Cheatsheets / Learn Python 3

Syntax
Comments
A comment is a piece of text within a program that is not
executed. It can be used to provide additional information # Comment on a single line
to aid in understanding the code.
The # character is used to start a comment and it user = "JDoe" # Comment after code
continues until the end of the line.

print() Function
The print() function is used to output text, numbers,
or other printable information to the console. print("Hello World!")
It takes one or more arguments and will output each of
the arguments to the console separated by a space. If no print(100)
arguments are provided, the print() function will
output a blank line. pi = 3.14159
print(pi)

Strings
A string is a sequence of characters (letters, numbers,
whitespace or punctuation) enclosed by quotation marks. user = "User Full Name"
It can be enclosed using either the double quotation game = 'Monopoly'
mark " or the single quotation mark ' .
If a string has to be broken into multiple lines, the longer = "This string is broken up \
backslash character \ can be used to indicate that the over multiple lines"
string continues on the next line.

Variables
A variable is used to store data that will be used by the
program. This data can be a number, a string, a Boolean, a # These are all valid variable names and
list or some other data type. Every variable has a name assignment
which can consist of letters, numbers, and the
underscore character _ . user_name = "@sonnynomnom"
The equal sign = is used to assign a value to a variable. user_id = 100
After the initial assignment is made, the value of a variable verified = False
can be updated to new values as needed.

# A variable's value can be changed after

points = 100
points = 120

/
Errors
The Python interpreter will report errors present in your
code. For most error cases, the interpreter will display if False ISNOTEQUAL True:
the line of code where the error was detected and place ^
a caret character ^ under the portion of the code SyntaxError: invalid syntax
where the error was detected.

SyntaxError
A SyntaxError is reported by the Python interpreter when
some portion of the code is incorrect. This can include age = 7 + 5 = 4
misspelled keywords, missing or too many brackets or
parenthesis, incorrect operators, missing or too many File "<stdin>", line 1
quotation marks, or other conditions.
SyntaxError: can't assign to operator

NameError
A NameError is reported by the Python interpreter when
it detects a variable that is unknown. This can occur when misspelled_variable_name
a variable is used before it has been assigned a value or if
a variable name is spelled di erently than the point at NameError: name 'misspelled_variable_name' is
which it was de ned. The Python interpreter will display
not defined
the line of code where the NameError was detected and
indicate which name it found that was not de ned.

ZeroDivisionError
A ZeroDivisionError is reported by the Python interpreter
when it detects a division operation is being performed numerator = 100
and the denominator (bottom number) is 0. In denominator = 0
mathematics, dividing a number by zero has no de ned bad_results = numerator / denominator
value, so Python treats this as an error condition and will
report a ZeroDivisionError and display the line of code
ZeroDivisionError: division by zero
where the division occurred. This can also happen if a
variable is used as the denominator and its value has
been set to or changed to 0.

Integers
An integer is a number that can be written without a
fractional part (no decimal). An integer can be a positive # Example integer numbers
number, a negative number or the number 0 so long as
there is no decimal portion. chairs = 4
The number 0 represents an integer value but the same tables = 1
number written as 0.0 would represent a oating point broken_chairs = -2
number. sofas = 0

# Non-integer numbers

lights = 2.5
left_overs = 0.0

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Floating Point Numbers
Python variables can be assigned di erent types of data.
One supported data type is the oating point number. A # Floating point numbers
oating point number is a value that contains a decimal
portion. It can be used to represent numbers that have pi = 3.14159
fractional quantities. For example, a = 3/5 can not be meal_cost = 12.99
represented as an integer, so the variable a is assigned tip_percent = 0.20
a oating point value of 0.6 .

Arithmetic Operations
Python supports di erent types of arithmetic operations
that can be performed on literal numbers, variables, or # Arithmetic operations
some combination. The primary arithmetic operators are:
result = 10 + 30
●
+ for addition result = 40 - 10
●
- for subtraction result = 50 * 5
result = 16 / 4
●
* for multiplication result = 25 % 2
●
/ for division result = 5 ** 3

●
% for modulus (returns the remainder)
●
** for exponentiation

Modulo Operator %
A modulo calculation returns the remainder of a division
between the rst and second number. For example: # Modulo operations

●
The result of the expression 4 % 2 would result zero = 8 % 4
in the value 0, because 4 is evenly divisible by 2
leaving no remainder.
nonzero = 12 % 5
●
The result of the expression 7 % 3 would return
1, because 7 is not evenly divisible by 3, leaving a
remainder of 1.

String Concatenation
Python supports the joining (concatenation) of strings
together using the + operator. The + operator is also # String concatenation
used for mathematical addition operations. If the
parameters passed to the + operator are strings, then first = "Hello "
concatenation will be performed. If the parameter passed second = "World"
to + have di erent types, then Python will report an
error condition. Multiple variables or literal strings can be result = first + second
joined together using the + operator.
long_result = first + second + "!"

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Plus-Equals Operator +=
The plus-equals operator += provides a convenient way
to add a value to an existing variable and assign the new # Plus-Equal Operator
value back to the same variable. In the case where the
variable and the value are strings, this operator performs counter = 0
string concatenation instead of addition. counter += 10
The operation is performed in-place, meaning that any
other variable which points to the variable being updated
# This is equivalent to
will also be updated.

counter = 0
counter = counter + 10

# The operator will also perform string

message = "Part 1 of message "