Lesson 2 Noise - Gain - Tuned Circuits

LESSON 2
Prepared by: Engr. Ren

SYSTEM ANALYSIS
 Signal-to-Noise Power Ratio
 Itis the ratio of the signal power level to the noise power
level
PROBLEM
 For an amplifier with an output signal power of 10W and
output noise power of 0.01W, determine the signal-to-
noise power ratio in dB.
 30dB
PROBLEM
 Calculate the signal-to-noise ratio for a receiver output
of 4V signal and 0.48V noise in dB.
 18.42 dB
NOISE FACTOR(F) AND NOISE FIGURE (NF)
 Figure of merit used to indicate how much signal-to-
noise power deteriorates as a signals passes through a
circuit or series of circuits
 Noise Figure(NF)- is Noise Factor (F) expressed in dB

 -uniquely characterizes the degradation of S/N in a
receiver
NOISE FACTOR (F)
 F = 1 + Te/Ta
 Where:
 Te=equivalentnoise temp referred to the input in K
 Ta=ambient temp or physical temp in K
F = input(S/N) / output(S/N)
Where:(S/N)=signal-to-noise ratio
PROBLEM
 A transistor has a measured S/N power ratio of 60 at its
input and 19 at its output. Determine the noise figure of
transistor.
 5dB
PROBLEM
 Determine the noise figure for an equivalent noise
temperature of 75 K.
 1 dB
GAIN, ATTENUATION & DECIBELS
 Gain means amplification.
Av = output/ input
PROBLEM
 What is the voltage gain of an amplifier that produces an
output of 750 mV for a 30 uV input?
 25 000
PROBLEM
 The power output of an amplifier is 6 watts (W). The
power gain is 80. What is the input power?
 75 mW
CASCADED AMPLIFIERS
 When two or more stages of amplification or other forms
of signal processing are cascaded, the overall gain of the
combination is the product of the individual circuit
gains.
CASCADED AMPLIFIERS
PROBLEM
PROBLEM
 Three cascaded amplifiers have power gains of 5, 2 and
17. The input power is 40 mW. What is the output
power?
 6.8 W
PROBLEM 8
 A two-stage amplifier has an input power of 25 uW and
an output power of 1.5 mW. One stage has a gain of 3.
What is the gain of the second stage?
 20
ATTENUATION
 Attenuation refers to a loss introduced by a circuit or
component
ATTENUATION
 A = output/ input
 Cascaded circuit:
 At = A1 * A2 * A3
ATTENUATION
ATTENUATION OF CASCADED CIRCUITS
PROBLEM 9
 A voltage divider has values of R1=10k-ohm and
R2=470ohm
 What is the attenuation?
 What amplifier gain would you need to offset the loss for an
overall gain of 1?
 A1=0.045
 A2=22.3
PROBLEM
 An amplifier has a gain of 45 000, which is too much for
the application. With an input voltage of 20 μV, what
attenuation factor is needed to keep the output voltage
from exceeding 100 mV? Let A1=amplifier gain
=45000; A2=attenuation factor; At = total gain.
 A2=0.1111
DECIBELS
 Gain or loss of a circuit is expressed in dB
 dB, a unit of measurement originally created as a way of
expressing the hearing response of the human ear to
various sound levels.
 dB = 1/10 bel
DECIBEL CALCULATIONS
PROBLEM 11
 An amplifier has an input of 3 mV and an output of 5V.
What is the gain in dB?
 64.4
PROBLEM 12
 A filter has a power input of 50mW and an output of 2
mW. What is the gain or attenuation?
 -13.98
 dB<1 indicates attenuation
ANTILOGS
 To calculate the input or output voltage or power, given
the decibel gain or attenuation and the output or input,
antilog is used.
 It is the number obtained when the base is raised to the
logarithm which is the exponent
 It is simply the base 10 raised to the dB/10 power
PROBLEM
 A power amplifier with a 40-dB gain has an output
power of 100W. What is the input power?
 10mW
PROBLEM 2
 An amplifier has a gain of 60dB. If the input voltage is
50μV, what is the output voltage?
 50 mV
dBm
 Common reference level in comms is 1mW
 When a decibel value is computed by comparing a power

value to 1mW, the result is a value called dBm.
PROBLEM
 A power amplifier has an input of 90 mV across 10k-
ohm. The output is 7.8V across an 8-ohm speaker. What
is the power gain in dB?
 69.7 dB
SW#1
 1. What is the gain of an amplifier with an output of 1.5 V and an input of
30 uV?
 2. Three amplifiers with gain 15,22 and 7 are cascaded, the input voltage
is 120 uV. What are the overall gain and the output voltages of each
stage?
 3. A piece of communication equipment has two stages of amplification
with gains of 40 and 60 and two loss stages with attenuation factors of
0.03 and 0.075. The output voltage is 2.2 V. What are the overall gain or
attenuation and the input voltage?
 4. Determine the equivalent noise temperature for a noise figure of 6 dB.
 5.A communication system has five stages with gains and attenuations of
12,-45,68,-31 and 9dB. What is the overall gain and output in mW if the
input is 3dBm?
TUNED CIRCUITS
 Review how to calculate the reactance, resonant
frequency, impedance Q, and bandwidth of series and
parallel circuit
REACTIVE COMPONENTS
 Both coils and capacitors offer an opposition to
alternating-current flow known as reactance in Ω.
 Reactive effects – produce phase shift between the

current and the voltage in a circuit.
 Capacitive – current leads
 Inductive – voltage leads
CAPACITORS
 Used in an ac circuit continually charges and discharges.
 Tends to oppose voltage changes across it.
 This results to an opposition to alternating current known

as capacitive reactance Xc.
 Xc = 1/ 2ΠfC
 Where: f=operating freq, C=capacitance
 The wire leads of a capacitor have resistance and
inductance and the dielectric has leakage which appears
as a resistance value in parallel with the capacitor. This
characteristics are referred to as residuals/parasitics.
CAPACITANCE
 It is generally added to a circuit by a capacitor of a
specific value.
 It can occur too by any two conductors separated by an
insulator. These are known as stray or distributed
capacitance.
INDUCTORS
 Also called coil or choke.
 A winding of multiple turns of wire.
 When current is passed through a coil, a magnetic field is

produce around the coil.
 If the applied voltage and current are varying, the
magnetic field alternately expands and collapses.
 This causes a voltage to be induced into the coil winding
which has the effect of opposing the current changes in
the coil.
INDUCTANCE
 Unit, Henry
 XL = 2ΠfL
QUALITY FACTOR Q
 Another important characteristic of an inductor.
 The ratio of inductive power to resistive power.
RESISTORS
 At low frequencies, a standard low-wattage color-coded
resistor offers nearly pure resistance but at high
frequencies its leads have considerable inductance and
stray capacitance bet leads
SKIN EFFECT
 Tendency of electrons flowing in a conductor to flow
near and on the outer surface of the conductor
frequencies in the VHF, UHF and microwave regions.
TUNED CIRCUIT AND RESONANCE
 a tuned circuit is made up of inductance and capacitance
and resonates at a specific freq.
 Tuned circuit are freq-selective so they respond best at

their resonant freq. and a narrow range of freq around the
resonant freq.
SERIES RESONANT FREQ
 Is made up of inductance, capacitance and resistance.
SERIES RESONANT FREQ
 Resonance occurs when the inductive and capacitive
reactance are equal.
IMPEDANCE
 The total impedance of the circuit is given by the
expression:
 Z = √R^2 + (XL – Xc)^2

PROBLEM 1
 What is the resonant freq of a 2.7 pF capacitor and a 33-
nH inductor?
PROBLEM 2
 What value of inductance will resonate with 12-pF
capacitor at 49 MHz?
BANDWIDTH
 The narrow freq range over which the current is highest

is called the bandwidth
 The upper and lower boundaries are defined by two cut-
off freq f1 and f2
HALF POWER POINTS
 Current level at which the response is down 70.7 percent
are called the half power points
BANDWIDTH
 The BW of the tuned circuit is defined as the difference
bet the upper and lower frequencies
 BW = f2 – f1
 The BW of the resonant circuit is determined by the Q of

the circuit
 BW = fr / Q
 The bandwidth of a resonant circuit defines its
selectivity, how the circuit responds to varying freq
 If the response is to produce a high current only, over a
narrow range of freq, narrow bandwidth, the circuit is
said to be highly selective
 If the current is high over a broader range of freq, the
bw is wider, the circuit is said to be less selective
PROBLEM 3
 What is the bandwidth of a resonant circuit with a freq of
28 MHz and Q of 70?
RESONANT FREQ
 fr = √f1 x f2
 fr = (f1 + f2) / 2
PROBLEM 4
 The upper and lower cutoff freq of a resonant circuit are
found to be 8.07 and 7.93 MHz. Calculate the bw, fr and
Q
PROBLEM 5
 What are the approximate 3-dB down freq of a resonant
circuit with a Q of 200 at 16MHz?

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LESSON 2

Prepared by: Engr. Ren

 Noise Figure(NF)- is Noise Factor (F) expressed in dB

 When a decibel value is computed by comparing a power

 Reactive effects – produce phase shift between the

 This results to an opposition to alternating current known

 When current is passed through a coil, a magnetic field is

 Tuned circuit are freq-selective so they respond best at

 Z = √R^2 + (XL – Xc)^2

 The narrow freq range over which the current is highest

 The BW of the resonant circuit is determined by the Q of

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