Flow of Fluids Solved Problems

1 INLET
2 VENA CONTRACTA
LAMINAR
3 OUTLET
INLET OUTLET
FLOW
VELOCITY
PRESSURE
TURBULENT
FLOW
P1
P2
H (ft)
Pvc
120
4”
5”
1 2 3
H1 : 22 ft P2 : ATM 100
10” 6”
9”
77
76
9” 73
80 70
8”
60 20 Hp
FLOW
15 Hp
7” 65
40
60 10 Hp
200 gpm 6”
50
7.5 Hp
20
BALL VALVE 5 Hp
1800 rpm
60 °F 2 3/8 Φ seat
0
3 Hp
Q (gpm)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900
FLOW
FLOW PROBLEM SECTION

CONCRETE EXAMPLE # 1
NATURE OF FLOW IN PIPE
DETERMINING REYNOLDS NUMBER
AND FRICTION FACTOR FOR A STEEL PIPE
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #1
Water at 80°F is flowing through 70 feet of 2” standard steel pipe schedule 40 at a rate of 50 gpm
Let’s find the Reynolds number (Re) and the friction factor (f)
Dvρ
Re =
μ
D : Pipe internal diameter (ft)
v : Mean velocity of flow (ft/s)
ρ : Weight density of fluid (lb/ft3)
μ : Absolute viscosity (lb/ft.s)

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #1
Water at 80°F is flowing through 70 feet of 2” standard steel pipe schedule 40 at a rate of 50 gpm
Let’s find the Reynolds number (Re) and the friction factor (f)
Qρ
Weight density of water at 80°F (ρ) : 62.212 lb/ft3 Re = 50.66
dμ
Dynamic viscosity of water at 80°F (μ) : 0.85 cP
Pipe internal diameter (d) : 2.067 in D : Pipe internal diameter (ft)
Rate of flow (Q) : 50 gpm Q : Rate of flow (gpm)

TURBULENT
Reynolds number (Re) : 89691
μ : Absolute viscosity (lb/ft.s)
Re > 4000
Friction factor (f) : ~0.022
VALVE RESISTANCE
Y-PATTERN GLOBE VALVES :
DETERMINING L, L/D AND Cv
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #2
A 6” class schedule 40, 125 iron Y-pattern globe valve has a flow coefficient Cv of 600
Let’s find the resistance coefficient (K), the equivalent lengths (L/D) and L for flow in zone of
complete turbulence
Pipe internal diameter (d) : 6.065 in

d2
K = 890.3 2
Pipe internal diameter (D) : 0.5054 ft Cv
Resistance coefficient (K) : 3.35

L
K=f
Friction factor (f) : ~0.015 (from chart) D
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #2
A 6” class schedule 40, 125 iron Y-pattern globe valve has a flow coefficient Cv of 600
complete turbulence

d2
K = 890.3 2

L
K=f
Friction factor (f) : ~0.015 (from chart) D
L/D : 223 Pipe length (L) : 113 ft

VALVE RESISTANCE
CONVENTIONAL GLOBE VALVES :
DETERMINING L, L/D AND Cv
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #3
A 4” class 600 schedule 80 steel conventional angle valve with full area seat
Let’s find the resistance coefficient (K), the flow coefficient (Cv), the equivalent lengths (L/D)
and L for flow in zone of complete turbulence

d2
K = 890.3 2

L
Friction factor (f) : 0.016
K=f
D
Flow coefficient (Cv) : 282
L/D : 150 Pipe length (L) : 47.8 ft
VALVE RESISTANCE
GATE VALVES :
DETERMINING K, L/D AND L
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #4
A 6x4” class 600 schedule 80 steel gate valve with inlet and outlet ports conically tapered
from back of body rings to valve ends. The angle θ ~13°
complete turbulence
Pipe internal diameter (d1) : 4 in
Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 5.761 in

L
Friction factor (f) : ~0.015 K=f
D
L/D : 70.7 Pipe length (L) : 34 ft
SIZING LIFT CHECK VALVES
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #5
A globe type lift check valve is required in a 3” schedule 40 horizontal pipe carrying 70°F
water at the rate of 80 gpm
Let’s find the proper size for this check valve and the corresponding pressure drop
Valve internal diameter (d1) : 3.068 in
Water weight density at 70°F (ρ) : 62.298 lb/ft3
Water specific volume at 70°F (V) : 0.01605 ft3/lb
Minimum velocity (vmin) = 40 x (3.068/3.068)2 x (0.01605)0.5

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #5
Minimum velocity (vmin) = 5.1 ft/s

Actual velocity (v3”) : 3.47 ft/s 3” valve too large
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #5
Valve internal diameter (d1) : 3.068 in 2.469 in (2 ½” Schedule 40)

Actual velocity (v3”) : 3.47 ft/s 3” valve too large
Actual velocity (v2 ½”) : 5.36 ft/s 2 ½” valve OK

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #5


CONCRETE EXAMPLE #5

Resistance coefficient (K) : 26.2 Pressure drop (∆P) : 2.1 psi

BALL VALVE
FLUID VELOCITY AND RATE OF DISCHARGE
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #6
Water at 60°F discharges from a tank with a 22 ft head to atmospheric through :

• 200 ft, 3” schedule 40 pipe
• 6 x 3” standard 90° threaded elbows
• 1 x 3” flanged ball valve having a 2 ½ diameter seat, 25° conical inlet and 25° conical outlet
Let’s find the velocity of flow in the pipe and rate of discharge in gpm
H1 : 22 ft P2 : ATM
FLOW
??? gpm
BALL VALVE
60 °F 2 3/8 Φ seat
FLOW
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #6
H1 : 22 ft P2 : ATM
FLOW • 1 x 3” flanged ball valve having a 2 1/2 diameter seat
??? gpm 25° conical inlet and 25° conical outlet
BALL VALVE
60 °F 2 3/8 Φ seat
FLOW
L v2
hL = fK
D 2g
hL : Loss of static pressure head due to fluid flow (ft)
Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.298 lb/ft3 K : Resistance coefficient (unitless)
Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP v : Mean velocity of flow (ft/s)
Valve angle (θ) : 25° g : Gravitational acceleration = 32.174 ft/s2
Average head (hL) : 22 ft

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #6
H1 : 22 ft P2 : ATM
BALL VALVE
60 °F 2 3/8 Φ seat
L
FLOW K=f
D
Valve internal diameter (d1) : 2.375 in Valve resistance coefficient (K1) : 0.6
Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 3.068 in Elbows resistance coefficient (K2) : 3.24
Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.298 lb/ft3 Pipe resistance coefficient (K3) : 14
Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP Entrance resistance coefficient (K4) : 0.5
Valve angle (θ) : 25° Exit resistance coefficient (K5) : 1
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #6
H1 : 22 ft P2 : ATM
BALL VALVE
60 °F 2 3/8 Φ seat
FLOW
Valve internal diameter (d1) : 2.375 in System resistance coefficient (KT) : 19.34
Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 3.068 in SUM OF :
- Valve resistance coefficient (K1) : 0.6
- Elbows resistance coefficient (K2) : 3.24
- Pipe resistance coefficient (K3) : 14
- Entrance resistance coefficient (K4) : 0.5
Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP - Exit resistance coefficient (K5) : 1
Valve angle (θ) : 25°

CONCRETE EXAMPLE #6
H1 : 22 ft P2 : ATM
BALL VALVE
60 °F 2 3/8 Φ seat
v2
FLOW hL = K
2g
Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 3.068 in Velocity of flow (v) :
Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #6
H1 : 22 ft P2 : ATM
BALL VALVE
60 °F 2 3/8 Φ seat
2ghL
FLOW v=
K
Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 3.068 in Velocity of flow (v) : 8.55 ft/s
Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.298 lb/ft3 Rate of flow (Q) : 197 gpm
LAMINAR FLOW IN VALVES
FITTINGS AND PIPE (1/2)
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #7
S.A.E 30 oil at 100°F is flowing at a rate of 600 bbl/h through 200 ft of 8” schedule 40 pipe, in
which an 8” conventional globe valve with full area seat is installed
Let’s find the pressure drop due to flow through the pipe and valve
∆P ???
FLOW FLOW
600 bbl/h
GLOBE VALVE
100 °F 8” Φ seat
200 ft
∆P ??? CONCRETE EXAMPLE #7

• 8” globe valve
FLOW FLOW
600 bbl/h
GLOBE VALVE
100 °F 8” Φ seat
200 ft
ρ100°F
oil = ρ60°F 100°F
water x Soil

Oil dynamic viscosity at 100°F (μoil) : 130 cP
Oil specific gravity at 100°F (sp.groil) : 0.87
Oil weight density at 100°F (ρoil) :

FLOW FLOW
600 bbl/h
GLOBE VALVE
100 °F 8” Φ seat
lb
200 ft
ρ100°F
oil = 62.364 3 x 0.87
ft
Oil weight density at 100°F (ρoil) :

FLOW FLOW
600 bbl/h
GLOBE VALVE
100 °F 8” Φ seat
lb
200 ft
ρ100°F
oil = 54.26 3
ft
Oil weight density at 100°F (ρoil) : 54.26 lb/ft3

FLOW FLOW
600 bbl/h 64 64μ
100 °F
GLOBE VALVE
8” Φ seat f= =
Re 124dvρ
200 ft
Nature of flow in pipe :

Valve internal diameter (d1) : 2.375 in Reynolds number (Re) : 1112 LAMINAR FLOW
Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 7.981 in Pipe friction factor (f) : 0.058
Oil dynamic viscosity at 100°F (μoil) : 130 cP Pipe resistance coefficient (K1) :
Rate of flow : 600 bbl/h = 420 gpm

FLOW FLOW
600 bbl/h L
GLOBE VALVE
100 °F 8” Φ seat K=f
D
200 ft

Oil dynamic viscosity at 100°F (μoil) : 130 cP Pipe resistance coefficient (K1) :

FLOW FLOW
600 bbl/h L
GLOBE VALVE
D
200 ft

Oil dynamic viscosity at 100°F (μoil) : 130 cP Pipe resistance coefficient (K1) : 17.44
Oil specific gravity at 100°F (sp.groil) : 0.87 Valve resistance coefficient (K2) : 4.76
System resistance coefficient (KT) : K1 + K2

FLOW FLOW
600 bbl/h L
GLOBE VALVE
D
200 ft

Oil dynamic viscosity at 100°F (μoil) : 130 cP Pipe resistance coefficient (K1) : 17.44
Oil specific gravity at 100°F (sp.groil) : 0.87 Valve resistance coefficient (K2) : 4.76
System resistance coefficient (KT) : 22.2

FLOW FLOW
600 bbl/h
GLOBE VALVE
100 °F 8” Φ seat
200 ft

Oil dynamic viscosity at 100°F (μoil) : 130 cP System resistance coefficient (KT) : 22.2
Oil weight density at 100°F (ρoil) : 54.26 lb/ft3 Pressure drop (∆P) : 0.943 psi

LAMINAR FLOW IN VALVES
FITTINGS AND PIPE (2/2)
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #8
S.A.E 30 oil at 100°F is flowing at a rate of 400 gpm through 5” schedule 40 pipe as depicted in
the following figure
Let’s find the pressure difference between gauges P1 and P2
P2
ANGLE VALVE
P1 5” with full area seat FLOW
wide open
5” / 75 ft
100 °F GATE VALVE
5” with full area seat 5” / 50 ft
400 gpm wide open
FLOW
5” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1
5” / 175 ft
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #8

Rate of flow : 400 gpm 1. Loss due to flow
2. Loss due to elevation change
−5
KρQ2
∆P = 1.801 x 10 P2
d2
ANGLE VALVE
hL ρ P1 5” with full area seat FLOW
wide open
∆P = 5” / 75 ft
144 100 °F GATE VALVE
5” / 50 ft
5” with full area seat
400 gpm wide open
FLOW
5” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1
5” / 175 ft
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #8

Rate of flow : 400 gpm 1. Loss due to flow
2. Loss due to elevation change

Elevation change (∆P1) : 18.84 psi
P2
ANGLE VALVE
hL ρ P1 5” with full area seat FLOW
wide open
∆P = 5” / 75 ft
144 100 °F GATE VALVE
5” / 50 ft
400 gpm wide open
FLOW
5” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1
5” / 175 ft
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #8

Oil weight density at 100°F (ρoil) : 54.26 lb/ft3 64 64μ
f= =
Rate of flow : 400 gpm Re 124dvρ
Reynolds number (Re) : 1675 LAMINAR FLOW
Pipe friction factor (f) : 0.038 P2
Pipe resistance coefficient (K1) :

ANGLE VALVE
wide open
2 5” / 75 ft
KρQ 100 °F GATE VALVE
5” / 50 ft
∆P = 1.801 x 10−5 2 400 gpm
wide open
d
FLOW
5” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1
5” / 175 ft
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #8

Oil weight density at 100°F (ρoil) : 54.26 lb/ft3 L
K=f
Rate of flow : 400 gpm D
Pipe resistance coefficient (K1) : 27.10

G. Valve resistance coefficient (K2) : 0.12 ANGLE VALVE
5” with full area seat FLOW
P1 wide open
A. Valve resistance coefficient (K3) : 2.25 100 °F

5” / 75 ft
GATE VALVE
Elbow resistance coefficient (K4) : 0.3 400 gpm wide open
FLOW
5” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1
5” / 175 ft
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #8

Rate of flow : 400 gpm
Pipe resistance coefficient (K1) : 27.10

G. Valve resistance coefficient (K2) : 0.12 ANGLE VALVE
5” with full area seat FLOW
P1 wide open
A. Valve resistance coefficient (K3) : 2.25 100 °F

5” / 75 ft
GATE VALVE
Elbow resistance coefficient (K4) : 0.3 400 gpm wide open
FLOW
5” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1
System resistance coefficient (KT) : 29.77 5” / 175 ft
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #8

Rate of flow : 400 gpm 1. Loss due to flow = 7.17 psi
2. Loss due to elevation change = 18.84 psi
P2
2
KρQ
∆P = 1.801 x 10−5 2 = 7.17 psi
d ANGLE VALVE
wide open
5” / 75 ft
100 °F GATE VALVE
hL ρ 5” with full area seat 5” / 50 ft
∆P = = 18.84 psi 400 gpm wide open
144 FLOW
5” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1
5” / 175 ft
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #8

Oil weight density at 100°F (ρoil) : 54.26 lb/ft3 26 psi
Rate of flow : 400 gpm 1. Loss due to flow = 7.17 psi
2. Loss due to elevation change = 18.84 psi
P2
2
KρQ
∆P = 1.801 x 10−5 2 = 7.17 psi
d ANGLE VALVE
wide open
5” / 75 ft
100 °F GATE VALVE
hL ρ 5” with full area seat 5” / 50 ft
∆P = = 18.84 psi 400 gpm wide open
144 FLOW
5” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1
5” / 175 ft
PRESSURE DROP
THROUGH PIPING SYSTEM
SUPERHEATED STEAM
TURBULENT FLOW
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #9
600 psig steam at 850°F flows through 400 ft of horizontal 6” schedule 80 pipe at a rate of
90000 lb/h as depicted in the following figure.
Let’s find the pressure drop through the system FLOW
GLOBE VALVE
6” with seat diameter
0.9 x pipe ID P2 ???
Disc fully lifted
6” WELD ELBOW
600 psig r/d = 1.5 6” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1.5
GATE VALVE
850 °F 6x4” with full area seat
Wide open
90 klb/h θ ~13°
FLOW
6” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1.5
Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 5.761 in CONCRETE EXAMPLE #9
Gate valve exit internal diameter (d’2) : 3.826 in

Globe valve internal diameter (d1) : 5.185 in (= 0.9 x d2)
Steam dynamic viscosity at 850°F (μ) : 0.027 cP
Steam specific volume at 850°F (ρ) : 1.2 ft3/lb Nature of flow in pipe :
Rate of flow : 90 klb/h Reynolds number (Re) : 3.65 x 106 TURBULENT FLOW
Pipe friction factor (f) : 0.015

FLOW
Gate valve resistance coefficient (K1) : 1.35
Globe valve resistance coefficient (K2) : 1.44 GLOBE VALVE
Disc fully lifted
Elbows resistance coefficient (K3) : 0.63 600 psig
6” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1.5 6” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1.5
Pipe resistance coefficient (K4) : GATE VALVE
Wide open
90 klb/h θ ~13°
FLOW
6” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1.5

Globe valve internal diameter (d1) : 5.185 in (= 0.9 x d2) L
K=f
D
Steam specific volume at 850°F (ρ) : 1.2 ft3/lb Nature of flow in pipe :
Rate of flow : 90 klb/h Reynolds number (Re) : 3.65 x 106 TURBULENT FLOW
Pipe friction factor (f) : 0.015

FLOW
Gate valve resistance coefficient (K1) : 1.35
Globe valve resistance coefficient (K2) : 1.44 GLOBE VALVE
Disc fully lifted
Elbows resistance coefficient (K3) : 0.63 600 psig
6” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1.5 6” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1.5
Pipe resistance coefficient (K4) : 12.5 GATE VALVE
Wide open
90 klb/h θ ~13°
System resistance coefficient (KT) : 15.92 FLOW

6” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1.5

Globe valve internal diameter (d1) : 5.185 in (= 0.9 x d2)
∆P = 40 psi
Steam specific volume at 850°F (ρ) : 1.2 ft3/lb
Rate of flow : 90 klb/h P2 = 560 psig
FLOW
GLOBE VALVE
Disc fully lifted
6” WELD ELBOW
600 psig r/d = 1.5 6” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1.5
GATE VALVE
Wide open
90 klb/h θ ~13°
FLOW
6” WELD ELBOW
r/d = 1.5
SIZING AN ORIFICE FOR A GIVEN
PRESSURE DROP AND FLUID VELOCITY
CONCRETE EXAMPLE #10
A 12” schedule 40 steel pipe 60 ft long containing a standard gate valve 10 ft from the entrance,
discharges 60°F water to atmosphere from a reservoir as depicted in the following figure.
Let’s find the diameter of thin-plate orifice to be installed in the pipe to restrict the velocity of flow
to 10 ft/s when the gate valve is wide open
12” sched. 40 - 60 ft
10 ft
60°F ATM
12 ft WATER
12” GATE VALVE 10 ft/s
FLOW
ORIFICE PLATE ???

60 ft
dvρ
Re = 124
60°F
10 ft
ATM μ
12 ft WATER
FLOW
L
K=f
ORIFICE PLATE ???
D
Pipe length (L) : 60 ft System resistance (excluding orifice) :

Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 11.938 in 1. Entrance (K1) : 0.78
Gate valve internal diameter (d1) : 11.938 in 2. Gate valve (K2) : 0.1
Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP 3. Exit (K3) : 1
Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 4. Pipe (K4) :
60 ft TURBULENT FLOW
10 ft
Re = 8.4 x 105
60°F ATM
12 ft WATER
FLOW
L
K=f
ORIFICE PLATE ???
D
Pipe length (L) : 60 ft System resistance (excluding orifice) :

Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 11.938 in 1. Entrance (K1) : 0.78
Gate valve internal diameter (d1) : 11.938 in 2. Gate valve (K2) : 0.1
Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP 3. Exit (K3) : 1
Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 4. Pipe (K4) : 0.72
10 ft
60°F ATM
12 ft WATER
v2
FLOW hL = K
2g
ORIFICE PLATE ???
Pipe length (L) : 60 ft System resistance (excluding orifice) : 2.6

Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 11.938 in System resistance (including orifice) :
Gate valve internal diameter (d1) : 11.938 in
10 ft
60°F ATM
12 ft WATER
FLOW
2ghL
K= 2
v
ORIFICE PLATE ???
Pipe length (L) : 60 ft System resistance (excluding orifice) : 2.6

Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 11.938 in System resistance (including orifice) : 7.72
Orifice resistance coefficient (Korifice) : 5.12
10 ft
60°F ATM
12 ft WATER
FLOW
ORIFICE PLATE ???

dorifice = 11.938 x β
Pipe length (L) : 60 ft Orifice resistance coefficient (Korifice) : 5.12
1. Assume a value for β = dorifice / 11.938
2. Determine associated C based on β & Re
3. Calculate associated Korifice
10 ft
60°F ATM
12 ft WATER
FLOW
ORIFICE PLATE ???

dorifice = 11.938 x β
Pipe length (L) : 60 ft Orifice resistance coefficient (Korifice) : 5.12
Correct assumption ➔ β : 0.686
Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP dorifice = 8.19”
BERNOULLI’S THEOREM
PRESSURE DROP AND FLUID VELOCITY
Water at 60°F flows through the piping system as depicted below at a rate of 400 gpm.
Let’s find the velocity in both the 4” and 5” pipe sizes and the pressure drop through the system
P2
150 ft of 5”
schedule 40 pipe Elevation : 75 ft
5” welding elbow
r/d = 1.5 FLOW
P1
60 °F 75 ft of 5”
schedule 40 pipe
Elevation : 0 ft 110 ft of 4” schedule 40 pipe
FLOW
5x4” reducing welding elbow
r/d = 1.5
Water at 60°F flows through the piping system as depicted below at a rate of 400 gpm.
Let’s find the velocity in both the 4” and 5” pipe sizes and the pressure drop through the system
P2
150 ft of 5”
5” welding elbow
r/d = 1.5 FLOW
P1
60 °F 75 ft of 5”
schedule 40 pipe
FLOW
r/d = 1.5
4” Pipe internal diameter : 4.026 in

Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 144 P1 v12 144 P2 v22
Z1 + + = Z2 + + + hL
ρ 2g ρ 2g
Rate of flow : 400 gpm = 0.8912 ft3/s
P2
150 ft of 5”
5” welding elbow
r/d = 1.5 FLOW
P1
60 °F 75 ft of 5”
schedule 40 pipe
FLOW
r/d = 1.5

Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 ρ v22 − v12
P1 − P2 = Z2 − Z1 + + hL
144 2g
KQ2
Velocity in 4” pipe (v1) = 10.08 ft/s hL = 0.002593 4
d
Velocity in 5” pipe (v2) = 6.41 ft/s P2
150 ft of 5”
5” welding elbow
r/d = 1.5 FLOW
P1
60 °F 75 ft of 5”
schedule 40 pipe
FLOW
r/d = 1.5

P1 − P2 = Z2 − Z1 + + hL
144 2g
L
K=f
Velocity in 4” pipe (v1) = 10.08 ft/s D
Reynolds number in 4” pipe (Re1) : 2.85 x 105 150 ft of 5”

Elevation : 75 ft
schedule 40 pipe
5” welding elbow
FLOW
Reynolds number in 5” pipe (Re2) : 2.27 x 105 P1
r/d = 1.5
Friction factor in 4” pipe (f1) : ~0.018 60 °F 75 ft of 5”

schedule 40 pipe
Friction factor in 5” pipe (f2) : ~0.018 FLOW
r/d = 1.5

P1 − P2 = Z2 − Z1 + + hL
144 2g
L
K=f
Friction factor in 4” pipe (f1) : ~0.018 150 ft of 5”

Elevation : 75 ft
schedule 40 pipe
5” welding elbow
FLOW
Friction factor in 5” pipe (f2) : ~0.018 P1
r/d = 1.5
4” pipe resistance coefficient (K1) : 5.9 60 °F 75 ft of 5”

schedule 40 pipe
5” pipe resistance coefficient (K2) : 9.6 FLOW
r/d = 1.5

P1 − P2 = Z2 − Z1 + + hL
144 2g
L
K=f

Elevation : 75 ft
schedule 40 pipe
5” welding elbow
FLOW
r/d = 1.5

schedule 40 pipe
r/d = 1.5

P1 − P2 = Z2 − Z1 + + hL
144 2g
K 4"
K 4" to 5" = 4
Velocity in 4” pipe (v1) = 10.08 ft/s β

Elevation : 75 ft
schedule 40 pipe
5” welding elbow
FLOW
r/d = 1.5

schedule 40 pipe
r/d = 1.5

P1 − P2 = Z2 − Z1 + + hL
144 2g
5.9
K 4" to 5" =
Velocity in 4” pipe (v1) = 10.08 ft/s 0.84

Elevation : 75 ft
schedule 40 pipe
5” welding elbow
FLOW
r/d = 1.5

schedule 40 pipe
r/d = 1.5

P1 − P2 = Z2 − Z1 + + hL
144 2g
5.9
K 4" to 5" =
Velocity in 4” pipe (v1) = 10.08 ft/s 0.84

Elevation : 75 ft
schedule 40 pipe
5” welding elbow
FLOW
r/d = 1.5

schedule 40 pipe
r/d = 1.5

P1 − P2 = Z2 − Z1 + + hL
144 2g
Velocity in 4” pipe (v1) = 10.08 ft/s

Ktotal = K1 + K2 + 2 x K3 + K4
4” pipe resistance coefficient (K1) : 14.4 150 ft of 5”

Elevation : 75 ft
schedule 40 pipe
5” welding elbow
FLOW
5” pipe resistance coefficient (K2) : 9.6 P1
r/d = 1.5
5” Elbows resistance coefficient (K3) : 0.21 60 °F 75 ft of 5”

schedule 40 pipe
5x4” Reduction (K4) : 0.31 FLOW
r/d = 1.5

P1 − P2 = Z2 − Z1 + + hL
144 2g

Ktotal = 14.4 + 9.6 + 2 x 0.21 + 0.31

Elevation : 75 ft
schedule 40 pipe
5” welding elbow
FLOW
r/d = 1.5

schedule 40 pipe
r/d = 1.5

P1 − P2 = Z2 − Z1 + + hL
144 2g

Ktotal = 24.73

Elevation : 75 ft
schedule 40 pipe
5” welding elbow
FLOW
r/d = 1.5

schedule 40 pipe
r/d = 1.5

P1 − P2 = Z2 − Z1 + + hL
144 2g
KQ2
Velocity in 4” pipe (v1) = 10.08 ft/s hL = 0.002593 4
d
System resistance coefficient (Ktotal) = 24.73 150 ft of 5”

Elevation : 75 ft
schedule 40 pipe
5” welding elbow
r/d = 1.5 FLOW
hL = 15.8 60 °F
P1
75 ft of 5”
schedule 40 pipe
FLOW
r/d = 1.5

P1 − P2 = Z2 − Z1 + + hL
144 2g

∆P ~ 39 psi
System resistance coefficient (Ktotal) = 24.73 150 ft of 5”

Elevation : 75 ft
schedule 40 pipe
5” welding elbow
FLOW
hL = 15.8 P1
r/d = 1.5
60 °F 75 ft of 5”
schedule 40 pipe
FLOW
r/d = 1.5
PROCESS AIR LINES
PRESSURE DROP AND VELOCITY
using Flow of Fluids Excel Workbook
Process air at 65 psig and 110°F is flowing through 75 ft of 1” schedule 40 pipe. The rate of flow
is 100 scfm.
Let’s find the pressure drop and the velocity in the upstream and downstream gauges

Air weight density at 110°F (ρ) : 0.378 lb/ft3
Air dynamic viscosity at 110°F (μ) : 0.0195 cP
Rate of flow : 100 scfm at 65 psig / 110°F
Pressure drop at 65 psig / 110°F = 3.48 psi/100ft

Total pressure drop = 3.48 x 75/100
is 100 scfm.

Air weight density at 110°F (ρ) : 0.378 lb/ft3
Air dynamic viscosity at 110°F (μ) : 0.0195 cP
Pressure drop at 65 psig / 110°F = 3.48 psi/100ft

Total pressure drop = 2.61 psi
is 100 scfm.

P1 = 65 psig
Air weight density at 110°F (ρ) : 0.378 lb/ft3 ∆P = 2.61 psi
Air dynamic viscosity at 110°F (μ) : 0.0195 cP P2 = 62.39 psig
Actual flow Q1 at upstream gauge pressure P1 = 20.2 acfm (ft3/min)

Actual flow Q2 at downstream gauge pressure P2 = 20.9 acfm (ft3/min)
is 100 scfm.

Volume flow Q
Air weight density at 110°F (ρ) : 0.378 lb/ft3 Velocity = = 2
Area d
Air dynamic viscosity at 110°F (μ) : 0.0195 cP π
2
Actual flow Q1 at upstream gauge pressure P1 = 20.2 acfm (ft3/min) Upstream V1 = 3367 ft/min
Actual flow Q2 at downstream gauge pressure P2 = 20.9 acfm (ft3/min) Downstream V2 = 3483 ft/min
CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
SIZING OF PUMP FOR OIL PIPELINES
Crude oil 30° API at 15.6°C with a viscosity of 75 Universal Saybolt seconds is flowing through a
12” schedule 30 steel pipe at a rate of 1900 bbl/h. The pipeline is 50 miles long with discharge at
an elevation of 2000 ft above pump inlet.
Let’s find the brake horsepower of the pump assuming a pump efficiency of 67%
Pipe internal diameter : 12.09 in Reynolds number (Re) = 24360 TURBULENT FLOW
Crude specific gravity (sp.gr) : 0.876 Friction factor = 0.025

Crude weight density at 15.6°C (ρ) : 54.64 lb/ft3
Pressure drop (∆P) = 533.7 psi
Crude dynamic viscosity at 15.6°C (μ) : 12.5 cP
Loss of static pressure head (hL) = 1406.5 ft
Rate of flow : 1900 bbl/h – 1330 gpm
HEAD = hL + Elevation change


HEAD = hL + 2000 ft

HEAD = 3406.5 ft bhp = 1496

FLOW THROUGH PIPES
NATURAL GAS PIPELINE
A natural gas pipeline made of 14” schedule 20 pipe is 100 miles long. PANHANDLE A PARTIALLY TURBULENT FLOW
The inlet pressure is 1300 psia, the outlet pressure is 300 psia, and theqavreage
= 18.161E temperature is
1.0788 2 2 0.5394
T P −P b 1 2
s 0.8539 d2.6182
P L T S
40°F. The gas consists of :
b m avg g
75% Methane (CH4) + 21% Ethane (C2H6) + 4% Propane (C3H8) q : Rate of flow at standard conditions (ft /h) (scfh) 3
s
Tb : Absolute temperature at standard conditions = 520 °R

Let’s find the flow rate in millions of standard cubic feet per day (Mscfd) Pb : Absolute pressure at standard conditions = 14.7 psia
P1 : Absolute pressure upstream (psia)
P2 : Absolute pressure downstream (psia)
0.5 Lm : Length of pipe in miles (ml)
Tb P12 − P22 Tavg : Average temperature in degrees Rankine (°R)
qs = 3.2308 d2.5 Sg : Specific gravity of gas relative to air = MW(gas)/29
Pb fLm Tavg Sg d : Pipe internal diameter (in)
E : Efficiency factor ~0.92
WEYMOUTH FULLY TURBULENT FLOW PANHANDLE A PARTIALLY TURBULENT FLOW

qs : Rate of flow at standard conditions (ft3/h) (scfh)
Tb : Absolute temperature at standard 2 =0.5
2 conditions 520 °R
Tb P1 − P2 2.667 Tb 1.0788
P12 − P22
0.5394
qs =P 18.062
: Absolute pressure at standard conditions = 14.7 psiad
b
qs = 18.161E
Pb Lm Tavg Sg 0.8539 d2.6182
Pbupstream
P : Absolute pressure
1
Lm(psia)
Tavg Sg
f : Darcy friction factor (unitless)
Lqs :: Rate of flow
Length at standard
of pipe conditions (ft3/h) (scfh)
in miles (ml)
A natural gas pipeline made of 14” schedule 20 pipe is 100 miles long.
The inlet pressure is 1300 psia, the outlet pressure is 300 psia, and the avreage temperature is
75% Methane (CH4) + 21% Ethane (C2H6) + 4% Propane (C3H8)
Let’s find the flow rate in millions of standard cubic feet per day (Mscfd)
14” Pipe internal diameter : 13.376 in Tb P12 − P22

0.5
qs = 3.2308 d2.5
Pb fLm Tavg Sg
Friction factor (f) : 0.0128 Complete turbulence
WEYMOUTH FULLY TURBULENT FLOW
MW Tb : Absolute temperature at standard
Tb P1 − P2 2 =0.5
2.667
qs =P 18.062
Methane (CH4) : 1C x 12g/mol + 4H x 1g/mol b
P L T
P : Absolute pressurebupstreamm(psia)
1
avg g S
Ethane (C2H6) : 2C x 12g/mol + 6H x 1g/mol P2 : Absolute pressure downstream (psia)
Propane (C3H8) : 3C x 12g/mol + 8H x 1g/mol PANHANDLE A
Lqs :: Rate
m
of flow
Length
PARTIALLY TURBULENT
at standard
of pipe
FLOW
conditions (ft3/h) (scfh)
in miles (ml)
TTavg
b : :Absolute
AverageTtemperature
1.0788 atinstandard
temperature
b
degrees conditions
P12 −Rankine
P22
= 520 °R
0.5394
(°R)
2.6182
qs = P18.161E = 14.7 psiad
Sb :: Absolute
g
pressure
Specific gravity
P b
at standard
of gas conditions
relative to air 0.8539
Lm Tavg Sg = MW(gas)/29
dP1: :Pipe
Absolute pressure
internal upstream
diameter (in) (psia)
Lm : Length of pipe in miles (ml)
Tavg : Average temperature in degrees Rankine (°R)

0.5
qs = 3.2308 d2.5
Pb fLm Tavg Sg
Tb P1 − P2 2 =0.5
2.667
qs =P 18.062
Methane (CH4) : 16 g/mol b
P L T
1
avg g S
Ethane (C2H6) : 30 g/mol P2 : Absolute pressure downstream (psia)
Propane (C3H8) : 44 g/mol PANHANDLE A
Lqs :: Rate
m
of flow
Length
PARTIALLY TURBULENT
at standard
of pipe
FLOW
in miles (ml)
TTavg
b : :Absolute
AverageTtemperature
1.0788 atinstandard
temperature
b
degrees conditions
P12 −Rankine
P22
= 520 °R
0.5394
(°R)
2.6182
qs = P18.161E = 14.7 psiad
Sb :: Absolute pressure at standard conditions
Gas = 75% x 16 + 21% x 30 + 4% x 44 g Specific gravity
dP1: :Pipe
P
Absolute
b of gas
pressure
internal
relative to
upstream
diameter (in)
air 0.8539
Lm Tavg Sg
(psia)
= MW(gas)/29


0.5
qs = 3.2308 d2.5
Pb fLm Tavg Sg
Tb P1 − P2 2 =0.5
2.667
qs =P 18.062
Methane (CH4) : 16 g/mol b
P L T
1
avg g S
Ethane (C2H6) : 30 g/mol P2 : Absolute pressure downstream (psia)
Propane (C3H8) : 44 g/mol PANHANDLE A
Lqs :: Rate
m
of flow
Length
PARTIALLY TURBULENT
at standard
of pipe
FLOW
in miles (ml)
TTavg
b : :Absolute
AverageTtemperature
1.0788 atinstandard
temperature
b
degrees conditions
P12 −Rankine
P22
= 520 °R
0.5394
(°R)
2.6182
qs = P18.161E = 14.7 psiad
Sb :: Absolute pressure at standard conditions
Gas = 20.06 g/mol g Specific gravity
dP1: :Pipe
P
Absolute
b of gas
pressure
internal
relative to
upstream
diameter (in)
air 0.8539
Lm Tavg Sg
(psia)
= MW(gas)/29


0.5
qs = 3.2308 d2.5
Pb fLm Tavg Sg
MW Gas : 20.06 g/mol Tb : Absolute temperature at standard
Tb P1 − P2 2 =0.5
2.667
qs =P 18.062
b
P L T S
Sg = MW (gas) / MW (air) P : Absolute pressurebupstreamm(psia)
1
avg g
PANHANDLE A PARTIALLY TURBULENT FLOW
Lqs :: Rate
m
of flow
Length at standard
in miles (ml)
TTavg
b : :Absolute
AverageTtemperature
1.0788 atinstandard
temperature
b
degrees conditions
P12 −Rankine
P22
= 520 °R
0.5394
(°R)
2.6182
qs = P18.161E = 14.7 psiad
Sb :: Absolute
g
pressure
Specific gravity
P b
at standard
of gas conditions
dP1: :Pipe
Absolute pressure
internal upstream

0.5
qs = 3.2308
Pb fLm Tavg Sg
d2.5 107.9 Mscfd
MW Gas : 20.06 g/mol 2 =0.5
2 conditions
Tb : Absolute temperature at standard 520 °R
qs =P 18.062
Tb P1 − P2
b
P L T S
2.667
105.2 Mscfd
Sg = 0.693 P : Absolute pressurebupstreamm(psia)
1
avg g
PANHANDLE A PARTIALLY TURBULENT FLOW
Tavg = 40°F = 277.59 °K Lqs :: Rate
m
of flow
Length at standard
in miles (ml)
TTavg
128.4 Mscfd
b : :Absolute
AverageTtemperature
1.0788 atinstandard
temperature degrees conditions = 520 °R
0.5394
b P12 −Rankine
P22 (°R)
2.6182
qs = P18.161E = 14.7 psiad
Sb :: Absolute
g
pressure
Specific gravity
P b
at standard
of gas conditions
dP1: :Pipe
Absolute pressure
internal upstream
FLOW THROUGH PIPES
WATER DISCHARCHING FROM A RESERVOIR
Water at 60°F is flowing from a reservoir through the piping system as depicted below. The
reservoir has a constant head of 11.5 ft
Let’s find the flow rate in gallons per minute (gpm)
2
hL
Q = 19.64 d
K
60°F
hL = 11.5 ft WATER
ATM
10 ft – 3” sched. 40 20 ft – 2” sched. 40
gpm ?
3” MITER BEND FLOW
3” GATE VALVE
2
hL
Q = 19.64 d SYSTEM RESISTANCE :
K
Entrance (K1) : 0.5
L
2” Pipe internal diameter : 2.067 in 3” Mitre bend (K2) : 1.08 K=f
D
3” Pipe internal diameter : 3.068 in Gate valve (K3) : 0.144
Water dynamic viscosity at 60°F (μ) : 1.1 cP Sudden contraction (K4) : 1.32
Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 10 ft 3” pipe (K5) : 0.66 f3” = 0.017
20 ft 2” pipe (K6) : 2.2 f2” = 0.019
2” Exit (K7) : 1
60°F
hL = 11.5 ft WATER
ATM
10 ft – 3” sched. 40 20 ft – 2” sched. 40
gpm ?
3” GATE VALVE
2
hL
K
Entrance (K1) : 0.5
L2"
2” Pipe internal diameter : 2.067 in 3” Mitre bend (K2) : 1.08 K 2"≫3" = f2"
D2" β4
Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 10 ft 3” pipe (K5) : 0.66
20 ft 2” pipe (K6) : 2.2
2” Exit (K7) : 1
60°F
hL = 11.5 ft WATER
ATM
10 ft – 3” sched. 40 20 ft – 2” sched. 40
gpm ?
3” GATE VALVE
2
hL
K
Entrance (K1) : 0.5
L2"
D2" β4
20 ft 2” >> 3” pipe (K6) : 2.2 / (2.067/3.068)4
2” >> 3” Exit (K7) : 1 / (2.067/3.068)4
60°F
hL = 11.5 ft WATER
ATM
10 ft – 3” sched. 40 20 ft – 2” sched. 40
gpm ?
3” GATE VALVE
2
hL
K
Entrance (K1) : 0.5
L2"
D2" β4
20 ft 2” >> 3” pipe (K6) : 10.9
2” >> 3” Exit (K7) : 3.32
60°F
hL = 11.5 ft WATER
ATM
10 ft – 3” sched. 40 20 ft – 2” sched. 40
gpm ?
3” GATE VALVE
2
hL
K
Entrance (K1) : 0.5
Ktotal
2” Pipe internal diameter : 2.067 in 3” Mitre bend (K2) : 1.08
20 ft 2” >> 3” pipe (K6) : 10.9
17.9
2” >> 3” Exit (K7) : 3.32
60°F
hL = 11.5 ft WATER
ATM
10 ft – 3” sched. 40 20 ft – 2” sched. 40
gpm ?
3” GATE VALVE
2
hL
K
Entrance (K1) : 0.5
Q
2” Pipe internal diameter : 2.067 in 3” Mitre bend (K2) : 1.08
20 ft 2” >> 3” pipe (K6) : 10.9
148 gpm
2” >> 3” Exit (K7) : 3.32
60°F
hL = 11.5 ft WATER
ATM
10 ft – 3” sched. 40 20 ft – 2” sched. 40
gpm ?
3” GATE VALVE
FLOW THROUGH PIPES
GASES AT SONIC VELOCITY
Coke oven gas having a specific gravity of 0.42, a header pressure of 125 psig, and a
temperature of 140°F is flowing through 20 ft of 3” schedule 40 pipe before discharging to
atmosphere. The ratio of specific heat is k = 1.4
Let’s find the flow rate in standard cubic feet per hour
ATM
125 psig 140°F 20 ft – 3” sched. 40
scfh ?
GAS FLOW
Sg = 0.42
k = 1.4
ATM
125 psig 140°F 20 ft – 3” sched. 40
scfh ?
GAS FLOW
Sg = 0.42
k = 1.4
∆PxPupstream
qs = 40700Yd2
KTupstream Sg

Upstream pressure (psia) : 125 psig + 14.7 qs : Standard rate of flow (scfth)
Y : Net expansibility factor (Unitless)
∆P : Pressure differential (psi)
Pupstream : Absolute upstream pressure (psia)
K : Resistance coefficient (unitless)
Tupstream : Absolute upstream temperature (Kelvin)
Sg : Specific gravity of thegas relative to air (unitless)

ATM
125 psig 140°F 20 ft – 3” sched. 40
scfh ?
GAS FLOW
Sg = 0.42
k = 1.4
∆PxPupstream
qs = 40700Yd2
KTupstream Sg

Upstream pressure (psia) : 139.7 psia qs : Standard rate of flow (scfth)

Pressure differential (∆P) : 139.7 psia - ATM

ATM
125 psig 140°F 20 ft – 3” sched. 40
scfh ?
GAS FLOW
Sg = 0.42
k = 1.4
∆PxPupstream
qs = 40700Yd2
KTupstream Sg


Pressure differential (∆P) : 139.7 psia - 14.7 psia

ATM
125 psig 140°F 20 ft – 3” sched. 40
scfh ?
GAS FLOW
Sg = 0.42
k = 1.4
∆PxPupstream
qs = 40700Yd2
KTupstream Sg


Pressure differential (∆P) : 125 psi
Gas temperature (K) : 140°F = 333.15°K
Sg = MWgas / MWair = MWgas / 29 = 0.42 K : Resistance coefficient (unitless)
Friction factor for 3” pipe (f) ~ 0.0175 Tupstream : Absolute upstream temperature (Kelvin)

ATM
125 psig 140°F 20 ft – 3” sched. 40
scfh ?
GAS FLOW
Sg = 0.42
k = 1.4
∆PxPupstream
qs = 40700Yd2
KTupstream Sg

Upstream pressure (psia) : 139.7 psia SYSTEM RESISTANCE :
Pressure differential (∆P) : 125 psi Entrance (K1) : 0.5

L
Gas temperature (K) : 140°F = 333.15°K 20 ft 3” pipe (K2) : 1.37 K=f
D
Sg = MWgas / MWair = MWgas / 29 = 0.42 Exit (K3) : 1
Friction factor for 3” pipe (f) ~ 0.0175

Ktotal = 0.5 + 1.37 + 1
ATM
125 psig 140°F 20 ft – 3” sched. 40
scfh ?
GAS FLOW
Sg = 0.42
k = 1.4
∆PxPupstream
qs = 40700Yd2
KTupstream Sg

Upstream pressure (psia) : 139.7 psia SYSTEM RESISTANCE :
Pressure differential (∆P) : 125 psi Entrance (K1) : 0.5
Gas temperature (K) : 140°F = 333.15°K 20 ft 3” pipe (K2) : 1.37
Sg = MWgas / MWair = MWgas / 29 = 0.42 Exit (K3) : 1

Ktotal = 2.87
ATM
125 psig 140°F 20 ft – 3” sched. 40
scfh ?
GAS FLOW
Sg = 0.42
k = 1.4
∆PxPupstream
qs = 40700Yd2
KTupstream Sg


Sg = MWgas / MWair = MWgas / 29 = 0.42 K : Resistance coefficient (unitless)
Friction factor for 3” pipe (f) ~ 0.0175 Tupstream : Absolute upstream temperature (Kelvin)

Ktotal = 2.87
Y = 0.637
ATM
125 psig 140°F 20 ft – 3” sched. 40
scfh ?
GAS FLOW
Sg = 0.42
k = 1.4
∆PxPupstream
qs = 40700Yd2
KTupstream Sg

Upstream pressure (psia) : 139.7 psia
Gas temperature (K) : 140°F = 333.15°K qs ~1 Mscfh
Sg = MWgas / MWair = MWgas / 29 = 0.42

Ktotal = 2.87
Y = 0.637
FLOW THROUGH PIPES
COMPRESSIBLE FLUID AT SUBSONIC VELOCITY
Air at a pressure of 19.3 psig and a temperature of 100°F is measured at a point 10 ft from the
outlet of a ½” schedule 80 pipe discharging to atmosphere
Let’s find the flow rate in standard cubic feet per hour
19.3 psig
FLOW FLOW
scfh ???
10 ft ½" schedule 80 pipe
100 °F
∆PxPupstream
qs = 40700Yd2 ½” Pipe internal diameter : 0.546 in
KTupstream Sg
Upstream pressure (psia) : 34 psia (= 19.3 + 14.7)
qs : Standard rate of flow (scfth) Pressure differential (∆P) : 19.3 psi


Sg = MWair / MWair = 1
Tupstream : Absolute upstream temperature (Kelvin) Friction factor for ½” pipe (f) ~ 0.0275
SYSTEM RESISTANCE :
19.3 psig
10 ft ½” pipe (K1) : 6.04
L
Exit (K2) : 1 K=f
FLOW FLOW
D
scfh ???
10 ft ½" schedule 80 pipe Ktotal = 7.04
100 °F
∆PxPupstream
qs = 40700Yd2 ½” Pipe internal diameter : 0.546 in
KTupstream Sg
Upstream pressure (psia) : 34 psia (= 19.3 + 14.7)
qs : Standard rate of flow (scfth) Pressure differential (∆P) : 19.3 psi


Sg = MWair / MWair = 1
Tupstream : Absolute upstream temperature (Kelvin) Friction factor for ½” pipe (f) ~ 0.0275
K = 7.04
19.3 psig
Y = 0.76
FLOW
qs 3762 scfh
FLOW
scfh ???
10 ft ½" schedule 80 pipe
100 °F
FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE METERS
LIQUID FLOW IN FULLY TURBULENT FLOW
A square edge orifice of 2” diameter is installed in a 4” schedule 40 pipe having a mercury

manometer connected between taps located 1D upstream and ½D downstream
Let’s find the theoretical calibration constant for the meter when used on 60°F water and for
the flow range where the orifice flow coefficient C is constant
ρ∆h
∆P =
144
∆P : Pressure drop (psi)
∆h : Head loss (ft)
ρ : Weight density of Hg (lb/ft3)



ρ∆hmercury
Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 ∆P =
12x144
Mercury weight density at 60°F (ρ) :
Sw : 1
SHg : 13.57 ∆h : Head loss (inches of Hg)
ρHg = ρw (SHg − Sw )


ρ∆hmercury
12x144
Mercury weight density at 60°F (ρ) :
Sw : 1
ρHg = 62.364 x (13.57 − 1)


ρ∆hmercury
12x144
Mercury weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 784 lb/ft3
Sw : 1
ρHg = 784 lb/ft3


∆hmercury
Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 ∆P = 784
12x144
∆h : Head loss (inches of Hg)



Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 ∆P = 0.454 ∆hmercury
∆h : Head loss (inches of Hg)



∆P
Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 Q = 235.6 d2orifice C
ρ
Q : Rate of flow (gpm) ∆P : Pressure drop (psi)
∆P = 0.454 ∆hmercury C : Flow coefficient (unitless) ∆h : Head loss (inches of Hg)
ρ : Weight density of water (lb/ft3)



∆hmercury
Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 Q= 158.7 d2orifice C
ρ
dorifice / dpipe = 0.497
C = 0.625 ➔ assuming a fully turbulent flow C : Flow coefficient (unitless) ∆h : Head loss (inches of Hg)



∆hmercury
2
Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 Q = 158.7 x 2 x 0.625
62.364



Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 Q = 50.3 ∆hmercury


➔ Let’s now calculate the flow rate of 60°F water when the mercury deflection is 4.4”

Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 Q = 50.3 ∆hmercury



Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 Q = 50.3 4.4



Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 Q = 106 gpm

FLOW THROUGH ORIFICE METERS
LIQUID FLOW IN LAMINAR FLOW
S.A.E 10W Oil is flowing through a 3” schedule 40 pipe and produces 0.4 psi pressure
differential between the pipe taps of a 2.15” ID square edged orifice
Let’s find the flow rate in gallons per minute (gpm). (Weight density of oil = 53.6 lb/ft3)

∆P
dorifice / dpipe = 0.497 Q = 235.6 d2orifice C
ρ
C = 0.75 ➔ assuming a laminar flow
Q : Rate of flow (gpm)
C : Flow coefficient (unitless)


∆P
dorifice / dpipe = 0.497 Q = 235.6 d2orifice C
ρ
C = 0.75 ➔ assuming a laminar flow with a
corresponding Reynolds number : 5000
Q ~70 gpm


ρQ
dorifice / dpipe = 0.497 Re = 50.66
dμ
Q ~70 gpm
d : Pipe internal diameter (in)
μ : Dynamic viscosity (cP)


dorifice / dpipe = 0.497 Re = 1562
Q ~70 gpm
d : Pipe internal diameter (in)
μ : Dynamic viscosity (cP)

CONTROL VALVES
SIZING CONTROL VALVES
FOR LIQUID SERVICE
160°F
Condensate header
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4"
50 psig
100% Cv 41 73 114 175
LEVEL CONTROL VALVE
Flow : 250 gpm
P : 9.776 psi
Inlet P : 65.86 psig HEAT EXCHANGER
Outlet P : 56.08 psig
Inlet / Outlet pipe : 4” sched. 40
Let’s find the appropriate size valve

for this piping system
225°F
CONDENSATE
FLOW
CONDENSATE TANK
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Let’s find the appropriate size valve 160°F
for this piping system Condensate header
50 psig
Valve size
100% Cv
2"
41
2 1/2"
73
3"
114
4"
175
LEVEL CONTROL VALVE
Flow : 250 gpm
Water weight density at 160°F (ρ) : 60.998 lb/ft3 P : 9.776 psi


Water vapor pressure at 160°F (Ps) : 4.75 psia
225°F
CONDENSATE
Q FLOW
Cv = CONDENSATE TANK
∆P
Fp
S CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Cv : Valve flow coefficient ∆P : Pressure differential (psi)

Q : Rate of flow (gpm) S : Specific gravity of liquids
Fp : Piping geometry factor (unitless)
50 psig
Valve size
100% Cv
2"
41
2 1/2"
73
3"
114
4"
175
LEVEL CONTROL VALVE
Flow : 250 gpm


225°F
CONDENSATE
250
Cv = FLOW
80.6 − 70.8 CONDENSATE TANK
1 60.998
62.364 CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

50 psig
Valve size
100% Cv
2"
41
2 1/2"
73
3"
114
4"
175
LEVEL CONTROL VALVE
Flow : 250 gpm
2 ½” VALVE
Inlet P : 65.86 psig HEAT EXCHANGER TOO SMALL

225°F
CONDENSATE
FLOW
Cv = 78.98 CONDENSATE TANK
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

50 psig
Valve size
100% Cv
2"
41
2 1/2"
73
3"
114
4"
175
LEVEL CONTROL VALVE
Flow : 250 gpm
3” VALVE
Inlet P : 65.86 psig HEAT EXCHANGER ✓ OK

225°F
CONDENSATE
FLOW
Cv = 78.98 CONDENSATE TANK
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

160°F
Condensate header
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4"
50 psig
100% Cv 41 73 114 175
LEVEL CONTROL VALVE
Flow : 250 gpm
P : 9.776 psi
3” VALVE
4”x3” reducers Outlet P : 56.08 psig
Cv : 78.98
225°F
CONDENSATE
FLOW
CONDENSATE TANK
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
160°F
1 Condensate header
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4"
Fp = 50 psig
100% Cv 41 73 114 175
2 LEVEL CONTROL VALVE
K Cv Flow : 250 gpm

P : 9.776 psi
3” VALVE
1+ 4”x3” reducers
890 dnom ,v 2 Outlet P : 56.08 psig
Cv : 78.98
225°F
2 2 CONDENSATE
dnom ,v FLOW
K = 1.5 1 −
dnom CONDENSATE TANK
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
dnom, v : Nominal valve size (in)

dnom : Nominal pipe size (in)
Cv : Flow coefficient of assumed valve size at 100% open
160°F
1 Condensate header
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4"
Fp = 50 psig
100% Cv 41 73 114 175
K Cv Flow : 250 gpm

P : 9.776 psi
3” VALVE
Cv : 78.98
225°F
2 2 CONDENSATE
3 FLOW
K = 1.5 1 −
4 CONDENSATE TANK
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

160°F
1 Condensate header
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4"
Fp = 50 psig
100% Cv 41 73 114 175
K Cv Flow : 250 gpm

P : 9.776 psi
3” VALVE
Cv : 78.98
225°F
CONDENSATE
FLOW
K = 0.287 CONDENSATE TANK
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

160°F
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4"
1 Condensate header
50 psig
100% Cv 41 73 114 175
Fp = LEVEL CONTROL VALVE
2 Flow : 250 gpm
0.287 114 P : 9.776 psi
3” VALVE
890 32 Outlet P : 56.08 psig
Cv : 78.98
225°F
CONDENSATE
FLOW
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

160°F
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4"
Condensate header
50 psig
100% Cv 41 73 114 175
LEVEL CONTROL VALVE
Fp = 0.975 Flow : 250 gpm
P : 9.776 psi
3” VALVE
Cv : 78.98
225°F
CONDENSATE
FLOW
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

160°F
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4"
Condensate header
50 psig
100% Cv 41 73 114 175
LEVEL CONTROL VALVE
Fp = 0.975 Flow : 250 gpm
P : 9.776 psi
3” VALVE
Cv : 78.98
225°F
CONDENSATE
FLOW
Cv = 114 x 0.975 = 111 CONDENSATE TANK
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP

CONTROL VALVES
CHOKED FLOW CONDITIONS
160°F
Condensate header
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4"
50 psig
100% Cv 41 73 114 175
LEVEL CONTROL VALVE
Flow : 250 gpm
P : 9.776 psi FL = 0.9 3” VALVE
Cv : 78.98
Let’s confirm that choked flow will not occur

at the designed flow rate of 250 gpm
225°F
CONDENSATE
WATER PROPERTIES :
FLOW
Specific gravity at 160°F : 0.978
CONDENSATE TANK
Critical pressure : 3198 psia
Vapor pressure at 160°F : 4.75 psia
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
MAXIMUM FLOW
160°F
RATE Condensate header
50 psig
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4"
100% Cv 41 73 114 175
LEVEL CONTROL VALVE
Flow : 250 gpm
at which choking occurs P : 9.776 psi
3” VALVE
✓ OK
Cv : 78.98
P1 − FF Pv FL = 0.9
Qmax = FL Cv
S 225°F
CONDENSATE
FLOW
CONDENSATE TANK
FL : Liquid pressure recovery factor (unitless)
Cv : Flow coefficient for valves or piping components
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
P1 : Absolute upstream pressure (psia)
FF : Liquid critical pressure ratio factor (unitless) WATER PROPERTIES :
Pv : Absolute fluid vapor pressure (psia)
S : Specific gravity of liquids Specific gravity at 160°F : 0.978
FLP : Combined piping geometry and liquid pressure
recovery factor (unitless) Critical pressure : 3198 psia
FP : Piping geometry factor (unitless)
MAXIMUM FLOW
160°F
50 psig
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4"
100% Cv 41 73 114 175
LEVEL CONTROL VALVE
Flow : 250 gpm
3” VALVE
✓ OK
Cv : 78.98
P1 − FF Pv FL = 0.9
Qmax = FL Cv
S 225°F
CONDENSATE
FLOW
CONDENSATE TANK
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Pv
FF = 0.96 − 0.28 WATER PROPERTIES :
Pc
MAXIMUM FLOW
160°F
50 psig
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4"
100% Cv 41 73 114 175
LEVEL CONTROL VALVE
Flow : 250 gpm
3” VALVE
✓ OK
Cv : 78.98
P1 − FF Pv FL = 0.9
Qmax = FL Cv
S 225°F
CONDENSATE
FLOW
CONDENSATE TANK
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
FF = 0.95 WATER PROPERTIES :

MAXIMUM FLOW
160°F
50 psig
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4"
100% Cv 41 73 114 175
LEVEL CONTROL VALVE
Flow : 250 gpm
3” VALVE
✓ OK
Cv : 78.98
P1 − FF Pv FL = 0.9
Qmax = FL Cv
S 225°F
CONDENSATE
FLOW
CONDENSATE TANK
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
80.6 − (0.95 x 4.75)

Qmax = 0.9 x 78.98 x WATER PROPERTIES :
0.978
MAXIMUM FLOW
160°F
50 psig
Valve size 2" 2 1/2" 3" 4"
100% Cv 41 73 114 175
LEVEL CONTROL VALVE
Flow : 250 gpm
3” VALVE
✓ OK
Cv : 78.98
P1 − FF Pv FL = 0.9
Qmax = FL Cv
S 225°F
CONDENSATE
FLOW
CONDENSATE TANK
Q
>
CENTRIFUGAL PUMP
Qmax = 626 gpm WATER PROPERTIES :
250 gpm Specific gravity at 160°F : 0.978

FLOW METERS
ORIFICE FLOW RATE CALCULATION
ρ : 62.364 lb/ft3
∆P = 2.5 psi
μ : 1.1 cP
3” sched. 80
FLOW FLOW
60°F
2”
Let’s calculate the flow rate in gallons per minute (gpm)

ρ : 62.364 lb/ft3
∆P = 2.5 psi
μ : 1.1 cP
3” sched. 80
∆P
Q = 235.6 d2orifice C FLOW FLOW
ρ 60°F
2”
Q : Rate of flow at flowing conditions (gpm)
dorifice : Orifice internal diameter (in)
∆P : Differential pressure (psi)

ρ : 62.364 lb/ft3
∆P = 2.5 psi
μ : 1.1 cP
3” sched. 80
∆P
ρ 60°F
2”

3” schedule 80 pipe internal diameter : 2.9 in
Flow coefficient (C) “iteration #1” : 0.7
ρ : 62.364 lb/ft3
∆P = 2.5 psi
μ : 1.1 cP
3” sched. 80
2.5
Q = 235.6 x 22 x 0.7 x FLOW FLOW
62.364 60°F
2”

3” schedule 80 pipe internal diameter : 2.9 in
Flow coefficient (C) “iteration #1” : 0.7
ρ : 62.364 lb/ft3
∆P = 2.5 psi
μ : 1.1 cP
3” sched. 80
Q = 132 gpm FLOW FLOW

60°F
2”
Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3 Water weight density at 60°F (ρ) : 62.364 lb/ft3
3” schedule 80 pipe internal diameter : 2.9 in 3” schedule 80 pipe internal diameter : 2.9 in
Flow coefficient (C) “iteration #1” : 0.7 Flow coefficient (C) “iteration #2” : 0.695
Reynolds number (Re) : 131000 Reynolds number (Re) : 131000
ρ : 62.364 lb/ft3
∆P = 2.5 psi
μ : 1.1 cP
3” sched. 80
∆P
ρ 60°F
2”
ρ : 62.364 lb/ft3
∆P = 2.5 psi
μ : 1.1 cP
3” sched. 80
2.5
Q = 235.6 x 22 x 𝟎. 𝟔𝟗𝟓 x FLOW FLOW
62.364 60°F
2”
ρ : 62.364 lb/ft3
∆P = 2.5 psi
μ : 1.1 cP
3” sched. 80
Q = 131 gpm FLOW FLOW

60°F
2”
FLOW METERS
NOZZLE SIZING CALCULATION
LONG RADIUS NOZZLE

Iteration #1 :
∆P = 1.73 psi Assume β = 0.5

d1 = 3.033 in
FLOW ? FLOW
Q
225 gpm
60 °F 369 gpm
6” sched. 40
ρ : 62.364 lb/ft3 d2 : 6.065 in
μ : 1.1 cP
LONG RADIUS NOZZLE

Iteration #2 :
∆P = 1.73 psi Assume β = 0.4

d1 = 2.426 in
FLOW ? FLOW
Q
225 gpm
60 °F 232 gpm
6” sched. 40
ρ : 62.364 lb/ft3 d2 : 6.065 in
μ : 1.1 cP
LONG RADIUS NOZZLE

Iteration #3 :
∆P = 1.73 psi Assume β = 0.394

d1 = 2.39 in
FLOW ? FLOW
Q
225 gpm
60 °F 225 gpm
6” sched. 40
ρ : 62.364 lb/ft3 d2 : 6.065 in
μ : 1.1 cP
TEES AND WYES
HYDRAULIC RESISTANCE
OF A CONVERGING TEE
300 gpm Krun 400 gpm
60 °F 60 °F
FLOW 1 FLOW 1 + 2
4” sched. 40
STRAIGHT COMBINED
Kbranch
100 gpm BRANCH
60 °F FLOW 2
Let’s find the resistance coefficients Krun and Kbranch along with the head loss across each flow
path
Kbranch -0.042
Krun 0.32 300 gpm
Krun 400 gpm
60 °F 60 °F
FLOW 1 FLOW 1 + 2
4” sched. 40
v2 STRAIGHT COMBINED
hL,bra nch = K branch
2g Kbranch
v2 100 gpm BRANCH
hL,run = K run
2g 60 °F FLOW 2
path
Kbranch -0.042
Krun 0.32 300 gpm
Krun 400 gpm
60 °F 60 °F
FLOW 1 FLOW 1 + 2
4” sched. 40
10.082 STRAIGHT COMBINED
hL,bra nch = −0.042
2 x 32.2 Kbranch
10.082 100 gpm BRANCH
hL,run = 0.32
2 x 32.2 60 °F FLOW 2
path
Kbranch -0.042
Krun 0.32 300 gpm
Krun 400 gpm
60 °F 60 °F
FLOW 1 FLOW 1 + 2
4” sched. 40
STRAIGHT COMBINED
hL,bra nch = −0.066 ft
Kbranch
hL,run = 0.513 ft 100 gpm BRANCH
60 °F FLOW 2
path

Flow of Fluids Solved Problems

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Flow of Fluids Solved Problems

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1 INLET

FLOW PROBLEM SECTION

D : Pipe internal diameter (ft)

v : Mean velocity of flow (ft/s)

ρ : Weight density of fluid (lb/ft3)

μ : Absolute viscosity (lb/ft.s)

Pipe internal diameter (d) : 2.067 in D : Pipe internal diameter (ft)

Rate of flow (Q) : 50 gpm Q : Rate of flow (gpm)

ρ : Weight density of fluid (lb/ft3)

Pipe internal diameter (d) : 6.065 in

Resistance coefficient (K) : 3.35

Pipe internal diameter (d) : 6.065 in

Resistance coefficient (K) : 3.35

L/D : 223 Pipe length (L) : 113 ft

Pipe internal diameter (d) : 3.826 in

Resistance coefficient (K) : 2.4

Pipe internal diameter (d1) : 4 in

Pipe internal diameter (d2) : 5.761 in

Resistance coefficient (K) : 1.06

Minimum velocity (vmin) = 40 x (3.068/3.068)2 x (0.01605)0.5

Minimum velocity (vmin) = 5.1 ft/s

Minimum velocity (vmin) = 5.1 ft/s

Actual velocity (v2 ½”) : 5.36 ft/s 2 ½” valve OK

Minimum velocity (vmin) = 5.1 ft/s

Resistance coefficient (K) : 26.2

Minimum velocity (vmin) = 5.1 ft/s

Resistance coefficient (K) : 26.2 Pressure drop (∆P) : 2.1 psi

Water at 60°F discharges from a tank with a 22 ft head to atmospheric through :

Valve angle (θ) : 25° g : Gravitational acceleration = 32.174 ft/s2

Average head (hL) : 22 ft

Valve angle (θ) : 25°

• 200 ft, 8” schedule 40 pipe

Valve internal diameter (d1) : 2.375 in

• 200 ft, 8” schedule 40 pipe

• 200 ft, 8” schedule 40 pipe

• 200 ft, 8” schedule 40 pipe

Nature of flow in pipe :

• 200 ft, 8” schedule 40 pipe

Nature of flow in pipe :

• 200 ft, 8” schedule 40 pipe

Nature of flow in pipe :

• 200 ft, 8” schedule 40 pipe

Nature of flow in pipe :

• 200 ft, 8” schedule 40 pipe

Nature of flow in pipe :

Rate of flow : 600 bbl/h = 420 gpm

Oil dynamic viscosity at 100°F (μoil) : 130 cP

2. Loss due to elevation change

Oil dynamic viscosity at 100°F (μoil) : 130 cP

2. Loss due to elevation change

Oil dynamic viscosity at 100°F (μoil) : 130 cP

Pipe friction factor (f) : 0.038 P2

Pipe resistance coefficient (K1) :

Oil dynamic viscosity at 100°F (μoil) : 130 cP

Pipe friction factor (f) : 0.038 P2

Pipe resistance coefficient (K1) : 27.10

A. Valve resistance coefficient (K3) : 2.25 100 °F

Oil dynamic viscosity at 100°F (μoil) : 130 cP

Pipe friction factor (f) : 0.038 P2