CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION

A. Definition of Biogeochemical Cycle

The materials that make up an organism's body came from the earth. The
material in the form of the elements contained in chemical compounds that are basic
materials of living beings and inanimate. Biogeochemical cycle is the chemical
elements of the environment that involve biotic and abiotic components. Chemical
elements or compounds flow from biotic and abiotic components to come back again
to the abiotic components. The process occurs repeatedly and indefinitely. These
elements not only through the organism, but also involves a chemical reaction in the
abiotic environment.
Biogeochemical is the exchange or change continuously, between the
components of the biosphere that living and nonliving. In an ecosystem, the material
on trophic levels is not lost. The material in the form of constituent elements making
up the organic materials are recycled. These elements fit into biotic component
through the air, soil, and water. Recycling these materials involves living creatures
and rocks. When an organism dies, the organic materials contained in the body of the
organism will turn into an inorganic substance and returned to the environment.
Chemical elements found in nature can be solid (in the form of mineral salts),
liquid or gas. The chemical elements can be synthesized by plants into various organic
compounds. Eg carbohydrates, proteins, fats, enzymes, nucleoproteins,
deoksinbonukleat acid (DNA), and robonukleat acid (RNA).
Biogeochemical cycle can be classified into three types, namely gas recycling,
recycling of liquid and solid cycle. Recycling gas include carbon cycle and nitrogen
cycle. Recycling liquid covering the water cycle. While solid recycling includes
recycling of phosphorus and sulfur cycles. If the biogeochemical cycle is stopped,
then the living creature will die and ecosystems will become extinct.

B. Various Biogeochemical Cycle

Various biogeochemical cycle there are five, namely:
1. Recycling carbon
Carbon cycle is the basic ingredient of all organic material. Carbon cycle is
also a constituent element of an organic compound and is one of the most
important elements making up the organism. Elemental carbon contained in the
atmosphere in the form of inorganic carbon compounds, namely carbon dioxide
(CO₂). CO₂ inorganic compounds, both on land and in the water will be changed
by the manufacturer into organic carbon compounds through photosynthesis,
accompanied by storage of energy derived from solar radiation.
The carbon cycle there is more carbon compound known than other
elements compounds. Except for hydrogen, mostly known as organic chemical
substances. Privileged unique carbon is a natural tendency to bind to itself in
chains or rings, not only by single bonds (c-c), but also contain double bonds (c =
c).
Content of CO₂ in the atmosphere contained as much as 0.03%. Sources of
CO₂ in the air comes from human and animal respiration, volcanic eruptions,
burning coal and factory smoke. On a global scale atmospheric levels of CO₂ and
O₂ can be offset by the continuity of the process of respiration and photosynthesis.
In aquatic ecosystems, the exchange with atmospheric CO₂ walk indirectly.
Carbon dioxide binds with water to form carbonic acid which decomposes
into bicarbonate ions. Bicarbonate is a carbon source for the algae that produce
food for themselves and other heterotrophic organisms. Conversely, when aquatic
organisms perform respiration, CO₂ they spend to bicarbonate. The amount of
bicarbonate in the water is balanced with the amount of CO₂ in the water.
Respiration (breathing) carried by aquatic organisms will liberate CO₂ into the air.
In this cycle, there are four major carbon reservoir connected by pathways
of exchange. The reservoirs are the atmosphere, terrestrial biosphere, oceans and
sediments. The movement of carbon, the carbon exchanges between reservoirs,
occur because of the processes of chemistry, physics, geology, biology
assortment. Ocean contains the largest active pool of carbon near Earth's surface,
however, in the northwest part of the pool is experiencing a slow exchange with
the atmosphere.
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) or carbon dioxide is a kind of chemical compound
composed of two oxygen atoms covalently bonded to a carbon atom. He shaped
gas at standard temperature and pressure state and is present in the Earth's
atmosphere of approximately 387 parts per million by volume. But the amount
can vary depending on location and time. Carbon dioxide is an important
 greenhouse gas because it absorbs infrared waves strongly.
Carbon dioxide is produced by all animals, plants, fungi and microorganisms
during respiration. Therefore, carbon dioxide is an important component in the
carbon cycle. Carbon dioxide is generated as a byproduct of burning fossil fuels.
Inorganic carbon dioxide released from volcanoes and other geothermal processes
such as hot springs.
Carbon dioxide has no liquid form at pressures below 5.1 atm, but
immediately becomes a solid at temperatures below -78 ° C. In solid form, carbon
dioxide is commonly called dry ice. The global carbon budget is the balance of the
exchanges more carbon (between the entrance to the exit) between the carbon
reservoirs or between one round. Analysis of the carbon budget of a pool or
reservoir can provide information about whether the pool or reservoir.
Carbon in the soil is found in fossil form in the form of crude oil (fossil
animals) and coal (foril plants). Note the carbon cycle below:

(PICTURE)

When producers and consumers die, then the organic carbon compounds in
the body will be described by decomposing organisms (bacteria and fungi) that
will liberate CO₂ into the air or into the water. Most of the organic material in the
body there is a difficult organism described (take a long time) and there are turns
into limestone (CaCO₃), charcoal and oil (fossil fuel). Burning fossil fuels will
liberate CO₂ back into the air.
2. The nitrogen cycle
The air in the Earth's atmosphere is composed of 80% nitrogen. Nitrogen is
an essential element or components of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). The main
source of atmospheric nitrogen is N₂. However, most organisms both plants and
animals can not take advantage of the free N₂ in the air. Free nitrogen can be tied
or fixed mainly by bacteria that live on plants that have spots and some species of
algae. Free nitrogen can also react with hydrogen or oxygen with the help of
lightning or thunder.
Plants obtain nitrogen from the soil in the form of ammonia (NH₃), nitrite
ions (NO₂) and ion nitriat (NO₃) can occur in biology and electrochemistry. The
binding of biologically N₂ carried by bacteria and green algae. Symbiotic bacteria
that are capable of binding N₂ include Rhizobium leguminosarium the root nodule
symbiosis with legumes. Green algae that can bind N₂ among others Nostoc and
Anabaena and some bacteria are anchored nitrogen contained in legume roots and
the roots of other plants such as Marsiella crenata.
Nitrate (NO₃) that has been absorbed by the plant roots into the material
synthesized proteins in plants (plant protein). Vegetable protein modified by
herbivores into animal protein. When plants and animals die, then the vegetable
and animal protein, as well as manure is broken down into ammonia (NH₃), and
ammonia acid by-rot fungi and bacteria. The breakdown of proteins into amino
acids and ammonia called amonifikasi. Bacteria that do amonifikasi include
Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus mesentaricus.
Ammonia is obtained from the decomposition of dead tissue by bacteria.
This dinitrifikasi ammonia nitrite by bacteria, namely nitrosomonas and
Nitrosocoecus resulting nitrate will be absorbed by plant roots. Furthermore, by
dinitrifi bacteria, nitrate is converted back into ammonia, and ammonia is
converted into nitrogen that is released into the air. In this way the nitrogen cycle
will be repeated in the ecosystem.

(PICTURE)

In nature, nitrogen can be involved in any form of chemical bonding, or

fixation by biochemical processes mediated by microorganisms. Biological
Nitrogen can also be converted into inorganic forms bionassa decomposition. A
large number of synthetically fixed nitrogen under high temperature and high
pressure by the reaction:

₃ N₂ + H₂ → 2 NH₃

Production of gases N₂ and N₂O by microorganisms and evaluation of trunk

gas-into the atmosphere enhance the nitrogen cycle through a process called
denitrification. Denitrification is an important process in nature, which is a
mechanism in which the results of nitrogen fixation is returned to the atmosphere.
 The binding of nitrogen in the air electrochemically requires energy from
lightning. With the energy of lightning, nitrogen bonded to oxygen to produce
nitrogen dioxide (NO₂). Nitrogen dioxide reacts with the water to form nitrate
which will be absorbed by plant roots, and undergo denitrification or accumulate
in the sediment.
Nitrogen can also be dissolved along with rainwater, acid rain (acid rain)
containing HNO₃, and artificial fertilizer or urea released into the soil. Nitrate is
formed in the atmosphere would be transported by rain, causing displacement of
nitrates from the air to land in the form of nitrate nitrogen makes it useful.
3. Recycling sulfur
Sulfur is a non-metallic element. Original form is a yellow crystalline solid.
In nature are found as a pure element or as sulfide minerals and sulfate. Most of
sulfur stored in terrestrial rock. Sulfur in the atmosphere naturally derived from a
volcanic eruption in the form of hydrogen sulfide and activity of anaerobic
microorganisms in the swamp. In addition, sulfur also can be detached from the
rocks to erosion by wind or water. A small portion of sulfur is released can be
used by plants and enter the food chain before detaching to the ground by the
activities of microorganisms.
Sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere reacts with oxygen to form sulfur trioxide.
This product will react with water in the air. Then fall to form acid rain.
Sulfur contained in the form of hydrogen sulphide (H₂S) is removed and the
process of decay of organic matter in the soil and the water made by bacterial and
fungal decomposers. Decomposing organisms which revolutionized organic
material (protein) and releasing H₂S include Aspergillus and Neurospora fungus
and bacteria Escherichia. H₂S further oxidized in the atmosphere to form sulfate
(SO₄). Gas sulfate together with the precipitation (rainfall) into the soil. When the
content of sulfate gas in the air is too high, then the resulting precipitation will be
very surly.
H₂S in the soil can also undergo oxidation and produce elemental sulfur (S).
Sulfur then oxidized to sulfate by bacteria Thiobacillus denitrificans and
Thiobacillus thiooxidans. Sulphate in the soil can be reduced back to H₂S by
bacteria Thiobacillus thiopanis. Sulfur in soil contained in the form of sulfates,
sulfides, and inorganic sulfur. However, plants absorb sulfur in the form of sulfate
anion (SO₄²¯) from the ground.
Sulfur cycle is relatively complex which involves a variety of gases,
minerals soluble and some other species in solution. This cycle is related to the
oxygen cycle in which sulfur combines with oxygen to form sulfur oxide gases,
SO₂ as a water pollutant. Among the species-species that is significantly visible in
the sulfur cycle is the gas hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), the sulfide minerals such as
Pbs, sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄, sulfur oxides, SO₂ as a major component of acid rain
and sulfur bound in the protein.
Acid rain is defined as all kinds of rain with a pH below 5.6. Rain is
naturally acidic (pH slightly under 6) for carbon dioxide (CO₂) in the air dissolved
by rainwater has a shape as a weak acid.
Sulfur is reduced by bacteria into sulphide and there is sometimes in the
form of sulfur dioxide or hydrogen sulfide. Hydrogen sulphide is often deadly
creatures living in the waters, and is generally produced from the decomposition
of dead organic material. Plants absorb sulfur in the form of sulfate (So₄).
Displacement sulfate occurs through the food chain, and all living things die and
will be described organic components of bacteria. Some types of bacteria are
involved in the sulfur cycle, among others Desulfumaculum and Desulfibrio
which will reduce sulfate to sulfide in the form of hydrogen sulphide (H₂S). Then
H₂S used outotrof anaerobic bacteria such as Chromatium da releasing sulfur and
oxygen. Sulfur is oxidized to sulfate by bacteria such as Thiobacillus kemolitotrof.
Sulfur cycle starts from the ground, when sulfate ions are absorbed by the
roots and metabolized into blocks of protein in the plant body. When animals and
humans eat plants, the protein will move on to the human body. Of sulfur
compounds in the human body metabolized the remnants of the metabolism
results broken down by bacteria in the stomach in the form of gas which will be
released through flatulence. One of the substances contained in the fart is sulfur.
The greater the sulfur content in gas, it will be increasingly smelly fart. In the
sulfur cycle, microorganisms are responsible in each transformation is as follows:
a. H₂S → S → SO₄; Colorless sulfur bacteria, green and purple.
b. SO₄ → H₂S (reduction sulfata anaerobic), Desulfovibrio bacteria.
c. H₂S → SO₄ (oxidizing sulfide aerobics), bacteria thiobacilli.
d. Organic S → SO₄ + H₂S, respectively heterotrophic aerobic and anaerobic
microorganisms.
Process food chains touted as the process of moving sulphate, which is used
later when all living things die and will be elaborated by the bacterium organic
components. Some bacteria that are involved in the recycling of sulfur (sulfur) is
Desulfibrio and Desulfomaculum which will act to reduce sulfate to sulfide in the
form (H₂S) or hydrogen sulfide.
Rainwater will enter into the land that would be converted into sulphate
which is very important for the plant. Sulfate is only found in inorganic form
(SO₄). Sulfate is capable of switching from the earth or to the body of the plant or
plants through the absorption of sulfate by the roots. Sulfur will be reduced by
bacteria form sulphide and sulfur dioxide or hydrogen sulfide. See the picture
below:

(PICTURE)

The process:
a. Volcanic eruption, motor vehicles and factories that use fossil fuels
produces air gases such as sulfur into H₂S, dimethyl sulfide (CH₃SCH₃),
SO₂, and SO₄.
b. The gases containing sulfur in the atmosphere reacts with clouds and fall in
rain in the form of sulfate ions. This event is called acid rain. Acid rain has a
low pH below 5.7. Look out! Rain is corrosive to the building and metal.
High sulfate content of the acid rain can threaten the life of the organism.
Many organisms are mainly plants died due to acid rain.
c. Plants absorb sulfate inorganic from the ground and use it to synthesise
protein. While the animals obtain organic sulfates needs by eating plants
(through the food chain)
d. Both animals and plants would die and his body was described by
decomposers. The remains of dead animals and plants decompose
aerobically inorganic sulfate form again.
e. If the breakdown occurs in anaerobic it will form a sulfide compound that is
rotten and poisonous. Rotten compound is also generated from the anaerobic
 bacterial sulfate reduction by sulfur. Examples of sulfur bacteria for
example Sulfolabus sp. Type of thermophilic bacteria that like to live in
extreme habitats with a temperature of 60 ° - 80 ° C (live in the springs of
sulfur)
f. There is also harmful bacteria in soil fertility due to alter sulfate into sulfide
acid up into sulfur. This process is known as desulfaricate. Examples of
such bacteria are Spirrillum desulfuricant.
g. Dead bodies of living creatures buried for millions of years into the fossil
fuels that contain sulfur, sulfur gas will be generated every time a fossil fuel
use.
h. Sulphates are soluble in water can also go up to the atmosphere as
evaporation (the hydrological cycle)
4. Recycling of phosphorus
In nature, phosphorus present in two forms, namely organic phosphate
compounds (plants and animals) and inorganic phosphate compounds (water and
land).
Organic phosphate from dead animals and plants described by decomposers
(parser) into inorganic phosphate. Inorganic phosphates dissolved in the ground
water or sea water will settle in marine sediments. Therefore, phosphates are
common in rocks and fossils. Phosphate rock and fossils will be eroded and re-
forming inorganic phosphates dissolved in the groundwater and the sea. The
inorganic phosphates will then be absorbed by plant roots. This cycle repeated
continuously.
Phosphate is absorbed by plants in the form of inorganic phosphate (H₂
PO₄¯, HPO₄²¯, and PO₄³¯). Although the amount of phosphorus in the nature very
much, but a very limited supply of plants because most chemically bound to other
elements and sparingly soluble in water.
Through the food chain, the phosphorus from the plant into the animal's
body. When plants and animals die, the organic phosphate from the body of the
organism would be decomposed by the decomposers into inorganic phosphate.
Rocks and fossils can be eroded back to form inorganic phosphates dissolved in
water or extracted through mining activities.
 Phosphorus cycle in nature is critical because phosphorus is generally a
limited nutrient in ecosystems. No form of phosphorus stable gas, therefore the
phosphorus cycle is "endogenous". In the geosphere, the phosphorus present in
large amounts in the minerals little late, as hidroksiapilit and calcium salts.
Dissolved phosphorus from phosphate minerals and other resources, such as
phosphate fertilizer is absorbed by plants and incorporated in the nucleic acids that
make up the genetic material in an organism. Mineralization and biomalsa by
microbial spoilage or decomposition of the phosphorus returns to the salt solution
which can then precipitate out as mineral material. Phosphorus is one of the
components and very toxic compounds, especially organophosphate insecticides.

( PICTURE )

5. Recycled water
Recycling water biogeochemical cycle is different from the others because
most of the water flow occurs not through a chemical process, but a physical
process. Water retains its shape as H₂O except chemical changes occur in the
process of photosynthesis in natural water sources, namely the oceans, lakes,
swamps, reservoirs and rivers.
When exposed to sunlight, the entire surface of the earth containing water
will undergo evaporation (evaporation), while living beings transpiration (water
loss through evaporation or evaporation). Water vapor will rise into the upper
atmosphere to form clouds. The clouds then move due to differences in air
temperature or carried away by the wind. When exposed to cold air, clouds will
condenses into droplets and fall to the earth's surface in the form of rain
(prespirasi). Rainwater in the mainland into the ground forming surface water and
groundwater.
Plants can absorb the water contained in the soil in the plant body of water
flowing through a vessel. Then through transpiration, water vapor released by
plants into the atmosphere. Trasnpirasi by plants cover 90% of evaporation in
terrestrial ecosystems. Animals obtain water directly from surface water as well as
of plants and animals that are eaten. While humans use about a quarter of the
groundwater. Some of the water out of the body of animals and humans as urine
and sweat.
Groundwater and surface water mostly flows into the river, then to the lakes
and the sea. This cycle is called a long cycle. While the cycle that began with
transpiration and evapotranspiration of sea water contained in the earth's surface,
followed by prespirasi or fall in the water to the earth's surface is called a short
cycle.
On the trip back to Earth, some prespirasi (atmospheric water vapor
condensed to be clouds down to the land and sea in the form of rain) can
evaporate back to the top or fell then absorbed by plants before reaching the
ground. After reaching land, this cycle continues to move continuously in three
different ways:
a. Evaporation / transpiration
When exposed to sunlight, the entire surface of the earth containing
water will undergo evaporation (evaporation), while living beings
transpiration (water loss through evaporation or evaporation). Water vapor
will rise into the upper atmosphere to form clouds. The clouds then move
due to differences in air temperature or carried away by the wind. When
exposed to cold air, clouds will condenses into droplets and fall to the earth's
surface in the form of rain (prespirasi).
b. Infiltration / perlokasi
Rainwater will enter vertically into the soil through infiltration.
Infiltration of rainwater in vegetated areas (overgrown plants) is greater
when compared to areas that are not vegetated, because vegetation produces
litter (a pile of dry leaves) which can increase soil porosity. After
infiltration, water will continue to move downward due to the gravity of the
earth called percolation event premises. Most of the ground water is
absorbed by plants for photosynthesis. The river water will flow into the
lower place and finally into the sea. In the oceans, evaporation rate is higher
than prespirate. By contrast, in mainland prespirasi rate higher than
evaporation and transpiration.
c. Water surface
 Water moving over the surface of the ground close to the main stream
of the lake. The more ramps and fewer pores of the soil, the greater the
surface flow.

C. The Role Of The Various Biogeochemical Cycle For Living Things

Humans never realize that in an environment of human life there is the
distribution of a chemical called biogeochemical cycles, and humans was not yet fully
understood the role of biogeochemical cycle as well as a wide-ranged for living things
and their environment. Below the author will explain what the role of a wide
biogeochemical cycle for living things:
1. The role of biogeochemical cycle for living things
Biogeochemical cycle is necessary for the preservation of living
organisms and ecosystems, as a material cycle that returns all the elements of a
chemical that has been used by all who are on earth both components of biotic
and abiotic components. So that continuity of life on earth can be maintained.
All that is on earth both living creatures and inanimate objects composed
by the material. Nin material composed among others: carbon (C), oxygen (O),
nitrogen (N), hydrogen (H), sulfur or sulfur (S) and phosphorus (P). The
chemical elements are used by manufacturers to form inorganic material aid
premises solar energy or energy derived from chemical reactions. The resulting
organic material is the source for the organism. The process of eat or be eaten in
the food chain resulting in the flow of material from the other chain despite
living creatures in the food chain dies, the material flow is still ongoing.
Because of living beings that died was described by decomposers or parser that
will eventually go back into the food chain next. So further continuously so as
to form a flow of energy and matter cycle.
2. The role of the various biogeochemical cycle for living things
a. Recycling carbon
The process of recycling the tradeoffs between respiration and
photosynthesis are responsible for the change and carbon principal
movement. The decline in photosynthesis may influence the rise or fall of a
CO₂ and O₂ gas present in the atmosphere on a seasonal basis. The carbon
cycle is strongly influenced by oxygen and photosynthesis. Carbon cycle is
 in four places, namely the geosphere or in the earth, hydrosphere or in the
water, the atmosphere or in the air, and the biosphere or in a living creature.
Carbon dioxide in the air is used by plants for photosynthesis and
produce oxygen (O₂) to be used by humans and animals for respirasi.
Carbon compounds in the air is used by plants for photosynthesis and
produce oxygen to be used for human and animal respiration and partly
transferred to the consumers (animals and humans) via the food chain.
Through the process of respiration, carbon is released back into the
atmosphere.
Carbon obtained in organisms is not completely removed through the
process of respiration. Along with the death of the organism most of the
carbon found in animals, plants, and humans participate buried in the
ground. Over millions of years, the carbon would gather and form of fossil
fuels, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Fossil fuels are then used as
fuel for industrial machinery, motor vehicles, and so on. Through the
process of combustion, the fuel will produce carbon-containing compounds
such as CO and CO₂ toward the atmosphere, so that will increase the levels
of CO and CO₂ in the air. As an example of shelled mollusk organisms
create calcium carbonate shell material (Ca CO₃) by utilizing calcium and
CO₂ dissolved in water. When the animal dies, then the shells will be
destroyed and liberate CO₂ into the air.
Human and natural activities such as the use of fossil fuels for
industrialization and transport, forest fires, burning of forests to agricultural
land, and illegal logging can increase levels of CO₂ in the atmosphere.
Carbon in the soil is found in fossil form in the form of crude oil (fossil
animals) and coal (fossil plants)
b. The nitrogen cycle
Organic compounds such as proteins, nucleic acids, or urea, or
inorganic compounds such as nitrates, nitrites and ammonia, a compound
found in nitrogen.
Nitrate produced by biological fixation is used by the manufacturer
(plant) is converted into protein molecules. Furthermore, if plant or animal
 dies, decomposers creatures turn it into ammonia gas (NH₃) and ammonium
salts are soluble in water (NH₄⁺).
Plants and animals need nitrogen to form amino acids to form
proteins. Furthermore, protein-forming plant body to absorb nitrates from
the soil to be used as a protein and vegetable eaten by consumers and
nitrogen compounds move into the animal's body.
Sometimes legumes used to fill nitrogen-poor soils, during the rotation
after the rice harvest. Some of the results of genetic research is oriented
towards the provision of other crops (corn and wheat) that have the ability to
fix nitrogen. Capabilities that large can reduce the need for agricultural
fertilizer. Over the animals only get organic nitrogen from plants or other
animals that eaten. Although naturally produce enough nitrogen to the
process that occurs naturally, but the formation of nitrogen by industries that
used for fertilization and other products exceed the needs of terrestrial
ecosystems.
c. Sulfur cycle
Sulfur is used by plants to form proteins. Sources of sulfur in the soil,
such as soil minerals (nickel sulfide, iron), atmosphere (SO₂, H₂S) and
sulfur bound in organic compounds (found in plant debris)
A small portion of sulfur released can be used by plants and enter the
food chain before detaching to the ground by the activities of
microorganisms. Type of acid in acid rain is very beneficial as it helps
dissolve the minerals in the soil needed by plants and animals. Acid rain
water will increase the acidity of the soil and surface water to be harmful to
fish and plant life. When rain falls on the ground, these sulfur compounds
are returned to the mainland to be utilized land creatures.
Bacteria desulfibrio and Desulfomaculum which will act to reduce
sulfate to sulfide in the form (H₂S) or hydrogen sulfide. Sulfide itself will be
utilized by photoautotrophs anaerobic bacteria to release sulfur and oxygen.
Bacteria kemolitotrof that will eventually oxidize to form sulfate.
Cycle or recycle it also has a specific function: firstly to assist the
formation of chlorophyll of leaves so that the leaves become greener.
Second is to add protein and vitamins yields and increase the number of
 children who produce (rice plant). In addition, the sulfur cycle also plays an
important role in the process of rounding sugars, improve the color, aroma
and pliability of tobacco leaves (especially on omprongan tobacco) and
improves the aroma, reduce shrinkage during storage, enlarge bulbs and
onion. Sulfur can be used for sulfite paper industry, fertilizers, fungicides,
sterilize the smoker, to whiten dried fruit, and a good insulatir.
d. Recycling of phosphorus
Phosphorus is an essential element in the life for all living things need
phosphorus or posphat for the formation of compounds ATP (adenosine
triphosphat), ADP (adenosine diphosphat) and AMP (adenosine
monophosphate) for the metabolic processes of the body, forming nucleic
acids, and assist the process of respiration and assimilation .
In higher animals phosphorus is used for making up bone on bone
combine with calcium to form CaPO₄ (calcium phosphate). Although the
amount of phosphorus in the nature very much, but a very limited supply of
plants because most chemically bound to other elements and sparingly
soluble in water. That's why farmers provide phosphate fertilizers for
agricultural crops. Phosphate fertilizers are made from raw materials such as
phosphate rocks are natural. A large number of minerals phosphate used as
fertilizer, chemicals and food additives. Plants take the form of a solution
phosphate still residing in the soil.
e. Recycled water
Namely natural water sources in the oceans, lakes, swamps, reservoirs
and rivers. In the living body, the water acts as a solvent, serves as an
introduction of nutrients and waste products, regulate cell osmotic pressure,
regulate body temperature and media as chemical reactions in the body.
Most of the ground water is absorbed by plants for photosynthesis.
The ground water in the form of springs, wells, lakes, and rivers are used by
animals and humans to support life.
Plants can absorb the water contained in the soil in the plant body of
water flowing through a vessel. Then through transpiration, water vapor
released by plants into the atmosphere. Trasnpirasi by plants cover 90% of
evaporation in terrestrial ecosystems. Animals obtain water directly from
surface water as well as of plants and animals that are eaten. While humans
use about a quarter of the groundwater. Some of the water out from the body
of animals and humans as urine and sweat.
 CHAPTER III
CLOSING

A. Conclusion
Biogeochemical processes is a process or rotation (cycle) in which ongoing use
and release of inorganic elements that are important for the body as well as events
involving biological, geological, and chemical. Biotic components greatly affect
biogeochemical cycle events, as do the events of the flow of energy and food webs in
ecosystems.
Some of the biogeochemical processes in the ecosystem are:
1. Recycling carbon
2. The nitrogen cycle, which is a constituent component protein-building amino
acids in living bodies.
3. Recycling of phosphorus
4. Sulfur (sulfur), are building blocks of protein in the body of an organism.
5. Recycled water.
The role of biogeochemical cycle for everyday life and living creatures one of
them for the process of photosynthesis, respiration, as fuel for industrial machines and
vehicles, to form the body's proteins, the process of rounding sugars, improve the
color, aroma, and flexibility of tobacco leaves, reduce shrinkage during storage,
enlarge the onion bulbs, for which the compound ATP, ADP, AMP, as a solvent, and
serves as an introduction to a food substance.

B. Suggestions
1. Should the reader realizes that in our environment there is a cycle ride of
chemicals in developing life that will certainly affect all the activities of life.
2. It is expected that intrigued her readers to try to keep the environment in order
to remain safe, fresh, cool, and a life cycle that occurs as it should keep running
without any interruption.

C. Closing
All praises to Allah SWT, until this paper under the titled “Peran daur
biogeokimia bagi makhluk hidup dan kehidupan sehari-hari’ has been finished. The
writer wants to say sorry if there are some errors or mistakes. Those all because of the
limitation of the writer’s knowledge and experience.
The writer would like to thanks to all those have assisted in completing this
paper, so the paper can be completed and finished in time. Hopefully Allah SWT keep
to bestow His Guidance to all of us. Amin.