This document provides an overview of analytical chemistry lecture 1. It discusses quantitative analysis methods like titrimetric and gravimetric analysis. Volumetric titration methods are highlighted, including terms like titration, titrant, titrand, primary and secondary standards. Neutralization titrations are introduced as a common acid-base titration. Indicators are also discussed, which change color at the equivalence point during a titration to indicate the endpoint. The learning outcomes are to describe quantitative analysis methods, volumetric titrimetry, and neutralization titrations.
This document provides an overview of analytical chemistry lecture 1. It discusses quantitative analysis methods like titrimetric and gravimetric analysis. Volumetric titration methods are highlighted, including terms like titration, titrant, titrand, primary and secondary standards. Neutralization titrations are introduced as a common acid-base titration. Indicators are also discussed, which change color at the equivalence point during a titration to indicate the endpoint. The learning outcomes are to describe quantitative analysis methods, volumetric titrimetry, and neutralization titrations.
Original Description:
University of Ruhuna - Fisheries and Marine Sciences
This document provides an overview of analytical chemistry lecture 1. It discusses quantitative analysis methods like titrimetric and gravimetric analysis. Volumetric titration methods are highlighted, including terms like titration, titrant, titrand, primary and secondary standards. Neutralization titrations are introduced as a common acid-base titration. Indicators are also discussed, which change color at the equivalence point during a titration to indicate the endpoint. The learning outcomes are to describe quantitative analysis methods, volumetric titrimetry, and neutralization titrations.
This document provides an overview of analytical chemistry lecture 1. It discusses quantitative analysis methods like titrimetric and gravimetric analysis. Volumetric titration methods are highlighted, including terms like titration, titrant, titrand, primary and secondary standards. Neutralization titrations are introduced as a common acid-base titration. Indicators are also discussed, which change color at the equivalence point during a titration to indicate the endpoint. The learning outcomes are to describe quantitative analysis methods, volumetric titrimetry, and neutralization titrations.
A.M.K.C.J. Costa Lecturer (Probationary) Department of Limnology and Water Technology Faculty of Fisheries & Marine Sciences and Technology Recommended Text Books
Fundamentals of Analytical Chemistry, 8 th Edition, by Skoog and West
• Amount of analyte can be determined through the measurement of
mass. • Main types of gravimetric analysis: Precipitation methods Volatilization methods Electro analytical methods Basic analytical methods in quantitative analysis Titrimetric Methods
• Contains basic and powerful methods in quantitative analysis
• This technique is based on measuring the amount of a reagent of known concentration, that is consumed by an analyte.
• Can be classified mainly in to three groups
Volumetric titrimetry Gravimetric titrimetry Coulometric titrimetry Terms used in Volumetric Titrimetry Titration A process in which a standard reagent is added in to a solution of an analyte until the reaction between the reagent and the analyte is completed.
Titrant The reagent of known concentration.(Normally the solution in the burette
Titrand The substance being titrated Terms used in Volumetric Titrimetry Primary Standard • A highly purified compound, that serves as a reference material. • Important requirements for a primary standard: - High purity - Atmospheric stability - Absence of hydrate water (composition does not change with humidity) - Modest cost - Reasonable solubility in the titration medium - Reasonably large molar mass (Errors associated with weighing the standard is minimized) Terms used in Volumetric Titrimetry • Examples for primary standards
- Potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) REDOX titrations - Potassium Iodate (KIO3) Terms used in Volumetric Titrimetry Secondary Standard • This is usually standardized against a primary standard. Standard solution Desired properties of standard solutions: • Sufficiently stable • React rapidly with the analyte • React completely with the analyte • Undergo a selective reaction with the analyte Terms used in Volumetric Titrimetry Standardization • The concentration of a volumetric solution is determined by, titrating it against a carefully measured quantity of primary or secondary standard.
Equivalence point
• Is the point in the titration, when the amount of added standard reagent is exactly equivalent to the amount of analyte
• Equivalence point can’t be determined experimentally
Terms used in Volumetric Titrimetry
End point Is the point in the titration, that a physical change occurs, which is associated with the chemical equivalence.
Titration error
The difference in the volume or mass between the equivalence point
and the end point. Indicators • These are often added to the analyte solution to produce an observable physical change at or near the equivalence point
• Large changes in the relative concentration of analyte or titrant occur in the
equivalence point region.
• These concentration changes cause the indicator to change its
appearance.
• Typical indicator changes include appearance or disappearance of color,
appearance or disappearance of turbidity Introduction to neutralization titrations
• Include the titration of free bases, or those formed from salts of weak acids by hydrolysis, with a standard acid (Acidimetry) or
• Titration of free acids or those formed by the hydrolysis of salts of weak
bases with a standard base (Alkalimetry)
• The reaction involves the combination of H+ and OH- ions to form H2O Neutralization indicators • In a titration, the correct end point will be characterized by a definite value of H+ concentration of the solution, which depends on the nature of the acid, the nature of the base and the concentration of the solution. • Neutralization or acid – base indicators change color according to the H+ ion concentration of the solution Neutralization indicators • An acid - base indicator is a weak acid or weak base, in which the ionized molecule has a different color from the parent molecule which responds to a change in acidity or alkalinity by a color change
• So, these color changes are believed to be due to structural changes
occur in the molecule.
• The equilibrium between the acidic form (HIn) and the basic form ( In- ) of an indicator can be expressed as, • An acid/base indicator is a weak organic acid or a weak organic base whose undissociated form differs in color from its conjugate base or its conjugate acid form.
• For example, the behavior of an acid-type indicator, HIn, is described
by the equilibrium
• The equilibrium for a base-type indicator, In, is
The equilibrium-constant expression for the dissociation of an acid- type indicator takes the form.
[In-] 𝑝𝐻 = 𝑝𝐾 𝐼𝑛 + log [HIn] 𝑝𝐾𝐼𝑛 = Indicator constant •HIn, exhibits its pure acid color when
• Color change interval is:
𝑝 𝐻 = 𝑝𝐾𝐼𝑛± 1 • Within this range indicator will appear to change from one color to another In practice, choose an indicator whose end point lies on the steep part of the titration curve. Because the equivalence point also lies on the steep part of the curve, this choice ensures that the pH at the equivalence point will fall within the range over which the indicator changes colour.
