERNS
They COLLECT GOLD MINERALS IN RIVERS AND COLORS INDICATING THEIR CULTURE,
OR ORES then shapes it. SOME HOLDS SYMBOLISMS that are
Some GOLD DESIGNS are observed to be in patterns considerably sacred in until today.
of coconut shell for bowls, “banig” patterns for belts, The ANCIENT PHILIPPINE SOCIETY
and seashell patterns for jewelry accessories. GIVES IMPORTANCE TO THE CONNECTION
OF NATURE AND TRADITION, by nurturing the Asia, the education was not open to the Filipino public.
tradition that serves as identity of each social units. UNTIL IN 1863, BY VIRTUE
The legacy of weaving textiles originated in from OF EDUCATION DECREE, provided the
different ancestral tribes, that was passed down until establishment of two free primary schools, one for boys
today. and one for girls, for every town under the
responsibility of the municipal government.
The PHILIPPINE TEXTILE RESEARCH It took hundreds of years before the Spaniards provided
INSTITUTE (PTRI), under the Department of free education to the Filipinos, but only took more than
Science and Technology is dedicated to maintaining 20 years to spark a revolution.
this industry and preserve culture. Weaving is an art
and an important part of the Philippine culture CHAPTER 4: THE HUMAN CONDITION
influenced by techne and episteme. TO LIVE AS A PHILOSOPHER
Means to never stop questioning technology, and to
INDIGENOUS ART OF HEALING never stop thriving for truth, to continue working to live
better, to know more, and to revise your position based
The “BABAYLANS”, practiced SCIENTIFIC on new evidences.
MEDICAL ARTS, they used hands on healing art that
involves plants, intuitions, and massage with rituals. LESSON 16: FLOURISHING IN SCIENCE AN
They scan the body to diagnose the AREAS OF TECHNOLOGY
ENERGY IMBALANCE, just like other oriental Don’t Conceal… Let them know… Let it Go…
medicine practices of Asia and principles of Ayurveda,
they believe that the diseases are caused of imbalance. TECHNOLOGY
The ART AND SCIENCE OF HEALING IN THE TECHNOLOGY IS A TWO-EDGED SWORD, its
ANCIENT PHILIPPINES existed for more than ESSENCE IS TO HELP THE HUMANKIND IN
thousands of years. Each social units have different ITS WAY OF LIVING, but today we also see the
techniques of healing; they use elements of nature in danger that the technology brings today,
the practice TECHNOLOGY CAN WORK WITH US OR,
ANCIENT PHILIPPINE SOCIETY HAS A AGAINST US.
VERY Technology is MORE THAN THE TOOLS we use,
RICH AND COLORFUL CULTURE AND because technology is also;
TRADITION 1. MEANS OF AN END – INSTRUMENTAL
Though their use of SCIENCE AND 2. HUMAN ACTIVITY –
TECHNOLOGY IS MAJORLY DRIVEN BY ANTHROPOLOGICAL
RELIGIOUS BELIEFS, these practices also exhibit MARTIN HEIDEGGER
scientific explanations, like the process of • a German philosopher, initiated the
mummification, fermentation of rice wines of the QUESTIONING ON TECHNOLOGY, he wants
northern Philippines, and other practices that involves us to understand technology beyond its physical
rituals were actually the result of techne. contribution to human life, but viewed it using
PRACTICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY meditative thinking. • He took Aristotle’s
OF THE ANCIENT PHILIPPINES DIED OUT conception on causality, for where there is effect,
BECAUSE OF THE SPANISH COLONIZATION, there is cause, and he explained the four causes; he
that did not only destroy the culture and tradition, but used the silver chalice to explain the principle of
also DEPRIVED THE FILIPINO TO causality;
HARNESSING AND CULTIVATING 1. CAUSA MATERIALIS (MATTER)
KNOWLEDGE. • WHAT IS IT MADE OF?
Though the University of Santo Tomas was established • The material, the matter out of which,
in 1611, one of the oldest standing universities across for example, a silver chalice is made.
 2. CAUSA FORMALIS characteristics does that which is new in
(LOGOS/FORM) • HOW IT IS modern technology shows itself to us.
FORMED/SHAPED? • We MUST NOT BE WORRIED ABOUT
• The form, the shape into which material TECHNOLOGY FOR TECHNOLOGY IS
enters. WITH US AS WE TAKE THE PATH TO
3. CAUSA EFFICIENCE (PROCESS) FUTURE, BUT WE MUST BE VIGILANT.
• WHAT IS MADE? CHALLENGING FORTH
• Which brings about the effect that is the • the revealing of the truth of modern technology.
finished, actual chalice, in this instance, BRINGING FORTH
the silversmith. What • is the unconcealment of technology.
technology is, when represented as a EVERY TIME HUMAN CHALLENGES NATURE
means, discloses itself when we trace AND NATURAL RESOURCES, we want a
instrumentality back to fourfold
causality. “MAXIMUM YIELD” with “MINIMUM
4. CAUSA FINALIS (FINAL EFFECT) EXPENSE”. BESTAND
• WHY IS IT MADE? • means “STANDING RESERVE”, and
• The end, for example, the sacrificial rite standing reserve is “HOW
in relation to which the chalice required
HUMAN PERCEIVE SOURCES” GESTELL
is determined as to its form and matter.
UNCONCEALMENT • means “ENFRAMING” means the gathering
• this means “BRINGING FORTH FROM together the setting-upon which sets upon man
NOTHING”. i.e., challenges forth, to reveal, in the mode of
ALTHEIA ordering, as standing reserve.
• it is a Greek word for truth. IN SHORT, ENFRAMING
UNCONCEALMENT IS THE • is confining nature to a perception that you see it
REVEALING OF TRUTH. as what you want it to be. It is the essence of
Heidegger stated that the way of “BRINGING modern technology.
FORTH” IS BEING POETIC, “POIESIS”. “Not only ANGAT DAM
handicraft manufacture, not only artistic, and poetic WHEN WE ENFRAME, WE UNCONCEAL THE
bringing into appearance and concrete imagery, is a STANDING RESERVE
When we see Angat Dam as a source of energy, it is a
bringing forth, poiesis.”
STANDING RESERVE and also when we ENFRAME
TECHNE the root word of TECHNOLOGY, is
then Angat Dam solely becomes a source of energy not
associated with the art of craftmanship in the historical
anything else such as a river.
times.
“When we enframe, we always see nature should fit
“Techne belongs to bringing forth to poiesis; it is
with us, instead of we should be fit with nature.”
something poetic.”
“Poiesis can unconceal the essence of techne, being
LESSON 17: THE GOOD LIFE
poiesis can reveal its altheia.”
A Life Well-Lived
TO UNDERSTAND TECHNOLOGY – ONE VIRTUE THEORY
MUST • a theory on how to be virtuous developed by
HAVE UNDERSTANDING OF THE “ARTS OF ARISTOTLE, it is A VAGUE
THE MIND AND FINE ARTS” REPRESENTATION OF
VIRTUOUSNESS. THOUGH VAGUE, IT
MODERN TECHNOLOGY
IS REASONABLE. It is an ethical theory that
• is way too revealing. Only when we allow our
puts highlight and emphasis on the character
attention to rest on its fundamental
rather than following certain confined rules.
 Humans are built with the ability to find a rightful authority to address the situation that is
RECOGNIZE GOODNESS, RECOGNIZE too big for you to take.
PEOPLE WHO POSSESSES VIRTUE, 2. HONESTY
AND A DESIRE OF EMULATING THEM. BRUTAL HONESTY - EXCESS
HONESTY – GOLDEN MEAN
FAILING TO SPEAK - DEFICIENCY BEING
NATURAL LAW THEORY HONEST IS “VIRTOUS”. The virtue of honesty is
• a theory developed by THOMAS AQUINAS, knowing what is needed to be spoken, and knows what
which states that “GOD MADE US WITH not to speak off and when to keep quiet.
TOOL WE NEED TO KNOW OF WHAT IS 3. GENEROSITY
GOOD”. PRODIGALITY - EXCESS
• Nature has built into us the desire to be virtuous, GENEROSITY – GOLDEN MEAN
just how God engrafted the law of love in our STINGINESS - DEFICIENCY
hearts. GENEROSITY IS A VIRTUOUS ACT. Generosity is
Aristotle said that: the right amount of giving when you have it and those,
“Having true virtue means doing the right thing, at the and giving to those who really needs it. Hence, the
right time, in the right way, in the right amount, toward golden mean is also highly dependent on the situation.
right people.” 4. PRIDE
Being virtuous are not bounded to being specific You VANITY - EXCESS
know how to handle yourself and how to get along with PRIDE – GOLDEN MEAN
others. A virtuous person also process a good TOO MUCH HUMILITY - DEFICIENCY
judgement. PRIDE IS NOT ALWAYS BAD, taking pride means
VIRTUE IS JUST THE RIGHT AMOUNT, being proud, not boastful or vain, is a virtuous act.
between extreme bad, called the deficiency, and the
extreme good, called excess. The midpoint of MORAL EXEMPLARS
virtuousness is called the “GOLDEN MEAN”. • people who possess virtue. POSSESSING
EXTREME GOOD - EXCESS VIRTUE IS A HARD WORK OF
MIDPOINT - GOLDEN MEAN DISCIPLINE.
EXTREME BAD - DEFICIENCY EUDAIMONIA
• is a Greek word that is not an English dialect
Books can offer a lot of things, but virtuousness, being
translation, but this word means, “A LIFE
a good person cannot only be found in books.
WELL-LIVED”, this may mean “HUMA
Virtue is skill, it is a way of living and that is it
FLOURSIHING”.
something that can be learned though experience.
A life of “EUDAIMONIA” is a life of striving, it is a
Aristotle called virtue as a knowledge of
life of pursuing something, a life of pushing yourself to
“PRACTICAL WISDOM”, it is a useful wisdom,
your limits, and sought of happiness.
some may call it street smart.
A EUDEMONISTIC LIFE COMES HAPPINESS,
ACTS OF VIRTUOUSNESS
1. COURAGE but happiness that something achieved from difficulty
RECKLESS - EXCESS and hard work, rather than happiness that is just handed
COURAGE - GOLDEN MEAN to you.
COWARDICE - DEFICIENCY
A COURAGEOUS PERSON knows how to assess
the situation, they know their capabilities and abilities,
they will take actions necessary, which is right, in a
particular situation. BEING COURAGEOUS, IS
BEING ABLE TO STEP RECOGNIZE WHEN TO
STEP UP, rather than rushing to a fight, you need to
 CHAPTER 14: PATH OF SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY

(1) R.A. No. 9367 – Biofuels Act of 2006, this is

an Act to direct the use of Biofuels, establishing for the
purpose of biofuel programs, and appropriate funding.
(2) R.A. No. 9513 – Renewable Act of 2008, this
act aims to accelerate the development of the country’s
renewable energy resources.
(3) R.A. No. 10612 – An Act expanding the
coverage of Science and Technology Scholarship
Program and Strengthening the Teaching of Science
and Mathematics in the Secondary Schools and for
further purpose.
(4) R.A. No. 10844 – An Act Creating the
Department of Information and Communication
Technology (DICT), which was enacted as a law in
2016.
(1) R.A. No. 8439 – Magna Carta for Science and
Technology Personnel;
(2) R.A. No. 7687 – Science and Technology
Scholarship Law of 1004;
(3) R.A. No. 7459 – Inventors and Inventions
Incentive Act;
(4) R.A. No. 8293 – Intellectual Property Code of
the Philippines.
In 1999 the, R.A. No. 8749, The Philippine Clean Air
Act was enacted, designed to protect and preserve the
environment, as well as to ensure the sustainability and
development of natural resources.
In 2004, R.A. No. 9275, The Philippine Clean
WaterAct was enacted, it aims to protect the bodies of
water of the country from any possiblepollution from
the land-based sources,
CHAPTER 15: SCIENCE TODAY
In 2012, the K-12 curriculum was implemented by
virtue of R.A. 10533, or the Enhanced Basic Education
Curriculum, this is a curriculum change. The program
is an outcomes-based curriculum, making the education
more authentic.
Republic Act of 11363 – An Act Establishing the
Philippine Space Development and Utilization Policy
and Creating the Philippine Space Agency, and for
Other Purposes.