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ME8391 - Engineering Thermodynamics Important Questions

Exercises
1. Identify the type of the systems given below.

a) Reciprocating air compressor

b) Steam turbine in a steam power plant

c) Pressure cooker

d) Radiator of an automobile engine

e) A can of soft drink cooled inside the refrigerator

2. In system control volume approach is employed.

3. Define a quasi-equilibrium process.

4. Define intensive and Extensive properties. Give examples.

5. What is the state postulate ?

6. What is zeroth law of thermodynamics ?

7. When does the concept of continuum become invalid ?

8. In which type of system neither mass nor energy is allowed to cross the boundary.

9. What is meant by thermodynamic equilibrium?

10. What is meant by a control surface?

11. What is meant by microscopic and macroscopic approach?

12. Universal gas constant = Characteristic Gas constant  Molecular weight (T/F)

13. What is an open system? Give examples.

14. Define a closed system. Give example

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Exercises
1. Name the forms of energy transfer across the boundary of a thermodynamic system.

2. State the thermodynamics definition of work.

3. Displacement work is not applicable to systems.

4. The polytropic index n of process can be represented by

a) n  b) n  c) n 

choose the right answer.

5. What are point and path functions? Give examples.

6. What is meant by displacement work?

7. What is meant by an indicator diagram?

8. Define mean effective pressure.

9. What are the modes of heat transfer?

10. A certain fluid expands in a quasi-static process from 0.1 m3 to 0.8 m3 at a constant pressure of
1000 kPa. Find the work done. [700 kJ]

11. Zeroth law of thermodynamics is the basis of

a) Temperature measurement c) Heat measurement

b) Pressure measurement d) Internal energy

e) Enthalpy

Choose the correct answer

12. Mass remains constant for a closed system (T / F)

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13. What are the similarities between work and heat?

14. Calculate the work required to lift a 25 kg body from an elevation of 200 m above
mean sea level to an elevation of 300 m in 2 minutes.
[24.525 kJ]

15. What is the work done in compressing a spring of stiffness 500 N/cm by 2 cm?

[1 kJ]

16. An electric water with a resistance of 50 Ohms heater is connected across a

power supply of 240 Volt for a period of 1 hour.

a) Determine the work done by the power source on the heater.

b) How many units of electricity are consumed?

[5184 kJ; 1.44 k Whr]

17. A gas is contained in a piston cylinder arrangement as given in the Figure 2.28.Initial volume of
the gas is 0.5 m3. It is compressed from 1 bar to 10 bar such that the temperature remains
constant. Find the final volume and work done.

[0.05 m3 ;115.13 kJ]

18. Air expands from 0.1 m3 to 0.23 m3 at a constant temperature of 50oC. Calculate the work done
per kg of air. R 
air
0.287 kJ/kgK.

[77.2 kJ]

19. Oxygen contained in a cylinder fitted with a piston expands in a quasistatic process according
to the law pV1.5 constant. The initial pressure, temperature and volume are 5 bar, 300 k and
0.05 m3. After expansion, the pressure is 2 bar.

Find the following :

a. Final volume

b. Final temperature

c. Work done

[0.0921 m3 ; 221 K ; 13.16 kJ]

20. Air is compressed adiabatically from 0.92 m3 to 0.29 m3 in a piston cylinder arrangement.
Taking its initial pressure and temperature as 103 kPa and 300 k respectively, find the work
done. Also find the final temperature.

[139.04 kJ ; 476 K]

21. A spherical balloon has a diameter of 25 cm and contains air at a pressure of 150 kPa. The
diameter of the balloon increases to 30 cm because of heating, and during this process, the

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pressure is proportional to the diameter. Calculate the work done on the gas assuming
reversible work interaction.

[0.989 kJ]

22. A bicycle pump has a total stroke of 25 cm and is used to pump air into a tyre against a pressure
of 3.5 bar. Calculate the length stroke necessary before air enters the tyre when the piston is
pushed in

a) rapidly

b) slowly

Assume atmospheric pressure is 1 bar.

[17.0 cm ; 17.9 cm]

23. A mass of air occupying 0.5 m3 at 2 bar and 200oC is compressed reversibly and adiabatically to
5 bar and then it undergoes isobaric expansion so that it gives out 45 kJ of work. If the system
is to be brought back to its initial state what should be the polytropic index ? calculate the
network interaction of this cycle. Sketch the cycle on a p-V diagram. Also compute the power
developed if the number of cycles executed per minute is 300.

[2.57 ; 17.8 kJ ; 88.9 kW]

24. It is required to lift five people on an elevator through a height of 100 m. The work required is
found to be 341.2 kJ and the gravitational acceleration is 9.75 m/s 2. Determine the average mass
per person.

[69.95 kg]

25. What is the work required to accelerate a vehicle of mass 500 kg from rest to a velocity of 60
kmph.

[69.44 kJ]

26. The indicator card of an 8 cm bore, 10 cm stroke water pump is in the shape of a rectangle of
dimension 2  10 cm. The indicator spring constant is 22 MPa/m.

a) Find the mean effective pressure.

b) If the cycle is repeated once in every second, what is the power required by the pump?

[440 kPa ; 0.22 kW]

27. A quantity of a substance in a closed vessel is undergoing a reversible process in

such a way that the pressure is proportional to the square roof of volume from 1 m3
3
to 2m . The initial pressure is 100 KPa. Compute the work done.

[2.33 kJ]

28. A cylinder of 8 cm internal diameter is fitted with a piston loaded by a coil spring
of stiffness 140 N/cm of compression. The cylinder contains 0.0005m3 of air at

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15C and 3 bar. Find the work done when the piston moves by 4 cm as the gas
expands.

[ 7.11 J]

29. Carbondioxide is taken in a piston cylinder arrangement such that it occupies a

volume of 1m3 at 1 bar and 27C. It has to be compressed to 0.2 m3 such that the
temperature remains constant during compression. Compute the workdone and
final pressure.

[-160.94 kJ; 500 kPa]

30. 5 kg of oxygen initially at 10 bar, 370 K is undergoing expansion to 1 bar. If the

final temperature is 300K. Determine the following:

a) Initial volume

b) Final volume

c) Polytropic index

d) Work done

Take the molecular weight of oxygen as 32.

[0.48m3 ; 3.897m3 ; 1.1 ; 903 kJ]

31. A rigid container of volume 0.4 m3 is filled with oxygen until the pressure reaches
1200 kPa. It is then cooled so that the pressure reduces to 900 kPa. How much
work is performed ? Draw a p-V diagram for the process.

[0 kJ]

32. A paddle wheel supplies work to a system at the rate of 80 W. During a period of
1 minute the system expands from 0.03 m3 to 0.08 m3 against a constant pressure of
500 kPa. Find the net work interaction during this period of 1 minute.

Ans : [20.2 kJ]

33. 1 Kg of air undergoes expansion from 800 kPa, 300 K to 120 kPa in such a way
that p(v + 0.2) = Constant, where p is the pressure in kPa and v is the specific
volume in m3/Kg. Find the work done in the process.

Ans : [466.88 kJ]

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Exercises
1. Define internal energy.

2. Express mathematically first law of thermodynamic for the following.

a. a closed system undergoing a process

b. a stationary system of fixed mass undergoing a change of state

c. a closed system undergoing a cycle.

d. an open system.

e. an open system with steady-state flow conditions.

3. Define flow energy and enthalpy.

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4. For a stationary system of fixed mass undergoing a process such that its volume remains
constant,

Q12 U(T/F)

5. dQ  dh  vdp for closed system undergoing a process (T/F).

6. Define specific heat at (a) constant pressure (b) constant volume

7. Determine the power of the cycle comprising four processes in which the heat transfers are : 50
kJ/kg, 20 kJ/kg, 7l J/kg and 12 kJ/kg having 100 cycles per minute.

[48.3 kW]

8. Write the steady flow energy equation and explain the terms involved in it.

9. Show that energy is a property of the system.

10. What are conditions for steady flow process?

11. A piston-cylinder assembly contains 1kg or nitrogen at 100 kPa. The initial volume is 0.5 m3.
Heat is transferred to the substance in an amount necessary to cause a slow expansion at
constant temperature. This process is terminated when the final volume is twice the initial
volume.

[34.7 kJ]

12. 2 kg of air enclosed in a rigid container receives 0.2 kJ of paddle wheel work and 0.5 kJ of
electrical energy per second. Heat loss from the system is 0.6 kJ/s. If the initial temperature is
25oC what will be the temperature after 5 minutes?

[45.9oC]
o
13. A well insulated, frictionless piston-cylinder assembly contains 0.5 kg of air initially at 75 C
and 300 kPa. An electric - resistance heating element inside the cylinder is energized and
causes the air temperature to reach 150oC. The pressure of the air is maintained constant
throughout the process. Determine the work for the process and the amount of electrical work.

{Hint Qnet  Wnet = U; Wnet=+Welectric}

[26.9 kJ ;  37.7]

o
14. A cylinder contains 168 litres of a gas at a pressure of 1 bar and temperature of 47 C. If this
gas is compressed to one-twelfth of its volume, pressure is then 21 bar. Find

a. index of compression

b. change in internal energy

c. heat rejected during compression

Take Cp 1.089 and Cv 0.837 both in kJ/kg

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[1.225 ; 41.81 kJ ; 14.05 kJ]

15. a. A mass of 10 kg is falling from a height of 100 m from the datum. What will be the velocity
when it reaches a height of 20 m from the datum? Take the total heat loss from the mass when
it falls from 100 m height to 20 m height is 5 kJ.

[8.68 m/s]

b. An insulated box containing carbon dioxide gas falls from a balloon 3.5 km above the earths
surface. Determine the temperature rise of the carbon dioxide when box hits the ground.

Take Cv 0.6556 kJ/kg

[52.37oC]

16. A working substance flows at a rate of 5 kg/s into a steady flow system at 6 bar, 2000 kJ/kg of
internal energy and 0.4 m3/kg specific volume with a velocity of 300 m/s. It leaves at 10 bar,
3
1600 kJ/kg internal energy, 1.2 m /kg specific volume with a velocity of 150 m/s. The inlet is
10m above the outlet. The work transfer to the surroundings in 3 MW. Estimate the heat
transfer and indicate the direction.

[5630 kJ/s]

17. An air compressor takes in air at 100 kPa, 40oC and discharges it at 690 kPa, 208oC. The initial
and final internal energy values for the air are 224 and 346 kJ/kg respectively. The cooling
water around the cylinders removes 70 kJ/kg from the air. Neglecting changes in kinetic and
potential energy, calculate the work.

[100.216 kJ/kg]

18. A perfect gas of cp 1.1 kJ/kg flows through a turbine at a rate of 3 kg/s. The inlet and exit
velocity are 30 and 130 m/s respectively. The initial and final temperature are 650 oC and 250oC
respectively. Heat loss is 45 kJ/s. Find the power developed.

[1251 kW]

19. In a turbine 4500 kg/min of air expands polytropically from 425 kPa and 1360 K to 101 kPa.
The exponent n it equal to 1.45 for the process. Find the work and heat.

[33939 kW ; 2927 kJ/s]

20. Air expands through a nozzle from a pressure of 500 kPa to a final pressure of 100 kPa. The
enthalpy decrease by 100 kJ/kg. The flow is adiabatic and the inlet velocity is very low.
Calculate the exit velocity.

[447.2 m/s]

21. A closed system undergoes a cycle consisting of three process 1-2, 2-3 and 3-1. Given that
Q12 30 kJ, Q23 10 kJ, 1w2 5 kJ, 3w2 5 kJ and E31 15 kJ, determine Q31, w23, E12 and E23.

[20 kJ ; 50 kJ ; 25 kJ ; 40 kJ ]

22. The following cycle involves 3 kg of air : Polytropic compression from 1 to 2 where P1 150
kPa, T1 360 K, P2 750 kPa and n  1.1 ; constant-pressure cooling from 2 to 3; and constant -

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temperature heating from 3 to 1. Draw the pV diagram and find temperatures, pressures and
volumes at each state and determine the net work and heat.

[150 kPa ; 2.066 m3; 360 K ; 750 kPa ; 0.478 m3 ;

416.72 K ; 750 kPa ; 0.414 m ; 360 K ; 35 kJ]
3

23. A cycle, composed of three processes, is :

Polytropic compression (n  1.5) from 137 kPa and 38oC to state 2 ; constant pressure process
from state 2 to state 3 ; constant volume process form state 3 and to state 1. The heat rejected in
process 3-1 is 1560 kJ/kg and the substance is air. Determine

(a) the pressures, temperatures and specific volumes around the cycle

(b) the heat transfer in process 1-2

(c) the heat transfer in process 2-3

(d) work done in each process and

(e) net work done in the cycle

[137 kPa ; 0.6515 m3/kg ; 311.0 K ; 1095 kPa ; 0.1630 m3/kg ;

621.8 K ; 1095 kPa ; 0.6515 m3/kg ; 2487.0 K ; 44.44 kJ ;

1872.25 kJ ; 178 kJ ; 534.9 kJ ; 0 ; 356.9 kJ]

24. 0.15 m3 of air at a pressure of 900 kPa and 300o C is expanded at constant pressure to 3 time its
initial volume. It is then expanded polytropically following the law PV1.5 C and finally
compressed back to initial state isothermally. Calculate

(a) heat received

(b) heat rejected

(c) efficiency of the cycle

[944.5kJ ; 224.906 kJ ; 0.291]

25. A piston and cylinder device contains 1 kg of air, Initially, v  0.8 m3/kg and
T 298 K. The air is compressed in a slow frictionless process to a specific volume of 0.2
m3/kg and a temperature of 580 K according to the equation pV1.3 0.75 ( p in bar, vin m3/kg).
If Cv of air is 0.78 kJ/kg determine :

(a) work and

(b) heat transfer (both in kJ)

[ 137.85 kJ ; 82.11 kJ]

26. The internal energy of a closed system is given by U  100 + 50 T + 0.04 T2 in Joules, and the
heat absorbed by Q  4000 + 16 T in Joules, where T is in Kelvin. If the system changes from
500 K to 1000 K, what is the work done ?

[47 kJ]

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27. One kg of air, volume 0.05 m3, pressure 20 bar expands reversibly according to the law pv1.3 C
until the volume is doubled. It is then cooled at constant pressure to initial volume and further
heat at constant volume so that it returns back to initial process. Calculate the network done by
air.

[21.98 kJ]

28. Air at the rate of 14 kg/s expands from 3 bar, 150C to 1bar reversibly and
adiabatically. Find the exit temperature and power developed. Neglect the
changes in kinetic and potential energy. [ 309 k ; 1.603 kW]

29. Specific internal energy of a certain substance can be expressed as follows:

u  831.0 + 0.617 pv

Where u is the specific internal energy in kJ/kg

p is the pressure in k Pa

v is the specific volume in m3/kg

One kg of such substance expands from 850 kPa, 0.25 m3/kg to 600 kPa,
0.5 m3 /kg. Find the work done and heat transferred. [ 176.06 kJ ; 230 kJ]

30. A cylinder of 8 cm internal diameter is fitted with a piston loaded by a coil spring
of stiffness 140 N/cm of compression. The cylinder contains 0.0005 m3 of air at
15C and 3 bar. Find the amount of heat which must be supplied for the piston to a
distance of 4 cm. Sketch the process on a p-V diagram.

[ 0.417 kJ]

31. Prove that

Q  mCv

for a polytropic process of index n.

32. An air conditioning system for a computer room in a tower block draws in air on the roof at a
height of 100 m with a velocity of 25 m/s. The air is at 28oC. The air is discharged at a height of
10 m with a velocity of 2 m/s at 14oC. The mass flow rate is 2 kg/s, and a heat transfer of 
40.73 kW cools the air before it is discharged. Calculate the rate of work for the air passing
through the system. Take Cp for air as 1005 J/kgK.

[ 10.23 kW]

33. A diffuser reduces the velocity of an air stream from 300 m/s to 30 m/s. If the inlet pressure and
temperature are 1.01 bar and 315oC, determine the outlet pressure. Find also the area required
for the diffuser to pass a mass flow of 9 kg/s.
2
[4.586 bar, 0.17 m ]

34. A centrifugal air compressor operating at steady state has an air intake of 1.2 kg/min. Inlet and
exit conditions are as follows:

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Properties p (kPa) ToC u kJ/kg v m3/kg

Inlet 100 0 195.14 0.784

Exit 200 50 230.99 0.464

If the heat loss is negligible, find the power input. [ 1.005 kW]

35. A household gas cylinder initially evacuated is filled by 15 kg gas supply of enthalpy 625
kJ/kg. After filling, the gas in the cylinder has the following parameters :

pressure  10 bar ;

enthalpy  750 kJ/kg and

specific volume  0.0487 m3/kg.

Evaluate the heat received by the cylinder from the surroundings.

[1144.5 kJ]

36. 0.56 m3 of air at 0.2 MPa is contained in a fully insulated rigid vessel. The vessel communicates
through a valve with a pipe line carrying high pressure air at 300 K temperature. The valve is
opened and the air is allowed to flow into the tank until the pressure of air in the tank is raised
to 1MPa. Determine the mass of air that enters the tank. Neglect kinetic energy of the incoming
air.

[3.72 kg]

37. An insulated rigid tank contains 8 kg of air at 1.5 bar pressure and 310 K temperature. It is
filled with air from a large reservoir at 15 bar and 335 K. If the air behaves as a perfect gas,
make calculations for the amount of air added and its temperature.

[47.6 kg ; 446.04K]

38. A pressure vessel contains a gas at an initial pressure of 3.5 MN/m2 and at a temperature of
60oC. It is connected through a valve to a vertical cylinder in which there is a piston. The valve
is opened, gas enters the vertical cylinder, and work is done in lifting the piston. The valve is
closed and the pressure and the temperature of the remaining gas in the cylinder are 1.7 MN/m2
and 25oC, respectively. Determine the temperature of the gas in the vertical cylinder if the
process is assumed to be adiabatic. Take  1.4.

[267.6 K]

39. A pressure vessel is connected, via a valve, to a gas main in which a gas is maintained at a
constant pressure and temperature of 1.4 MN/m2 and 85oC, respectively. The pressure vessel is
initially evacuated. The valve is opened and a mass of 2.7 kg of gas passes into the pressure
vessel. The valve is closed and the pressure and temperature of the gas in the pressure vessel
2 o
are then 700 KN/m and 60 C, respectively. Determine the heat transfer to or from the gas in the
vessel. Determine the volume of the vessel and the volume of the gas before transfer.

For the gas, take Cp 0.88 kJ/kgK, Cv 0.67 . Neglect velocity of the gas in the main

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Exercises

1.  0 for processes

Ans : Reversible

2. Entropy is a point function (True / False)

Ans : True

3. Entropy change of universe can never be negative (True / False)

Ans : True

4. All the isentropic processes are reversible adiabatic processes (True / False)

Ans : False

5. What is the difference between adiabatic and isentropic process?

6. A system is losing 500 kJ of heat at a constant temperature of 500 K. What is the change in
entropy ?

7. Area under any curve in T-s diagram represents .

Ans : heat

8. p  constant lines are steeper than v  constant lines in T-S diagram (True/False)

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Ans : False

9. During throttling process entropy (Increases / Decreases) for an ideal gas.

Ans : Increases

10. Find the entropy change of the universe when 1000 kJ of heat is transferred from 800 K to 500
K.

11. Give the expression for change in entropy during isothermal processes and polytropic
processes.

12. Calculate the change in entropy per kg of air when it expands isothermally from 6 bar to
3bar.

13. A closed system undergoes an adiabatic process. Work done on the system is 15 kJ/kg. The
entropy change of the system

a) is positive

b) is negative

c) can be positive or negative

Ans : positive

14. Give the interpretation of entropy from microscopic point of view.

15. A quantity of gas has an initial pressure, volume and temperature of 140 kPa, 0.14 m3 and
25oC respectively. It is compressed to a pressure of 1.4 MPa according to the law pV 1.25 C.
Determine the change in entropy

Take cp 1.041 kJ/ kgK, cv 0.743 kJ/kgK.

Ans :  0.207 kJ/kgK

o
16. 1 kg of air has a volume of 56 litres and a temperature of 190 C. The air then receives heat at
constant pressure until its temperature becomes 500oC. From this state the air rejects heat at
constant volume until its pressure is reduced to 700 kPa. Determine the change of entropy
during each process, stating whether it is an increase or decrease.

Ans : 0.516 kJ/kgK, an increase  0.88 kJ/kgK, an decrease

17. A quantity of gas has an initial pressure, volume and temperature of 1.1 bar, 0.16 m3 and
18oC respectively. It is compressed isothermally to a pressure of 6.9 bar. Determine the
change of entropy. Take R  0.3 kJ/kgK.

Ans : 0.111 kJ/K

18. A reversible heat engine shown in figure below operates between three constant temperature
reservoirs at 600 K, 400 K and 300 K.

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It receives 2500 kJ of energy of heat from the reservoir at 600 K and does 1000 kJ of work.
Determine the heat interactions with the other two reservoirs.

Ans : Q2 1008, Q3 4926

19. A block of copper with a mass of 1.5 kg is initially at 700 K. It is allowed to cool by means of
heat transfer to the surrounding air at 300 K. Determine the change in entropy of the copper and
change in entropy of the universe after copper reaches thermal equilibrium. Assume specific
heat of copper is 0.39 kJ/kgK.

Ans :  0.4967 kJ/K, 0.2843 kJ/K

20. Using the principle of increase in entropy prove that the heat transfer is always from a high-
temperature body to a low temperature body.

21. Nitrogen at 420 K and 1.4 MPa is expanded reversibly and adiabatically in a nozzle to exit
pressure of 700 kPa. Determine the temperature and velocity of the nitrogen at the exit of the
nozzle. Take N2 1.40.

22. A vessel is divided into two temperature by means of a membrane as shown in the figure given
below. What will be the final state of air and change in entropy of the universe if the membrane
is removed.

Ans : Pf  750.14 kPa, Tf  65.11oC  0.373

23. A given gaseous system undergoes an isentropic process from state1 to state 2.

a) Combine the two relations pv  RT and pv  C and show that

b) Integrate the two expressions, using pv C and show that is  times by comparison.

24. During the isentropic process of 1.36 kg/s of air, the temperature increases from 4.44oC to
115.6oC. For a non-flow process and for a steady flow process find

a) Change in internal energy

b) Work done

c) Change in enthalpy

d) Change in entropy and

e) Heat transfer

25 Air at 5 bar,100oC, expands reversibly in a piston-cylinder arrangement. It expands to 2 bar in

an isothermal process. Calculate

(a) heat transfer per unit mass of air

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(b) change in specific internal energy

(c) change in specific entropy

26 One kg of air at 1 bar, 20oC, is compressed according to the law pv1.3 constant until the
pressure is 5 bar. Calculate the change in entropy and sketch the process on a T-S diagram
indicating the area representing the heat flow.

27 1 kg of air at 1bar, 25oC, changes its state to 6 bar and a volume of 1 m3. Calculate the change
of entropy and sketch the initial and final state points on the p-v and T-S fields.

28 0.5 m3 ethane (C 2H4 ) at 7 bar, 260oC expand isentropically in a cylinder behind a piston to 1bar,
100oC. Calculate the workdone in expansion assuming ethane as perfect gas. The same mass is
now recompressed back to 7 bar according to the law pv  constant. Calculate the final
1.35

temperature and the heat transfer. Calculate also the change in entropy and sketch both process
on the p-v and T-S fields. Take CP  for ethane.

29 A mass m of water at T 1 is mixed with equal mass of water at T 2 at the same pressure in an
insulated mixing chamber. Show that the entropy change of the Universe is given as

30 Consider a closed system consisting of air as working fluid in a piston cylinder arrangement as
shown in the Figure.

The weight placed on the piston is such that the air occupies a volume of 1.5 litre when there
exist thermodynamic equilibrium between the system and its surroundings. The corresponding
o
pressure and temperature are 2 bar, 30 C. Heat is added until the pressure increases to 5 bar.
Volume of air when the piston touches the stop is 3 litres. Find the following

a) Final temperature

b) Workdone

c) Heat transformed

d) Change in entropy

31 An ideal vapour absorption refrigeration system may be considered as the combination of the
reversible heat engine operating a reversible refrigerator as given in the following diagram.
Obtain the COP of the refrigeration system which is defined as the ratio of Qe to Qg.

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32. Vapour absorption heat transformer is a novel device used for upgrading a portion of waste
heat from low temperature to high temperature. An ideal vapour absorption heat transformer
may be considered as the combination of the reversible heat engine operating a reversible heat
pump as given in the following diagram. Obtain the COP of the vapour absorption heat
transformer which is defined as the ratio of Qa to (Qg Qe).

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