Unit Ii
Unit Ii
Unit Ii
of UNIT –I:
Syllabus UNIT-II
ELECTRIC DRIVES:
Type of electric drives, choice of motor, starting and running characteristics, speed control, temperature rise,
particular applications of electric drives, types of industrial loads, continuous, intermittent and variable loads, load
equalization.
DRIVE: A drive is one, which provides mechanical energy to the machine. There are different types drives
namely
ELECTRIC DRIVE: An electric drive is defined as a form of machine equipment designed to convert
electric energy into mechanical energy and provide electrical control of this process.
ADVANTAGES:
1. The electric system is clean because there is no fuel is required for electric drive and it is free from air
pollution.
2. The cost of the electric drive is very less compared to the other drives.
3. In electric drives remote control operation is possible where as in other drives it is not possible.
6. The maintenance required for the electric drives is less and of low cost.
8. The installation and maintenance charges are also less for electric drives.
10. The efficiency of electric drives is also high when compared to other drives.
DISADVANTAGES:
1. In the case of the failure of the supply, the electric drive comes to rest position which may paralyze the
whole system.
2. The application of the electric drive system is limited to electric field area only. i.e electric drive are not
used where the supply is not available.
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LECTURE NOTES Utilization Of Electrical Engineering(UEE)
3. In the case of the faults like short circuits, break down of overhead conductors the electric drive system
may get damaged and lead to several problems.
The basic elements of the electric drive are electric motor, the transmission and the electrical control system.
Electric drive is becoming more and more popular for its simplicity, easy and smooth control, reliability and long
life. Here the electric motor is very important one in the drive equipment. Now adays there are different types of
motors are available with different features. So we have to select the motor as per our requirements. Some factors
are to be considers while selecting the motor in the drives. Those factors are as fallows.
2. Type of drive.
3. Nature of load.
4. Electrical characteristics.
5. Mechanical considerations.
7. Appearance.
8. Cost.
(a) Capital or initial cost.
(b) Running cost.
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The electric supply available may be 3-phase a.c. or single phase a.c. or d.c.
In case of three phase a.c. supply is available, polyphase induction motors, squirrel cage type for small ratings and
slip ring type for higher ratings may be used. In case where speed variation is required these can not be used, so
pole changing motors or motors with stepped pulleys may be used. where accurate control of speed is required,
scharge motors may be used. Use of single phase motors is limited to small loads only because of their limited
outputs.
D.C. motors are not used so widely as a.c. motors. There are several reasons for this, some of those reasons are
given below.
1. Additional equipment is required for converting existing a.c. supply into d.c. supply.
2. D.C. motors have commutators that are subject to trouble and resulting in sparking, brush wear, arc over and
the presence of moisture and destructive fumes in the surrounding air.
3. D.C. motors are generally more expensive than a.c. machines for similar working conditions.
In some cases, such as in electric excavators, steel mills and cranes the speed control is important so dc supply is
used by converting a.c. supply in to d.c. supply.
The various types of electric drives used in industry may be divided into three types. They are
1. Group drive
2. Individual drive
3. Multi-motor drive
1. Group Drive: The group drive is a drive in which a single electric motor drives the group of working
machines. It comprises of a single lengthy shaft, to the shaft the different working machines are attached by
means of pulleys and conveyor belts. Sometimes group drive is also known as LINE SHAFT DRIVE.
Group drive is often used in industries where successive operations are required like car manufacturing
industries e.t.c.
MAIN
MAIN
MACHINE
MACHINE
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Advantages:
1. In group drive we require one machine with high capacity for to control the group of machines. i.e. here
the cost of the one machine with high capacity is less than the number of machines. i.e. cost of a single
10HP motor is very less compared to 10 number of 1HP motors.
Disadvantages:
1. In group drive speed control of individual machine is difficult using stepped pulleys, belts e.t.c.
2. Owing to the use of line shafting pulleys and belts group drive does not give good appearance and is
also less safe to operate.
3. The possibility of installation of additional machines to the existing system in group drive is limited.
4. If at a certain instance all the machines are not in operation , then the motor will at low capacity and
therefore operation efficiency will be low.
5. If a fault occurs in the main machine then all the operations will be effected.
3.Individual drive: In individual drive a single electric motor is used to drive one individual machine. i.e In
individual drive each working machine has the individual main machine.
Example: single-spindle drilling machines and various types of electrical hand tools and simple types of metal
working tools.
Advantages:
2. If a fault is occurred in one main machine then the whole operations are not effected because it has
individual main machines.
4. Full control and desired operation of each machine is obtained because of different machines are driven with
their respective individual drive.
Disadvantages:
1. Cost is high because in this type of drive the number of machines required is high.
2. More space is required because of each working machine has its individual main machine.
3.Multimotor drive: It consists of several individual drives each of which serves to operate one of many working
members.
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(OR)
Multi-motor drives means the number of operations are required to perform a task.
The loads may be divided according to the speed-torque characterstics in to the fallowing categories.
(i) Loads required constant torque at all speeds, as shown by the horizontal line 1 in the fallowing figure. Such
loads are cranes during hoisting, hoist winches, machine tool feed mechanisms, in piston pump operating
against the pressure head.
(ii) Loads requiring torque which may increase in direct proportion to the speed as shown by straight line 2 in
figure.
Load
torque 1
2
Speed
(iii) Loads requiring, which may increase with the square of speed. As shown by the curve3 in the above
figure. Such loads are blowers, fans, centrifugal pumps, ship propellers e.t.c.
(iv) Loads requiring torque which may decrease with the increase in the speed as shown by the curve 4 in the
above figure. Boring machines, milling machines and other types of metal cutting machines are examples of such
loads.
4.Electrical characterstics:
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Eb = V- IaRa 1
∅𝑵𝑷
Eb =
𝟔 𝑨 2
From equation 1 and 2
Eb α ∅𝑵
N α
∅
𝐕−
i.e N α
∅
Speed-current characterstics:
In shunt motor, ∅ is maintained to be constant since DC shunt motor is a constant speed motor. If V is also
maintained to be constant then the speed the speed- current characteristics is obtained as shown in the fallowing
figure.
The dc shunt motor must be started under light load condition or no-load condition. Because if we started at
full load condition the current will be maximum and then it may damage the motor windings and also it has low
starting torque.
Applications:
speed
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current (Ia)
N α
∅
𝐕−
i.e N α
∅
at constant voltage N α
∅
i.e N α (since ∅ α 𝑰
Armature current(Ia)
A dc series motor should always be started at full load. Because if it is started at no load ( less Ia)
the speed is high and the motor may break.
Applications:
Electric traction
N α N α
∅ ∅
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differential
Speed(N)
cumilative
Armature current(Ia)
The cumulative compound motors are used in the driving machines. Which are subjected to the sudden
application of heavy loads. These motors are used where a large starting torque is required.
In differential compound motor the speed remains constant and sometimes increase with increase in the load.
This motor may rotate in opposite direction at high loads that is why this motor is seldom used practically.
Torque-Current Characteristics:
T α ∅𝑰
T α 𝑰
T = 𝑰
In dc shunt motor it is deserved that the torque varies directly as the load current is varying. Hence the
characteristics fallows the linear law.
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Torque
Armature current(Ia)
T α ∅𝑰
∅ α 𝑰
Hence T α Ia2
As we know a dc series motor has high starting torque. So, therefore initially at starting ∅ α
𝑰 and T α Ia .2
After sometime interval the core gets saturated and at that instant T α Ia
Torque(T) T α Ia
Saturation point
T α Ia2
Armature current(Ia)
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In cumulative compound motor flux is more, hence torque developed is more. Where as in
differential compound motor flux is less and hence torque developed is less.
differential
Armature current(Ia)
Applications:
Cumulative compound motors are used in driving machines. Which are subjected to sudden application of
heavy loads such as in rolling mills. This type of motor is also used, when high starting torque is required such as
in cranes.
Speed-Torque characteristics:
In dc motors
T α ∅𝑰
N α
∅
𝐕−
i.e Nα
∅
In a dc shunt motor when the supply voltage is constant the field flux and armature flux is also constant and
speed of the motor mainly depends upon the armature current. The speed decrease with the increase in armature
current.
Hence T-N characteristics of a dc shunt motor will be straight line as shown in the fallowing figure.
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Speed(N)
As the current increases the torque also increases, where as the speed falls. Hence it is observed from the
characteristics during starting the torque is less and the speed is dangerously high. The motor must always be
started on full load.
Speed(N)
Torque(T)
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Speed(S)
differential
cummulative
Torque(T)
Synchronous motor:
It is the motor which always runs at constant speed known as synchronous speed.
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Applications:
Ia
UPF If
The constructional features of the single-phase induction motor are similar to that of three-phase
induction motor with the exemption that starting is not provided. The speed-torque characteristics are similar to
that of three-phase induction motor. As this motors are not self starting separate methods are adopted to make a
single phase induction motor self starting. The fallowing are the methods to make it self start
The single-phase induction motors are quietly costly and are comparatively bulkey in size, with the help of
separate starting devices we can only obtain small amounts of starting torque. Hence single phase induction
motor is employed in some of the domestic applications like refrigerators, vaccum cleaners e.t.c.
The three phase induction motors are broadly classified in to fallowing types.
all the above three types of the motorsthe basic equation for the torque is
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LECTURE NOTES Utilization Of Electrical Engineering(UEE)
K = constant; V = voltage
From the above equations it is clear that starting torque is directly proportional to
resistance.
In case of squarrel cage induction motor the rotor conductors are short circuited at both ends. Hence there is
no chance for including any external resistance. Hence compared to slip ring induction motor this motor has low
starting torque, of course the running characteristics of both the motors are same.
For these motors it is possible to include external resistance and hence we can achieve high starting torque.
The rotor of this motor consists of two layers of conductors. i.e. outer cage and inner cage. The inner cage has
high inductance and low resistance winding where as outer cage has high resistance and low inductance winding.
At the time of starting the inner cage offers high inductance to the high frequency currents hence this currents are
divided to the outer cage due to which high starting torque is achieved. As soon motors picks up rated speed the
frequency of flowing in outer cage if flows in inner cage this reducing the losses.
The power factor of these motors is very less when they are operated at no load or high load. But the power
factor improves as the motors tend to near full load. The speed-torque characteristics of all these motors are
similar to those of shunt motors.
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To drive pumpsets, machine tools and other operations where constant speed is desired.
Torque Torque
Speed Slip
It is an improved induction motor which always works at unity power factor over wide range of loads. The
primary winding is placed on the rotor and secondary winding on the ststor. The rotor has an additional winding
known as commutator winding whose e,m.f’s are collected by the brushes from the commutator and injected into
the secondary winding in such a way to improve the power factor.
Repulsion motor:
The construction of this motor is similar to that of series motor except that its armature is short
circuited on it self instead of being connected in series with stator, its speed can be adjusted.
Schrage motors:
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It is also called brush shifting motor in which power factor correction and speed control are possible.
It is an inversed wound rotor induction motor in which stator windings is connected in wye and the primary
winding is supplied from three phase supply through slip rings. The torque speed characteristics of this motor are
similar to those of a shunt motor.
Applications:
Universal motor:
The motor operates at approximate by the same speed on eighter d.c. or a.c. supply.
It is a series wound motor. The characteristics of this motor are similar to that of dc series motors. These motors
are built up in fractional H.P. to one fourth H.P.
Applications:
Sewing machines, table fans, vaccum cleaners, portable drill machine e.t.c.
STARTING CHARACTERISTICS:
The study of starting characteristics of a motor is essential to know weather the starting torque that the motor is
capable of developing is sufficient to start and accelerate the motor.
The torque for accelerating depends upon the load torque. The loads which are usually met with, may be divided
according to accelerating torque requirements into the fallowing categories:
1. Load requiring very small accelerating torque in comparison with full load torque such as when the motor is
to be run light.
2. Load requiring the torque which may increase with speed and it may be proportional to (speed)2 as in case of
fan.
3. Load having constant load torque at all speeds in case of lifts.
4. When the motors have to start and accelerate against full load torque and in addition to accelerate since some
heavy moving parts as in case of rolling mills.
For D.C motors: The torque of a d.c. motor is directly proportional to the product of flux and armature current and
is quite independent of speed. Hence in order to having a high starting torque for a given armature current, the flux
must be increased to the maximum value possible.
In case of a d.c shunt motor the flux remains constant as the field is connected directly across the
constant voltage supply mains and the armature current is controlled by connecting a starting resistance in series
with the armature as shown in the figure. The torque, which is directly proportional to the armature current is
limited by the maximum allowable starting current.
In case of a d.c series motor the field winding is connected in series with the armature therefore,
the current in the series field winding and armature is the same. Since upto saturation point the flux is directly
proportional to the current flowing through the field and after saturation point the flux is independent of current and
remains almost constant. Therefore, the torque varies as the square of the armature current upto saturation point.
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All the above three types of the motors the basic equation for the torque is
K = constant; V = voltage
From the above equations it is clear that starting torque is directly proportional to
resistance.
The starting torque becomes maximum when the rotor resistance is made equal to the leakage
reactance. Since the rotor resistance is not more than 1 or 2 percent of its leakage reactance. Therefore, in order to
obtain high starting torque resistance must be inserted in the rotor circuit as start and cutout gradually as the motor
picks up speed. The additional resistance in the rotor circuit is not only for high starting torque also for to limit the
starting current. This method is useful in case of slip ring induction motor only, in which the external resistance at
the starting instant is introduced in the rotor circuit by taking the rotor winding terminals out to the slip rings
mounted on the shaft with brushes resting on them.
In case of single phase induction motor the fallowing methods are employed for starting.
Pole shading: A short circuited copper coil is placed round a portion of each pole, and this coil has currents
induced in it by transformer action; these cause the flux in that proportion of the pole to lag on the main flux so that
the rotating field is produced, enabling the motor to start.
Phase splitting devices: Another method of obtaining a rotating field at starting is to employ a phase splitting
devices which produces a two-phase supply so that the motor can be started.
Repulsion motor starting: the repulsion motor has a high starting torque, and in order to be able to combine this
with the constant speed torque characteristic of the induction motor, two types of repulsion start induction motor
have been developed. One of these employs an ordinary repulsion motor winding on the rotor with a centrifugally
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operated device which short circuits all the commutator segments and rises the brushes when the motor reached
nearly full speed, thus converting it into a squirrel cage induction motor.
Speed control:
D.C motors:
𝐕−
Nα
∅
While selecting a motor for a particular drive special care has to be taken for the speed variations. If we consider
the entire range of loads out of which some loads may require constant speed drives, some may require smooth
variation on speed and some may require step changes in speed.
The field flux is directly proportional to field current. Hence by varying field current the flux can be varied to
obtain the variable speed. The field current can be varied by introducing a variable resistance in the field circuit.
For series motor variable resistance is connected in parallel with field winding as shown in the figure1.
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LECTURE NOTES Utilization Of Electrical Engineering(UEE)
By varying the applied voltage of the motor the speed is controlled and another method is by using the tap
changing field windings as shown in figure2 the speed is controlled in this method by changing the tapping of the
field winding the field current can be varied and therefore the speed is varied.
Types of loads:
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B
Torque A
D C
Speed
LOAD EQUALISATION:
In many industrial drives, such as in rolling mills, planning machines, electric hammers, reciprocating
pumps, the load fluctuates over a wide range. It is desirable to smooth out the fluctuating load, otherwise during
intervals of peak load it will draw a heavy current from the supply either producing large voltage drop in the
system or requiring cables and wires on heavy section. The process of smoothing out the fluctuating load is
known as load equalization. In this process, energy is stores during the interval of light load and given out during
the interval of peak load thus power from the supply remains approximately constant.
The most common method of load equalization is by use of fly wheel. During the light load period the fly
wheel accelerates and stores the excess energy drawn from the supply and during peak load period the fly wheel
de accelerates and supplies some of its stored energy to the load in addition to the energy supplied from the
supply. Thus the load demand is reduced.
The motors used for such loads should have dropping characteristics, so that the speed may fall with the
increase in load and enables the fly wheel to give up its stored energy. for the loads in which the motor have to
run in the same direction and is not to be stopped and started frequently, flywheel may be mounted on the motor
shaft.
For a reversing drive, such as for colliery winders, the ward leonard control system is generally used for
reversing and speed control, so flywheel can be mounted on the shaft of the motor-generator.
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