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THE EFFECTS IN HACKING OF SOCIAL MEDIA AMONG COLLEGE

STUDENTS IN MALAYSIA

RANJINI SHANMUGAM

A project reported submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements

for the award of degree Master of Science (Information Assurance)

Advanced Informatics School

Universiti Teknologi Malaysia

DECEMBER 2014
 v

DEDICATION

To my late father Mr.A.Shanmugam

 vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would thank all those who have helped me in finishing this research. I
would like to thank my supervisor Pn. HafizaAbas. She has assisted me with her
guidance. Next, I would like to acknowledge Dr.Shahidan who has assisted me
during the completion part of the report.

I also like to thank all my family members mainly my sister Ms. S.Sumathi
for their support. Thank you all.
 vii

ABSTRACT

The research aims to explore the influences or effects of hacking social

media among private college students. The Social Learning and Low Self Control
theories and nationality factor were used as a foundation to create the research model
which use a survey design and interviews. Around 20 questionnaires were distributed
to students at a private college in Malaysia. Five interviews were conducted where
the first was a semi-structured and followed by another four unstructured interviews.
Results show most of the hacker students are foreigners. The results also show how
most of the students gain influences. Monetary rewards were not significant as
opposing to past findings which is used in the Social Learning and Low Self Control
theories. This research shows the existence of all the Social learning theory notions
unlike the past research which found the absence of the Social Learning theory’s
notions Imitation and Differential Reinforcement. Thus, this research explain the
effects of hacking social media among college students thus creating awareness for
the public.
 viii

ABSTRAK

Penyelidikan ini bertujuan mengkaji siasat akan kesan pencerobohan media

sosial di kalangan pelajar kolej swasta. Teori Pembelajaran Sosial dan Teori
Kawalan Diri yang rendah serta faktor kenegaraan telah pun digunakan sebagai
asas untuk membina model penyelidikan yang menggunakan kaedah-kaedah
meninjauan dan menemu ramah. Sebanyak 20 borang soal selidik telah diedarkan
kepada pelajar-pelajar sebuah kolej swasta di Malaysia. Lima temu ramah telah pun
diadakan di mana, temu ramah yang pertama adalah berjenis separa-berstruktur
manakala yang empat yang lain adalah berjenis bukan berstruktur. Hasil kajian
menunjukkan bagaimana pelajar-pelajar terpengaruh. Penyelidikan ini menunjukkan
faktor kewangan bukannya menggalakkan para pelajar di mana ini adalah
bercanggah dengan hasil kajian yang lama. Penemuan dalam kajian ini
menunjukkan kehadiran semua aspek Teori Pembelajaran Sosial bagi dalam
menentukan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhnya. Ini adalah berlainan dengan hasil
kajian lama yang tidak menunjukkan kehadiran dua aspek Teori Pembelajaran
Sosial, iaitu Peniruaan dan Pemberangsangan. Kajian ini telah pun menunjukkan
kesan-kesan pencerobohan media social di kalangan penuntut kolej dan
meyedarkan masyarakat supaya berwas-was.
 ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER TITLE PAGE

DECLARATION ii
DEDICATION v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi
ABSTRACT vii
ABSTRAK viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS x
LIST OF FIGURES xiii
LIST OF TABLES xiv
LIST OF APPENDICES xv

1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background of the Problem 1
1.2 Problem Statement 7
1.3 Research Questions 8
1.4 Objectives of the Research 9
1.5 Research Scope 9
1.6 Research Significance 10
1.7 Purpose of Research 10

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 11
2.1 Introduction 11
 x

2.1.1 Definition 15
2.2 The Usage Social Media in Malaysia 16
2.3 Social Media and Ethical Issues 17
2.4 Use of social media by college students 20
2.5 Motives for Hacking 24
2.6 Hacking for a Cause 25
2.7 Law enforcement agencies smaller role 30
2.8 The structure of hackers and their groups 32
2.9 Social learning theory 33
2.9.1 Differential Association 35
2.9.2 Differential Reinforcement 36
2.9.3 Definitions 36
2.9.4 Imitation 37
2.10 Low Self-Control Theory 38
2.10.1 Impulsivity 41
2.10.2 Risk Taking 41

3 RESEACRH METHODOLOGY 42
3.1 Introduction 43
3.2 Basis for the Use of a Qualitative 43
Methodology
3.2.1 Features of Qualitative Research 43
3.3 Research Operational Framework 45
3.4 The Current Research 47
3.4.1 Methods 47
3.4.2 Initial Design Considerations to 48
format a survey
3.5 Survey 48
3.5.1 Measures 49
3.5.1.1 Risk Taking 49
3.5.1.2 Impulsivity 49
 xi

3.5.1.3 Attitudes toward hacking social 49

media
3.5.1.4 Social media use 50
3.5.1.5 Association with hacking peers 50
3.5.1.6 Moral beliefs toward hacking 50
3.5.1.7 Demographic measures 50
3.5.2 Survey Items 51

4 ANALYSIS OUTCOME 53
4.1 Qualitative Analysis 52
4.2 Survey as research tool to assist 54
findings
4.3 Survey report 56
4.3 Interviews 57
4.3.1 Semi structured Interview 58
4.3.1.1 Semi structured Interview 1 58
4.3.2 Unstructured Interview 59
4.3.2.1 Unstructured Interview 1 61
4.3.2.2 Unstructured Interview 2 62
4.3.2.3 Unstructured Interview 3 62
4.3.2.4 Unstructured Interview 4 63
4.4 Interviews disclose all notions of Social 63
Learning Theory

5 CONCLUSION 65
5.1 Concluding Remarks 65
5.2 Contribution 67
5.3 Limitation and suggestions for future 70
research

REFERENCES 72-80
 xii

Appendices A-D 81-89

 xiii

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

3.1 Research Typologies 44

3.2 Research Operational Framework 46
4.1 Profiles of respondents 54
4.2 Interviewees relation to the notions of Social Learning theory 64
5.1 Findings 69
 xiv

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Research Questions 8

3.1 The use of qualitative approach 45
4.1 Survey Report table 55
 xv

LIST OF APPENDICES

APPENDIX TITLE PAGE

A Gantt Chart 81
B Research questions from other related journals 82
C Survey Form 85
D Interview (CD) 89
 CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Study

Internet’s advancement whether the physical build or application is

considered rapid as many innovations tend to come up meeting the world
population’s interest or needs. Almost in many fields of works ,Internet has been
utilized to cover their business’ functions. Internet have completely changed our
way of interaction with our friends or family members. Changes at work are really
prominent because of the online communication. Now everybody are turning to
information technology for solutions as their business routines has been incorporated
using latest technical expertise with heavy Internet usage. The usage of information
communication technology is so prevalent that users worldwide spreading around
it’s advantages that even it can transform one’s own live. The abilities of online
sharing has promoted the Internet much more as it enhance communication’s
efficiency. The electronic mails have gained popularity replacing traditional post
communication. Online interactions such as social media are rapidly increasing
compared to other communication services because Internet gives variety of
necessary routine function for everyone worldwide.
 2

Having intruding other people or organization’s account in Internet is

something worrying many people around the world. This is done by criminals who
tend to manipulates the users confidential data for their very own personal benefits.
Since online communication methods are provided at no cost, many criminals are
also seeking their ways of robbery in the Internet. Many people with poor wages too
can easily afford to use the Internet as it’s provided at cheaper rates. Thus, monetary
difficulties are no longer an issue for many from stop using the Internet.

Online correspondence is a leading form communication where it’s also

much important in schools and colleges as the Internet’s contribution in knowledge
distribution is remarkably excellent. Teachers and learners see online links to
knowledge as more effective done by manual search. The thriving quest for
knowledge makes the Internet a very popular choice for the students at large. Many
students tend to make it a main interaction medium too, where they use it to
communicate with one and another as for economical reasons and efficiency. Many
students have opted social media for online communication as the social media
includes wide range of features which attracts them. The intense use of social media
has risen up sharing and interaction activities done online. Many users get connected
to each other and this promotes sharing of information sought online (Cheung et al.,
2011).

Youngsters are actively using social media for various reasons as it bring
adventures and fun to them. They have been using social media for more than a
decade ever since it was launched. It has become their favorite interaction mode as it
helps them to keep in touch with their associates and relatives (Sponcil et al.,
2013).Online interaction still keep it’s level at top as a main communication mode
when it comes to business , educational, professional or even administration
organizations. Therefore, the employers of such organization seek contenders with
immense online interaction skills such as much social media exposure. Bloggers get
them exposed to public by writing blogs in the Internet and this in a way promote
 3

themselves as good communicators to meet their upcoming job prospects. Facebook

positions the users in the virtual world where they can show off the world Internet
users how they appear in form with including their comments and status updates.
This kind of details provide facts regarding other people’s lives and activities. Many
people send invitations and wishes for events such as birthday via social media. It
has replaced the sending of cards through the postal service for years. The
widespread of social media usage has developed possibilities of it being exploited
by the youngsters (Valenzuela. S, 2008).There are many online forums, chats or
meetings that provide advice or guidelines to conduct unlawful activities such as
hacking.

Online users across the world comprise of a huge population. The price of
technical gadgets such smartphones, tablets or laptops are getting cheaper alongside
the computers. The Internet transmission rate are also coming up to much better
speed with the value many can afford. Many public places such cafes provide free
wireless access to their customers. Globally, the population of Internet users are
growing in size. Thus, cyber criminal activities are also seen escalating despite
innovations in cyber security. There are many criminals activities operated using
the Internet as the base and it’s indeed tough in finding out about those who are
being involve in such activities with their numbers. It is possible for a very small
group of criminals to launch attacks on millions of computers located within any
distance in the world. This shows the ratio between the offenders and victims could
be vastly different. The rapidly growing online users also create troubles for the
lawfully authorized organization to take action as it’s obviously intricate to track
down the criminals online.

Crimes which are committed via online are considered hazardous and pose
greater impact on nations overall. The hackers too accumulate in many parts of the
world, where offences are committed everyday. Many online users tend to get
cheated via the Internet and they lose huge sum of money to the criminals. A decade
 4

ago, losses were predicted more than thirty billion. Money generated via the Internet
raked into billions, thus outshining other unlawful trades such cocaine distribution or
smuggling. More than half of the trades operating in US implicate online crimes are
much more expensive than other real live robberies. The Internet users such as
hackers are wrongly using it for criminal purpose and this causes worries for many,
thus debating it in many platforms. There are resolutions instigated towards this
matter done globally. The cybercriminal activities are often executed with a variety
of ways in using the technical expertise (Gercke,2012).

Everyone has heard of hacking since decades of years ago. The history of
hacking returns to the 60’s era where firstly it was used where “hacking” means
breaking into systems illegally. Technical expertise was misused to obtain details
which are not to be received and this issue became a major menace for the
information technology world (Kirwan et al., 2012). Criminals do have also seized
online users’ interaction to derive important messages (Gercke,2012).

Criminals constantly hunt feeble characteristics in information technology

field. Online users who use Internet without line connections are tremendously rising
where this cause public centers to provide such online usage without any charges.
But this has shown the delicate part of the technology where it can easily penetrated
by unwanted intrusions, especially when users lack concern regarding existing safety
methods (Gercke,2012).

Reliability of information with their services are equally important as the

users’ work functions. Untimely loss of Internet connection can bring major
problems and monetary loss to organizations. This is because criminals can infringe
online connections thus manipulate important information seized online. Those
criminals even go to extent of disseminating hazardous small applications online to
destroy computers thus running down the whole network system. There many
reasons for the wide spread of such activities. The existing protection tools in the
 5

market are not sufficient to address this problem . Now everybody are entitled to
have them own websites and publish whatever they want others to read online. Even
contents books that banned by some countries are being uploaded in the Internet for
public to read. Photos are even displayed in the Internet for general view may cause
problems as many youngsters or even kids are using the Internet. Fastness of the
Internet is also taken into account as it dampen down the authorities’ effort in
curbing online criminal activities. This is because criminals promptly commit
offences online and it’s difficult for the police to track them online (Gercke,2012).

There many criminal activities done using the Internet which are still remain
unknown to the public. Lack of evidences are found for such crimes, compared to
robberies involving physical weapons like revolvers. Victims, especially commercial
organizations hardly report any damages done to them via Internet as they fear it
may bring bad images to them. Many even fail to make statements to the police as of
being victimized through the Internet by the criminals. This is because they think
it’s useless as no cases were successfully solved that came into the public limelight.
Furthermore they need to allocate their time the most for reporting such events. But
there are also some online frauds are being reported when such crimes are being
linked to high profile people or public at large (Gercke,2012).

Existing safety methods don’t really pave problems faced by billions Internet
users. The leading authorities in the cyber security must really take stern actions for
the peril that worries everyone. What matter the most is that online criminals should
be brought down to justice. Many realized that the critical issues that the Internet
users are facing are often condoned by law-enforcement agencies. Although it’s
difficult handling such kind of task, it would be rather better having things resolved
earlier than when it is too late. Cyber criminals are more dynamic where they aptly
produced highly advanced tools which they circulate within them. Security
programs also equally becoming better technically. Many nations find it tough to
employ such technical security measures as of financial constrains and other
 6

limitations. Those countries also suffer in this matter as they have poor legal control
over it. Security features should had been integrated into Internet much earlier in
order to cut down the online criminal activities. As financial barriers can never be
used to impede the necessary procedures needed to overcome the problem. The
losses estimated after the online attacks as far much higher compared to the price of
available security tools. But having unnecessary or feeble security tools neither help
much in fighting cyber crime. Safety of online users is crucial to ensure secured
online interactions that contribute much to the growth of global industries
(Gercke,2012).

The research done here concentrates mainly on the effects of hacking in

social media within Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan University College students.
Malaysian Police Force raided a bunch of college students in a housing area found at
a close vicinity of Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan University College for engaging in
online frauds. (Bernama,2014). All wrong doings linked to Internet are deemed to be
illegal as well as any other crimes. A massive number of online users could be
contacted at a split of seconds, thus it make the extent illegal activities done online
much wider.

Presently, information technology is being utilized in various forms for illegal

activities where stipulations are made that only serious cases are illegal. As for
certain cases it mentioned that even for very first step done in the act gaining illegal
entry into another account is being wrongful. There are certain cases when only
hackers has made major changes such deletion or alteration are being accused illegal.
The probe of hacking social media is categorized beneath PDRM’s authority where
it can lead to prosecution in regards to Computer Crimes Act 1997. Victims can
easily make statements to the police.
 7

1.2 Problem Statement

Social media is being abused for many reasons. Malaysia is also has been
facing much problems such as its hacking that result worries and other serious issues
(Gercke,2012). Unlawful intrusion is done to benefit hackers at large. Mastery of
technical knowledge in hacking also lends much to the spread of hacking. The
increase in online criminal activities especially social media’s hacking doubt the
appropriateness of existing Malaysian Internet ‘s rules and regulation. The hacking
in social media has damaged one’s public life with bad postings or vulgar word or
images . It’s one way of getting into other people’s life to see their links and seek
information. Its also a way of intimidating users and rob their privacy. Hacking of
social media is seen as rising rapidly despite the usage of online security tools. The
social media users tend to be anxious, worrying the kind of problems it can lead.
Many users even lost their savings when their social media account got manipulates
by hackers from different locations worldwide. Past researches has shown college
students as active users the social media because they constantly engage themselves
using different kind of gadgets. Their addiction towards social media has also
tempted them for other acts which includes hacking. This has also have resulted
poor grades for their education achievement. With a strategic location, Malaysia is
becoming an educational site for many students worldwide where it’s leading
universities or colleges provide variety of courses (Malaysian Statistics Department,
2014). The international students who gained entrance to this country are not only
limited to their role as students but also playing other significant parts in some
destructive acts such as hacking. This is because of their much wider exposure of
connection associates or links in the world.
 8

1.3 Research Questions

The study on research works done earlier reveal that the demographic measure was
used as a variable to research upon influence regarding hacking of the social media.
(APPENDIX B). The research questions are seen in the Table 1.1.

Table1.1: Research Questions

Research Questions Type of Source

research

i. What are the aspects in hacking social Qualitative Literature review

media among college students? Interviews

ii. What are the ways the students acquire Qualitative Questionnaire
the influences? Literature review
Interviews

iii. Why most of the hacker students are Qualitative Literature review
foreigners? Interviews
Questionnaire

1.4 Objectives of the Research

i. To figure out the aspects of hacking social media among college students
 9

ii. To recognize the causes of for the effects

iii. To know the reasons if most of the hackers are foreigners

1.5 Research Scope

The research was done in one of Malaysia’s private university college,

Kuala Lumpur Metropolitan University College (KLMUC), that’s situated in Menara
Tun Ismail Mohamed Ali, No.25 Jalan Raja Laut, 50350 Kuala Lumpur. The total of
respondents for the survey are twenty . It includes the diploma and degree students,
local and foreign students of different age groups. Five students have been
interviewed. The first interview which the semi-structured interview is recorded
using a Sony sound recorder. The rest of the four interviews are the unstructured
interviews. It was difficult to many hacker students for interviews because many
feared by tracked by others. As for this matter the interviews were done in a highly
confidential way. Personal details of the hacker students were not revealed in order
to maintain secrecy. Facebook and emails were used as the components of social
media in this research.

1.6 Research Significance

Much exploration is done here in regards to investigate the effects of hacking

social among college students. It is expected the people of Malaysia learn whatever
being spread through social media cannot be exactly genuine. Thus, it would
ridiculous to accept those messages or images circulated via social media are the
actual messages or images from the correct source. The awareness about social
media’s safety concern all types of people from the old to the young ones, the
professionals to the workers, the rich and the poor ones. The plight of those who
became victims because of hacking seem to gain coverage from newspapers but with
 10

no proper follow-ups from law enforcement agencies. Many people have

experienced wonderful events such as marriages as because of social media usage
but many have also experience bad events such as meetings which lead to cheat or
even death. Many negative aspects of the social media surface as the result of illegal
acts like hacking.

1.7 Purpose of the Research

The way of gaining knowledge is made easy via social media (Cheung et al.,
2011). The main aim here is that to analyze the reasons that add up to the factors in
hacking in regards to college students. Thus, this promotes consciousness about the
bad sides of social media which are less known among many people. The hacking in
social media tend to create more problems for society as it may used to fake
documents or images. SKMM (Suruhanjaya Komunikasi Multimedia Malaysia), a
law enforcement agency in Malaysia was started to address the problem where it
also assure the users regarding the safety of social media. Globally, cyber safety
professionals are facing challenges in guiding companies which are seeking security
solutions for their woes (B.Still, 2005).
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