Review NOISE AND MODULATION

Q. If the value of a resistor generating thermal noise is halved, them the noise power generated
is unchanged
A. TRUE

Q. In AM, the carrier component contains no intelligence

A. TRUE

Q. The following operation, dBU – dB, can be directly performed

A. TRUE

Q. 2 microwatts is the same with 93dBf

A. TRUE
Q. The ideal noise factor is 1
A. TRUE
i. Ideal Noise figure (F) = 0
Q. The following operation, dBf – dBu, can be directly performed
A. False
Q. In FM, 100% modulation means the intelligence amplitude equals carrier amplitude
A. TRUE
Q. In flicker noise, The spectral density remains the same regardless of the frequency change
A. FALSE
Q. 0 dBm indicates a power level equivalent to its reference power
A. TRUE
Q. 0 dBm indicates “no gain, no loss”
A. FALSE
Q. The ac rms antenna current from an AM transmitter is 5.9A when unmodulated and rises to
6.82A after modulation. Find the percentage modulation
A. 82%

SOLUTION:
IT^2= Ic^2[1 + (m^2 / 2)]

m = sqrt [( IT^2 / Ic^2 - 1) x 2]

m = sqrt [( 6.82A^2 / 5.9A^2 - 1) x 2] x 100%
m = 82%

Q. An AM signal has the following characteristics: carrier frequency = 100 MHz; modulating
frequency = 2 MHz; peak carrier voltage = 50 volts; and peak modulating voltage is 20 volts.
Calculate the peak voltage of the lower sideband frequency.
A. 10V

SOLUTION:
m = Vm/Vc = 20V/50V = 0.4

Vp = m x Vc/2 = 0.4 x 50V/2 = 10V

Q. An increase in transmitted power, due to amplitude modulation, from 26 watts to 32 watts

means that current has increased by
A. 10.94%

SOLUTION:

= [sqrt(32) - sqrt(26)] / sqrt(26) x 100%

= 10.94%

Q. What is the output power after sending a 5 dBm signal through an 85% efficient link and
another that contributes 32% power loss?
A. 1.6748mW
Solution:
5dBm = 3.16mW
Pout = 3.16mW x 0.85 - 3.16mW*0.32
Pout = 1.6748mW
Q.

An amplifier operating over a 5 MHz bandwidth has a 100 ohms input resistance. It is operating
at 27 degrees Celsius, has a voltage gain of 200 and an input signal of 6 μVrms. Calculate the
output rms noise.

Solution:

B = 5MHz

T = 27*C = 27+273k = 300*k

Rin = 100 ohms

Av = 200
Vin = 6uVrms

I = Vin/Rin = 6uVrms/100 ohms = 60nA

Av = Vout/Vin
Vout = Av x Vin
Vout = 200 x 6uV = 1.2mV

Rout = Vout/I = 1.2mV/60nA = 20k ohms

Vnoise = 2sqrt(kTBR)
Vnoise = 2sqrt(k x 300*k x 5MHz x 20k ohms)
Vnoise = 40.70uVrms
Q. Determine the power saving in percent when the carrier is suppressed in an AM signal
modulated to 80%
A. 75.76%
Solution:
DSBFC
Pt = Pc(1 + m^2 / 2)
Pt = Pc(1 + 0.8^2 / 2)
Pt = 1.32Pc

DSBSC
PT = Pc(m^2 / 2)
PT = Pc (0.8^2 / 2)
Pt = 0.32Pc

Savings = (DSBFC - DSBSC) / DSBFC

Savings = (1.32Pc - 0.32Pc) / 1.32Pc x 100%
Savings = 75.76%

Notes:
SSBFC
Pt = Pc(1 + m^2 / 4)

SSBSC
Pt = Pc( m^2 / 4 )

Q. A 40% power loss is equivalent to a gain of

A. asd
Solution:
If in ratio:
Input = 100%
Output = 100% - 40% = 60%
Gain = 0.6

In dB:
Gain = 10log(0.6)
Gain = -2.22dB
 Q. The resistor R1 and R2 are connected in series at 300K and 400K temperatures
respectively. If R1 is 200Ω and R2 is 300Ω, find the power produced at the load (RL =
500Ω) over a bandwidth of 100 kHz. Use prefix,
A. 497.03aW
Solution:
Vn = 2sqrt(k x 100khz x (300*k x 200 + 400*k x 300)) = 997.03nV

Vn across RL = 997.03nV[500ohms/(200ohms+300ohms+500ohms) = 498.52nV

P(load) = V^2 / R = 498.52nV ^ 2 / 500 = 497.03aW

Q. The first stage of a two-stage amplifier has a voltage gain of 10, a 600-Ωinput resistor, a
1600-Ω equivalent noise resistance and a 27kΩ output resistor. For the 2nd stage, these values
are 25, 81kΩ, 10kΩ and 1MΩ,respectively. Calculate the equivalent input-noise resistance.
A. 2518.5 ohms

G1 = 10
Rin1 = 600 ohms
Req1 = 1600 ohms
Rout1 = 27K ohms

G2 = 25
Rin2 = 81k ohms
Req2 = 10k ohms
Rout2 = 1M ohms

R1 = Rin1+ Req1 = 600 ohms +1600 ohms = 2.2k Ohms

R2= (Ro1 Rin2)/ (Ro1+ Rin2)+ Req2

= (27K x 81k )/(27K+81k ) + 10k = 30.25k ohms

R3 = Ro2 = 1M
Req= R1 + R2/ A21 +R3/ (A21 A22) = 2.2k + 30.25k/10^2 + 1M/(10^2 x 25^2)
Req = 2518.5 ohms

Q. A transistor has a measured S/N power of 100 at its input and 20 at its output. Determine the
noise figure (dB) of the transistor
A. 6.99
F = S/N(input)/S/N(output) = 100/20 = 5
Noise Factor = 6.99
Q. A carrier is amplitude modulated by 3 kHz, 5 kHz, 7 kHz and 9 kHz simultaneously. Find the
output bandwidth

Q. A carrier signal Ec = 120sin500,000t is fed to a 50 ohm antenna. Find the carrier power
desired.
A. 288W
Solution:
Pc = Vc^2 / R = 120^2 / 5ohm = 288W

Q. Assuming 100% modulation H3E system, what would be the transmitted power in the
remaining sideband of an AM signal if the carrier power is 1000watts?
A. 250W
Solution:

SSBFC
Pc = 1000
m=1

PsB = Pc x m^2 / 4
Psb = 1000W x ¼
Psb = 250W

Q. Calculate the deviation ratio for the worst-case modulation index for an FM broadcast-band
transmitter (FCC standard).

Q. 6dBm + 6dBm equals

A. -18dBm or -48dB
Solution:
6dBm = 3.98mW = -24dB

6dBm - 24dB = -18dBm = 15.84uW

-24dB = 24dB = -48dB = 15.84uW

Q. A diode noise generator is required to produce 10 μV of noise in a receiver with an input

impedance of 75 Ω, resistive, and a noise power bandwidth of 200 kHz. What must the current
through the diode be?
A. 277.39mA
Solution:
Id = 10 μV / 75 Ω = 133.33nA
I = Id^2 / (2Bq) = 133.33nA^2 / 2 x 200 kHz x q = 277.39mA
Q. For BLUE Noise, the 1st octave power is 10 Watts. Determine the 3rd octave power.
A. 39.81W
Solution:
10W = 10dB
P(3rd Oct) = 10dB + 2 x 3dB =16dB
16dB = 39.81W

Q. For VIOLET Noise, the 1st octave power is 10 Watts. Determine the 3rd octave power
A. 158.49W
Solution:
10W = 10dB
P(3rd Oct) = 10+ 2 x 6db = 22dB
22dB = 158.49W

Q. For PINK Noise, the 1st octave power is 20 Watts. Determine the 5th octave power
A. 1.26W
20W = 13.01dB
P(5th Oct) = 13.01 - 4 x 3dB = 1.01dB
1.01dB = 1.26W

Q. A DSB-SC system must suppress the carrier by 50 dB from its original value of 10W. To what
value must the carrier be reduced?
A. 10mW
Solution:
-50dB=10log(x/10w)
x = 10mW

Q. Calculate the total harmonic distortion if the %2nd order and %3rd order are2.5% and 1.25 %
respectively and fundamental amplitude of 8 V.

Q. Calculate the approximate break frequency for FM broadcast band pre-emphasis circuit.
(FCC standards)
Q. Determine the distance to the radio horizon for an antenna that is 40ft. above the top of a
400ft mountain peak
Q. A 3-stage amplifier is to have an overall noise temperature no greater than 70 degrees K. The
overall gain of the amplifier is to be at least 45 dB. The amplifier is to be built by adding a
low-noise first stage to an existing amplifier with existing characteristics as follows: Stage 2 has
20 dB power gain; 3 dB noise figure. Stage 3 has 15 dB power gain and 6 dB noise figure.
Calculate the maximum noise figure (in dB) that the first stage can have.
A. 1.67
Te = 70*K
Gt = 45dB

G2 = 20dB = 100

F2 = 3dB
NF2 = 2

G3 = 15dB = 31.62
F3 = 6 dB
NF3 = 3.98

G1 = ?? =
F1 = ??

Solution:

G1 = 45dB - 20dB - 15dB = 10dB =10

Te = To(NF - 1)
NF(total) = Te/To + 1 = 70*K/290*K + 1 = 16/9

NF1 = NF - (NF2 - 1)/G1 - (NF3-1)/G1G2

NF1 = 16/9 - (2-1)/10 - (3.98-1)/(10 x 100) = 1.67
Q. 22 dBW is equal to ___dBm
A. 52

Q. What must be the power of the intelligence signal to be combined with a 40 kW carrier
through an amplitude modulator to produce 80% modulation?
A. 6.4KW
Solution:

Pt = Pc(1 + m^2 / 2)

Psb = Pc x (m^2/4) = 40KW x (0.8^2 / 4) = 6.4KW

Q. What is the frequency swing of an FM broadcast transmitter when modulated 80%?

A. 60kHz
Solution:
Deviation = 80%(75kHz) = 60kHz

Q. A system uses a deviation of 100 kHz and a modulating frequency of 15 kHz. What is the
approximate bandwidth?
A. 230k Hz
Solution:
BW = 2(100kHz + 15kHz) = 230k Hz

Q. Calculate the frequency deviation and % modulation under FCC standards for a given
modulating signal that produces 100 kHz carrier swing.

Q. Calculate the output signal-to-noise (SNR) for four identical links if the SNR for any one link
is 40 dB.

Q. Calculate the percentage power saving for J3E system at 90% modulation.
A. 14.41%
Solution:
DSBFC
Pt = Pc(1 + m^2 / 2)
Pt = Pc(1+.9^2/2)
Pt = 1.405 Pc
SSBFC
Pt = Pc(1 + m^2 / 4)
Pt = Pc(1 + 0.9^2 / 4)
Pt = 1.2025 Pc

Savings = ( 1.405 Pc - 1.2025 Pc)/1.405 Pc = 14.41%

Q. An amplifier has a noise figure of 7 dB. Determine its equivalent noise temperature.
A. 1162.9*K
Solution:
7dB = 5.01

Te = To(NF - 1) = 290*K(5.01 - 1) = 1162.9*K

Q. A modulating signal consists of a symmetrical triangular wave having zero dc component and
peak voltage of 11 V. Calculate the value of modulation index if it used to amplitude modulate a
carrier of peak voltage of 15 V.
A. 0.37

Solution:
Emax = Vc + Vm/2 = 15 + 11/2 = 20.5V
Emin = Vc - Vm/2 = 15 - 11/2 = 9.5
m= Emax-Emin/Emax+Emin = (20.5-9.5) / (20.5+9.5)

Q. A 100kOhm resistor is connected in parallel with a 100 pF capacitor. Determine the effective
noise bandwidth.
A. 25KHz

Solution:
Noise bandwidth = 1/(4RC)
Δf = 1/ (4 x 100k x 100pF) = 25KHz

Q. A PM modulator has a phase deviation sensitivity of 2.5 rad/V and modulating signal Vm(t)
=2cos(4000π)t. Calculate the peak phase deviation and modulation index.
A. 5 rad
Kpm = 2.5 rad/V
Vm = 2V

Solution:
φ = 2.5 rad/V x 2V
φ = 5 rad

Q. What is the output power after sending a 5 dBm signal through an 85% efficient link and
another that contributes 32% power loss?

Q. Calculate the approximate bandwidth for the worst-case modulation index for an FM
broadcast-band transmitter (FCC standard).
Digital and Data Communications
Q. Baudot coding also known as International Alphabet no.5
A. FALSE

Q. Sampling of an analog signal to know if it follows the original signal for the duration of the
sample is known as flat top sampling.
A. FALSE

Q. Redundancy involves transmitting each character twice if the same character is not received
twice in succession, a transmission error has occurred.
A.TRUE

Q. Carrier Recovery is one of the known process of extracting a non-phasecoherent reference

carrier from a receiver signal. This is sometimes called phase referencing
A.TRUE

Q. Amplitude Shift Keying also known as On-Off Keying

A. TRUE

Q. For an 4 bit, phase-division multiplexing (PDM) where to date channels (the I and Q)
modulate the same carrier frequency that has been shifted 45◦ in phase, the number of possible
combinations is 16.
A. TRUE

Q. Asynchronous serial transmission differs form synchronous transmission in a way that the
asynchronous has start and stop bit.
A. TRUE

Q. Compression in context is the amplification of a signal in such a way that there is less gain for
higher-level input signals than for lower-level input signals.

Q. Cyclic Redundancy Correction or CRC is the most reliable scheme for error detection. About
99.95% of all transmission errors are detected
A. FALSE
I. parity

Q. Quantization error are inaccuracies caused by the representation of continuously varying

quantity as one of a number of discrete values.
A. TRUE

Q. Modem is a combination of modulation and demodulation, in one device

A. TRUE
Q. In Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM), On-Off Keying and Phase-shift keying are
combined in such a way that the positions of the signaling elements on the constellation
diagrams are optimized to achieve the greatest distance between elements, thus reducing the
likelihood of one element being misinterpreted as another element
A. FALSE

Q. (FSK) Frequency Shift Keying is a constant-amplitude angular modulation similar to

standard frequency modulation except the modulating signal is a binary signal that varies
between two discrete voltage levels rather than a continuously changing analog waveform.
A. TRUE

Q. Foldover distortion is also known as aliasing.

A. TRUE

Q. Dynamic Range is the ratio of the smallest possible magnitude (other than 0 V) to the largest
possible magnitude that can be decoded by the digital-to-analog converter in the receiver
A. False
a. DR = Vmax / Vmin

Q. Foldover distortion is created by using too high a sampling rate when coding an analog signal
for digital transmission.
A. FALSE

Q. Cyclic Redundancy Checking is the only error correction scheme that actually detects and
corrects transmission errors at the receive end without calling for retransmission.
A. FALSE

Q. In line coding techniques, Manchester Encoding is also called as digital biphase coding
A. TRUE

Q. Multiplexing is the transmission of information from one or more sources to one or more
destinations over different transmission medium (facility).
A. FALSE
a. “same medium”

Q. Companding is the combination of compression at the transmitter and expansion at the

receiver of a communication system.
A. TRUE

Q.Solve for the efficiency of an Asynchronous transmission with parity bit If the Information
Code is in ASCII and Data: Rizal Technological University.
Q.For QAM system with a tribit input of Q = 0, I = 1, and C = 0 (010), determine its output.

Q.A 12-bit linear sign-magnitude PCM code is digitally compressed into 8 bits. For a resolution
of 0.016 V, determine Vmax.
A.2.032V
Solution:
Vmax = 2^n-1(Vmin)
= 2^7-1(0.016)
=2.032V

Q.Solve for the information capacity if a 2 page, all text, is being transmitted from your PC, and
receive 2 minutes after by the server. Use k=5
A.

Q. What is the default gateway of the network 192.168.180.132 255.255.255.252?

A. 192.168.180.132/30
252 4i

A. 192.168.180.133

Q. For a 64-QAM modulator with an input data rate of 10 Mbps and a carrier frequency of 70
MHz, determine the Nyquist frequency (fN) and the baud rate.
A.1.67 Mhz and 1.67 Mbaud
Solution:
Fn = bitrate/n
= 10M/6
= 1.67M
Note:

Q. Calculate the coding efficiency in representing the 40 letters of the alphabet using octal
number system. Use 2 decimal places for your answer.
A. 88.5%
Solution:
Ce = log 8(N) n = 1.77/2 x 100%
 = log8(40) n = 88.5%
= 1.77 bits

Q. For a PSK system with a tribit input of Q = 0, I = 1, and C = 0 (010), determine its output.

Q. Determine the Information Capacity for a fm transmission system, assuming that the
transmission is noiseless with the given parameters: Carrier Swing = 2kHz k = 10 S/N =15dB fm
=5kHz t = 100ms

Q. Determine the information capacity for a channel that is operating at UHF and has S/N of
15dB.
A.122.69Mhz
Solution
15db = 0.032W
I = Blog 2 (1 + s/n)
= 2.7ghz log 2 ( 1+ 0.032)
=122.69Mhz
Q. Determine the CRC code bits. Data: 1100110 Generator Code: 11001
A.1011
Solution:

Q. For a 12-bit data string of 101100010010, determine the number of Hamming bits required,
arbitrarily place the Hamming bits into the data string, determine the logic condition of each
Hamming bit, assume an arbitrary single-bit transmission error, and prove that the Hamming
code will successfully detect the error.
RADIO WAVES

Q. Calculate the power density 25 km away from a 90% efficient

half-wave dipole if the transmit power is 125 W.
𝑷𝒅 =
𝑷𝑻𝑮𝑻
𝟒𝝅𝑫𝟐
𝑷𝒅 =
𝟏𝟐𝟓(𝟎.𝟗𝒙𝟏.𝟔𝟒)
𝟒𝝅(𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟎𝟎)
𝟐
𝑷𝒅 = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟒𝟗 𝒏𝑾/𝒎^2

Q. Determine the electric field strength 10 km away from a halfwave dipole transmitter with an
input power of 100 W?
Q. A microwave transmitting antenna is 600 feet high. The receive antenna is 240 feet high. The
maximum transmission distance is

Q. Calculate the maximum range for a microwave link for which the antenna heights are 100 and
60 ft.
Q.The critical frequency at a particular time is 11.6MHz. What is the OWF for a transmitting
station if the required angle of incidence for propagation to a desired destination is 70°?

Q.At 20 km in free-space from a point source, the power density is 200μW/m2. What is the
power density 25 km away from this source?