BSC (Hons) in Civil Engineering
BSC (Hons) in Civil Engineering
BLT2012 Hydraulics 2C
Worked Examples
If the pressure in a water main is 2 bar, how high will the water rise in an
adjoining block of flats?
P= gh
where P = pressure in N/m2 (1 bar = 100,000 N/m2)
is the density of water = 1000 kg/m3
g is the acceleration due to gravity = 9.81 m/s2
h is the height of the water column in m
h= P =
g
2)
200000 = 20.38 m
1000x9.81
Determine the velocity of flow in a 225 mm diameter pipe when the flow rate of
water Q is 3600 litres/min.
Q=Av
Where Q is the flow rate in m3/sec (1000 litres of water in a cubic metre)
A is the cross sectional area of the pipe in m2 (d is the pipe diameter in m)
v is the velocity of flow of the water in the pipe in m/sec
A = d2 = 3.142 x 0.2252 = 0.0398 m2
4
4
Q=
3600
= 0.060 m3/sec
1000 x 60
3)
Water flows along a 150mm diameter water main, which has a Darcy friction
factor value of 0.025, at a flow rate Q of 10 litres/sec. The pipe is 400m long,
has a level of 230m AOD at the start (1) and 235m AOD at the end (2). If the
pressure at the start is 3 bar determine the pressure at the end.
Total Energy Line (TEL)
hf
P1/ g + v12/2g
P2/ g + v22/2g
2
1
v 12
P1
v 22
P
z1 +
+
= z2 +
+ 2 + hf
2g g
2g g
h f = L v2
2gd
or
Bernoullis equation
hf = L Q 2
12.1 d5
Q = 0.010 m3/sec
z2 = 235 m
v 12
P1
v 22
P
z1 +
+
= z2 +
+ 2 + hf
2g g
2g g
1.
0.015
2.
z1 +
P1 P 2 = h f
g
v = dp (R2 r2)
4 dx
(Pg 14 in notes)
vmax =
4.
v32.5 =
5.
3585.6
(0.03752 0.03252) = 0.139 m/sec
4 x 0.015 x 150
or
hf = L Q 2
12.1 d5
Q = 0.050 m3/sec
= 4.247m
+ 5.5
v*
= dp d
4L
(Pg 18 in notes)
v* =
4.687
1000
= 0.069m/sec
During a recent network calibration exercise the head loss due to friction over an
existing 220m length of 150mm diameter pipe was calculated to be 0.6m when the
measured flowrate was 7.5 litres/sec. Estimate the pipe wall roughness k s. Assume the
coefficient of dynamic viscosity for water is 1.14 x 10-3 kg/ms.
h f = L v2
2gd
or
hf = L Q 2
12.1 d5
Q = 0.017 m3/sec
1.14 x 10-3
k
5.1286
= 2 log s +
R 0e.89
3.7d
ks
5.1286
= 2 log
+
55790 0.89
0.045
3.7 x0.15
1
ks
4.714 = 2 log
+ 3.059 x 10 4
0.555
10-2.357 =
ks
+ 3.059 x 10-4
0.555
4.395 x 10-3 =
ks
+ 3.059 x 10-4
0.555
A 450mm diameter cement lined ductile iron pipe (reason for precision of description to
be explained later) 2000m long supplies water from a storage reservoir to a service
reservoir. If the difference in water levels in the two reservoirs is 20m determine the flow
rate Q between them. Take the pipe wall roughness k s as 0.03mm and the coefficient of
kinematic viscosity for water as 1.14 x 10-6 m2/s (at 15C).
1
Applying Bernoulli between the water surfaces in the reservoirs i.e. between 1 and 2
z1 +
v 12
P
v2
P
+ 1 = z2 + 2 + 2 + hf
2g g
2g g
= 2gd hf = 2gd S0 - equation (1) (S0 = hf/L is the friction gradient = 20/2000 = 0.01)
L v2
v2
k
2.51
= 2 log s +
3.7d R e
where Re = v d/
3.7d d 2gdS O
= 2 2gdS O
= 2 2 x9.81x0.45 x0.01
0.03 x10 3
2.51x1.14 x10 6
log
+
v = -0.593 log [ 1.802 x 10-5 + 2.14 x 10-5] = -0.593 log [ 3.942 x 10-5]
v = 2.612 m/sec
k
5.1286
= 2 log s +
R 0e.89
3.7d
1.14 x 10-6
0.03 x10 3
5.1286
= 2 log
+
0.89
1031053
3.7 x0.45
1
8.7792
= 0.013
ks = 0.003x10-3 = 0.000067
D
0.45
10
An old tuberculated water main (in normal condition with a slight degree of attack),
having a ks value of 1.5mm, has a diameter of 150mm and is 800m in length. When the
flow rate Q is 17 litres/sec, the pressure recorded at the inlet is 3 bar and the pressure
recorded at the outlet is 1.851 bar. Determine the difference in the pipe levels at the
inlet and outlet. Take the coefficient of kinematic viscosity for water as 1.14 x 10-6
m2/sec. Using the universal velocity distribution equation determine the pipe centreline
velocity.
Total Energy Line (TEL)
hf
P1/ g + v12/2g
P2/ g + v22/2g
2
1
z1 +
v 12
P
v2
P
+ 1 = z2 + 2 + 2 + hf
2g g
2g g
h f = L v2
2gd
or
Bernoullis equation
hf = L Q 2
12.1 d5
Q = 0.017 m3/sec
1.14 x 10-6
k
5.1286
= 2 log s +
R 0e.89
3.7d
Barrs equation
1.5 x10 3
5.1286
= 2 log
+
0.89
= 0.0386
11
h f = L v2
2gd
= 9.710m
+ 9.710
0.15
+ 5.5
v*
= dp d
4L
(Pg 18 in notes)
v* =
4.465
1000
= 0.067m/sec
= 2 2gdS O
k
2.51
log s +
3.7d d 2gdS O
12
1.5 x10 3
2.51x1.14 x10 6
log
+
v = -0.251 log [ 2.027 x 10-3 + 1.142 x 10-4] = -0.251 log [ 2.141 x 10-3] = 0.670 m/sec
Q = A v = 3.142 x 0.22/4 x 0.670 = 0.021 m3/sec = 21.0 litres/sec
A 150mm diameter main conveying water at a flow rate of 20 litres/sec rises 1.5m over
a distance of 300m. If the pipeline has a roughness value ks of 1.5mm and the pressure
at the start is 4 bar determine the pressure at the other end in kN/m2.
Total Energy Line (TEL)
hf
P1/ g + v12/2g
P2/ g + v22/2g
2
1
z1 +
v 12
P
v2
P
+ 1 = z 2 + 2 + 2 + hf
2g g
2g g
Q = 0.020 m3/sec
z2 z1 = 1.5 m
13
B
The 0.6m head loss across the parallel section ( 1 to 2) is the same in each pipe i.e.
HLA = HLB = 0.6m
A L A Q 2A
12 .1 d 5A
B L B Q B2
12 .1 dB5
= 0.6m
and
QA =
QB =
0.6 x 12 .1 x 0.15 5
0.0188 x 150
0.6 x 12 .1 x 0.225
0.0163 x 120
0.6
150
= 0.004 ( 1 in 250)
SOB =
0.6
120
= 0.005 ( 1 in 200)
Design the supply pipeline which connects the reservoir to the distribution system. The
pipe material is to be metal with a concrete lining, which has a Darcy friction factor of
0.013. Allow a peaking factor of 2. The top water level in the reservoir is 415.6m AOD
and the pipe level at the start of the distribution system is 376.3m AOD. The pressure at
the start of the distribution system is to be 2.94 bar.
After 25 years the population increases to 125,000. If the water level in the service
reservoir and the pressure in the distribution system remains unchanged determine:
(a)
(b)
(c)
the length of a parallel pipeline, of the same diameter and material as the original
pipeline, required to ensure that the demand for water is met.
the length of a parallel pipeline, of 525mm diameter and the same material as
the original pipeline (with a Darcy friction factor value of 0.011), required to
ensure that the demand for water is met.
the diameter of a lined ductile iron parallel pipeline, of length 850m and Darcy
friction factor of 0.014, required to ensure that the demand for water is met.
Parallel pipeline example solution
A 415.6m AOD
B
376.3m AOD
= 30m
v 2A
P
v2
P
+ A = zB + B + B + hf
2g g
2g g
= 9.3m
16
= 0.45m = 450mm.
QN = 2 x 125,000 x 200
24 x 3600
Insert parallel pipeline along bottom section of original pipeline to accommodate new
flow and maintain pressure in distribution system.
A
1
3
2
i.e.
HL2 = HL3
2 L2 Q22 = 3 L3 Q32
12.1 d25
12.1 d35
Identical pipes, L2 = L3 , d2 = d3 ,
Therefore Q2 = Q3
( note if any of the above relationships are not equal then Q2 Q3 and the relationship
between Q2 and Q3 has to be determined by calculation.)
Q1 = Q2 + Q3 = 0.579 m3/sec
As Q2 = Q3 = 0.579/2 = 0.290 m3/sec
1000 = L1 + L3, therefore L1 = 1000 - L3
HL = 9.3m = HL1 + HL3
1 L1 Q12
12.1 d15
0.013 x (1000 L3) x 0.5792
12.1 x 0.455
+ 3 L3 Q32 = 9.3
12.1 d35
+
17
0.013 x L3 x 0.2902
12.1 x 0.455
= 9.3
i.e.
2 L2 Q22 = 3 L3 Q32
12.1 d25
12.1 d35
L2 = L3 , d2 = 450mm , d3 = 525mm
0.013 x Q22 =
0.455
= 0.013,
0.011 x Q32
0. 5255
18
= 0.011
HL2 = HL3
therefore L1 = 1000 - L3
+ 3 L3 Q32 = 9.3
12.1 d35
(c)
19
HL1 =
= 2.928m
L2 Q22
12.1 d25
20
A
J
B
C
Reservoir
A
B
C
Pipe
A-J
J-B
J-C
Diameter (mm)
300
225
150
Length (m)
900
1100
800
21
Ks(mm)
1.5
1.5
1.5
1st estimate
2nd estimate
Hj = 90.5m
Pipe
3rd estimate
Hj = 91.5m
Hj = 90.9m
hf across
SO
hf across
SO
hf across
SO
Pipe (m)
(1 in)
(litre/s)
Pipe (m)
(1 in)
(litre/s)
Pipe (m)
(1 in)
(litre/s)
4.5
200
69.2
3.5
257
61.0
4.1
220
65.9
10.5
105
-44.5
11.5
96
-46.8
10.9
101
-45.4
14.5
55
-20.9
15.5
52
-21.6
14.9
54
-21.1
Error in Q = 3.8l/sec
Error in Q = -7.4l/sec
22
Error in Q = 0.6l/sec
Note clockwise flows are deemed +ve and anti-clockwise flows ve as are their respective
friction head losses. The basic logic is that when the flows are correctly allotted the head
losses in a loop will sum to zero.
i.e. in the top loop:
23
24
Pipe
Dia
(mm)
1st Adjustment
Length
(m)
Q
(m /sec)
3
hf
(m)
2nd Adjustment
hf/Q
Q
(m /sec)
hf
(m)
3rd Adjustment
hf/Q
Q
(m /sec)
3
300
550
+0.130
4.58
35
+0.127
4.57
34
+0.129
4.50
B-C
200
450
+0.040
3.10
78
+0.037
2.68
72
+0.039
2.93
A-C
250
800
-0.080
-6.64
83
-0.088
-7.92
90
-0.085
-7.40
+1.04
196
-0.87
196
hf
1.04
=
= 0.003m3 / s
h
2 x 196
2 f
Q
A
130
B
125.5
C
122.6
30
27.5
21.6
0.03
Q=
+0.002m3/s
AC = 0.003m3/s
A-C
250
800
+0.080
6.64
83
+0.008
7.92
90
+0.085
+7.50
D-C
250
250
-0.060
-1.21
20
-0.055
-1.05
19
-0.056
-1.06
A-D
300
850
-0.130
-6.94
54
-0.126
-6.59
53
-0.126
-6.70
-1.57
157
+0.28
162
Q =
Pressure
Head
(m)
hf
(m)
A-B
Q =
Total
Head
(m)
hf 1.57
=
= + 0.005m3 / s
hf
2 x 157
2
Q
-0.001m /s
Q=
-0.26
A
130
C
122.3
D
123.3
27.3
C2
A2
A3
C1
B1
A4
Pipe run
Length
(m)
90
80
85
120
50
100
A1-A2
B1-A2
A2-A3
C1-C2
C2-A3
A3-A4
Number of
houses
250
220
300
180
150
280
Ground level
upstream Mh
100.00
100.27
98.94
100.15
98.49
97.86
Ground level
downstream Mh
98.94
98.94
97.86
98.49
97.86
97.19
Sewer run
Cumulative
houses
Cumulative
flow
(litres/sec)
Ground
gradient
Pipe
diameter
(mm)
Min Pipe
gradient
(1 in)
Chosen pipe
gradient
(1 in)
A1-A2
250
15.1
1 in 85
150
1 in 100
1 in 100
B1-A2
220
13.3
1 in 60
150
1 in 133
1 in 100
A2-A3
770
46.5
1 in 79
225
1 in 96
1 in 96
C1-C2
180
10.9
1 in 72
150
1 in 133
1 in 100
C2-A3
330
20.0
1 in 79
150
1 in 59
1 in 59
A3-A4
1380
83.4
1 in 149
300
1 in 138
1 in 138
26
g) Ground gradient = 1 in 79
h) Pipe dia = 225mm, gradient = 1 in 96
Manhole Invert levels & depths
A3 = 95.15 + 100 = 95.88m AOD
138
Depth = 97.86 95.88 = 1.98m
A2 = 95.88 + 0.075 + 85 = 96.84m AOD, depth = 2.10m
96
A1 = 96.84 + 0.075 + 90 = 97.82m AOD, depth = 2.18m
100
B1 = 96.84 + 0.075 + 80 = 97.72m AOD, depth = 2.55m
100
27
A3
clearance
28
Analyse the above storm sewer system using the Rational method for a 1 in 1 year event
taking the time of entry Te as 2.0 mins. ks for all pipes is 0.6mm. Rainfall table provided. See
Table below.
29
Note when calculating TC2.02 use the LONGER of the two upstream times of concentration.
i.e. TC2.01 = 2.78 mins and TC3.00 = 2.56 mins.
Therefore TC2.02 = TC2.01 + TF2.02 = 2.78 + 0.33 = 3.11 mins
AP = 0.647 ha
and i = 65.5 mm/hr and Q2.02 = 2.778 x 0.647 x 65.6 = 117.7 litres/sec
30
RAINFALL TABLE - Rates of rainfall in mm/h for a range of durations for given return periods
RETURN PERIOD (YEARS)
DURATION
10
20
50
100
2.0 MINS
2.5 MINS
3.0 MINS
3.5 MINS
4.0 MINS
4.1 MINS
4.2 MINS
4.3 MINS
4.4 MINS
4.5 MINS
4.6 MINS
4.7 MINS
4.8 MINS
4.9 MINS
5.0 MINS
5.1 MINS
5.2 MINS
5.3 MINS
5.4 MINS
5.5 MINS
5.6 MINS
5.7 MINS
5.8 MINS
5.9 MINS
6.0 MINS
6.2 MINS
6.4 MINS
6.6 MINS
6.8 MINS
7.0 MINS
7.2 MINS
7.4 MINS
7.6 MINS
7.8 MINS
8.0 MINS
8.2 MINS
8.4 MINS
8.6 MINS
8.8 MINS
9.0 MINS
9.2 MINS
9.4 MINS
9.6 MINS
9.8 MINS
10.0 MINS
10.5 MINS
11.0 MINS
11.5 MINS
12.0 MINS
12.5 MINS
13.0 MINS
13.5 MINS
14.0 MINS
14.5 MINS
15.0 MINS
16.0 MINS
17.0 MINS
18.0 MINS
19.0 MINS
20.0 MINS
85.6
76.5
66.3
62.8
59.6
59.1
58.5
57.9
57.4
56.9
56.3
55.8
55.3
54.8
54.3
53.9
53.4
53.0
52.5
52.1
51.7
51.2
50.8
50.4
50.0
49.3
48.5
47.8
47.1
46.4
45.8
45.2
44.5
44.0
43.4
42.8
42.3
41.8
41.2
40.8
40.3
39.9
39.4
39.0
93.4
87.5
82.3
77.8
73.8
73.1
72.3
71.6
71.0
70.3
69.6
69.0
68.3
67.7
67.1
66.5
65.9
65.4
64.8
64.3
63.7
63.2
627
62.2
61.7
60.7
59.8
58.9
58.0
57.2
56.4
55.6
54.8
54.1
56.4
52.7
52.0
51.4
50.7
50.1
49.5
49.0
48.4
47.9
38.6
37.6
36.7
35.8
35.0
34.2
33.4
32.7
32.0
31.4
30.8
29.36
28.6
27.6
26.7
25.9
120.5
113.4
107.2
101.7
96.8
95.9
95.0
94.1
93.2
92.4
91.6
90.8
90.0
89.2
88.5
87.7
87.0
86.3
85.6
84.9
84.2
83.5
82.9
82.3
81.6
80.4
79.2
78.1
77.0
75.9
74.9
73.9
72.9
71.9
71.0
70.1
69.3
68.4
67.6
66.8
66.0
65.3
64.6
63.8
47.4
46.1
44.9
43.8
42.8
41.8
40.8
39.9
39.1
38.3
37.5
36.1
34.8
33.5
32.4
31.4
138.3
130.4
123.4
117.3
111.8
110.8
109.8
108.8
107.9
106.9
106.0
105.1
104.2
103.4
102.5
101.7
100.9
100.1
99.3
98.5
97.8
97.0
96.3
95.6
94.9
93.5
92.2
90.9
89.6
88.4
87.3
86.1
85.0
84.0
82.9
81.9
81.0
80.0
79.1
78.2
77.3
76.4
75.6
74.8
63.1
61.5
59.9
58.4
57.0
55.7
54.4
53.3
52.1
51.0
50.0
48.1
46.3
44.7
43.2
41.8
158
149
141
135
128
127
126
125
124
123
122
121
120
119
118
117
116
115
115
114
113
112
111
110
110
108
107
105
104
102
101
100
99
97
96
95
94
93
92
91
90
89
88
87
74.0
72.1
70.2
68.5
66.9
65.4
64.0
63.6
61.3
60.0
58.8
56.6
54.6
52.7
51.0
49.3
187
177
168
161
154
152
151
150
149
148
146
145
144
143
142
141
140
139
138
137
136
135
134
133
132
130
129
127
125
124
122
121
119
118
117
115
114
113
112
110
109
108
107
106
86
84
82
80
78
76
75
73
72
70
69
65
64
62
60
58
213
202
192
184
176
174
173
172
170
169
168
166
165
164
163
162
160
159
158
157
156
155
154
153
152
150
148
146
144
143
141
139
138
136
135
133
132
131
129
125
127
125
124
123
105
102
100
97
95
93
91
89
87
86
84
81
78
76
73
71
31
121
118
116
113
111
108
106
104
102
100
98
94
91
88
85
83
2
Difference
in level
3
Pipe
length
4
Pipe
gradient
5
Vel
7
Time
of
Conc.
(min)
8
Rate of
rainfall
i
(mm/hr)
9
Imp.
Area
(m/s)
6
Time
of
flow
(min)
(m)
(m)
(1 in )
1.00
1.10
63.1
57
1.33
0.79
2.79
70.5
150
1.01
1.12
66.1
59
1.70
0.65
3.44
63.0
225
1.02
0.73
84.7
116
0.081
300
2.00
1.40
44.8
32
225
2.01
0.61
49.1
80
0.150
300
3.00
0.98
48.5
49
0.129
150
2.02
1.65
54.3
33
1.03
1.22
27.7
23
2.32
2.74
0.32
0.33
2.32
3.11
82.5
65.5
(ha)
11
Flow
Q
12
Pipe
dia.
(m3/s)
(mm)
32
10
Cum Imp.
Area
AP
(ha)
300
Table 1 Lloyd Davies method: Time of entry = 2 mins, ks = 0.6mm, 1 in 1 year storm
1
Pipe
length
ref No
2
Difference
in level
3
Pipe
length
4
Pipe
gradient
5
Vel
7
Time
of
Conc.
(min)
8
Rate of
rainfall
i
(mm/hr)
9
Imp.
Area
(m/s)
6
Time
of
flow
(min)
(m)
(m)
(1 in )
1.00
1.10
63.1
57
1.33
0.79
2.79
70.5
150
1.01
1.12
66.1
59
1.70
0.65
3.44
63.0
225
1.02
0.73
84.7
116
1.46
0.97
4.41
57.4
300
2.00
1.40
44.8
32
2.32
0.32
2.32
82.5
225
2.01
0.61
49.1
80
1.77
0.46
2.78
70.0
300
3.00
0.98
48.5
49
1.43
0.56
2.56
76.0
150
2.02
1.65
54.3
33
2.74
0.33
3.11
65.5
1.03
1.22
27.7
23
3.29
0.14
4.55
56.9
33
(ha)
10
Cum Imp.
Area
AP
(ha)
11
Flow
Q
12
Pipe
dia.
(m3/s)
(mm)