Unit - IV Consolidation of Soil

Unit – IV
Evaluation of Consolidation
Characteristics of Soil and their
Applications
Dr. N. Darga Kumar

JNTUHCE Manthani
Fixed Ring Type: Oedometer Test
In the fixed ring type, the top porous plate along is permitted to
move downwards for compressing the specimen. Direct
measurement of the permeability of the sample at any stage of the
test is possible only with the fixed ring type.
Floating Ring Type: Oedometer Test
In the floating ring type, both the top and bottom porous plates are
free to move to compress the soil sample. The effect of side friction
on the soil sample is smaller in the floating type.
Types of Compression of Soil
Immediate or Elastic Compression
Primary Compression
Secondoary Compression
Time – Compression Curve
Settlement of Cohesionless Soil (Sad) and
Cohesive Soil (Clay)
Coefficient of Compressibility, av
e - log Curve
Compression Index,
Cc
For disturbed soil or remoulded soil
For undisturbed soil

Modulus of Volume Change (mv) and
Consolidation Settlement (H)
Consolidation Settlement (H) or Sc
Compression Curves for Undisturbed and
Remoulded Samples for a Field Deposit of Clay
e - log Curve
Compression Index,
Cc
For disturbed soil or remoulded soil
For undisturbed soil

e - log Curve
Overconsolidation Ratio of Soil, OCR
Preconsolidation Pressure, p
Reasons of Preconsolidation or
Overconsolidation of Soil:
1. Erosion of Soil during floods
2. Demolition of
Buildings/Theaters
Effective Normal Stress, v
3. Melting of Ice
Casagrande’s Graphical Method - Preconsolidation Pressure
1. Locate the point of maximum
curvature (a)
2. Drawn a horizontal line ‘ab’
3. Draw a tangent line ‘ac’
4. Draw a bisector line ‘ad’
5. Extend the straight portion of
the curve ‘hg’ from bottom
point ‘h’ to till it cuts the
bisector line at point ‘f’.
6. Draw a vertical downward line
from point ‘f’ such that it cuts
the x-axis (Effective normal
stress axis) at point ‘e’. The
corresponding pressure is called
as Preconsolidation pressure or e
past maximum effective stress,
 c.
Distribution of Excess Hydrostatic Pressure with Time
Initially whole applied pressure sis taken up by water, and hydrostatic

excess pressure = /w.
At time t = 0, just after the application of the load, the excess hydrostatic
pressure ui = /w and is shown by the horizontal line AB.
At time t = t, excess hydrostatic pressure variation is shown as CDE line.
At time t = tf , excess hydrostatic pressure variation is shown as CFE line.
Distribution of Excess Hydrostatic Pressure with Time
for Single Drainage and Double Drainage
,Tv
Time Factor, T (or) Tv
T  t for constant H and Cv

t  H2 for constant T and Cv
Single and Double Drainage in Soil and
Maximum Drainage Path, H
Double Drainage Single Drainage
SandSa SandSa
h Clay h Clay
Sand Hard Soil/Rock
Maximum Drainage Maximum Drainage

Path in Double
Path in Single
Drainage; H = h/2 Drainage; H = h
Evaluation of Coefficient of Vonsolidation, Cv From
Consolidation Test Data
The more generally used fitting

methods are the following:
(a) The square root of time fitting

method (D W Taylor Method)
(b) The logarithm of time fitting

method (Casagrande Method)
Coefficient of Consolidation, Cv - Square Root
Time Fitting Method
T90 = Tv =0.848
H = Maximum Drainage Path
H = h, for Single Drainage System
H = h/2, for Double Drainage System
h = Clay layer thickness
Coefficient of Consolidation, Cv - Logarithm of
Time Fitting Method
Coefficient of Consolidation, Cv - Logarithm of
Time Fitting Method
T50 = Tv =0.197
H = Maximum Drainage Path
H = h, for Single Drainage System
H = h/2, for Double Drainage System
h = Clay layer thickness
Comparison of Square Root Time and Log of Lime
Methods
1. For some soils, the square root time plot does not give a
straight line for the initial portion and therefore, to
locate the corrected zero, Rc becomes difficult. For such
soils Log of time method is best.
2. The square root time method is more suitable for soils

exhibiting secondary consolidation.
3. Square root time method is more convenient for a

general case.
4. Log of time method needs longer period time data.
5. Both the methods give comparable results.

Precompression (or) Preloading Method at Site
Installation of Prefabricated Vertical Drains
at Site
Numerical Examples
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I thank everyone whose data is utilized in the
preparation of the presentation on consolidation of
soil.
This presentation is prepared only for sharing

knowledge in the academic activities.
THANK YOU

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Unit – IV

Dr. N. Darga Kumar

For disturbed soil or remoulded soil

For undisturbed soil

For disturbed soil or remoulded soil

For undisturbed soil

Initially whole applied pressure sis taken up by water, and hydrostatic

T  t for constant H and Cv

Sand Hard Soil/Rock

Maximum Drainage Maximum Drainage

The more generally used fitting

(a) The square root of time fitting

(b) The logarithm of time fitting

2. The square root time method is more suitable for soils

3. Square root time method is more convenient for a

4. Log of time method needs longer period time data.

5. Both the methods give comparable results.

This presentation is prepared only for sharing

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