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Chapter 1-Introduction To Control System

The document provides an introduction to control systems. It defines a control system as a system that manages other devices or systems to achieve a desired result. Control systems have advantages like power amplification, remote control, convenience of input forms, and compensation for disturbances. There are two main types of control system configurations: open-loop and closed-loop systems. Open-loop systems do not use feedback to adjust outputs, while closed-loop systems do use feedback to maintain the desired output even if disturbances occur. Laplace transforms are used to convert time domain differential equations into algebraic equations in the frequency domain to solve control system problems.

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Mustafa Manap
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116 views

Chapter 1-Introduction To Control System

The document provides an introduction to control systems. It defines a control system as a system that manages other devices or systems to achieve a desired result. Control systems have advantages like power amplification, remote control, convenience of input forms, and compensation for disturbances. There are two main types of control system configurations: open-loop and closed-loop systems. Open-loop systems do not use feedback to adjust outputs, while closed-loop systems do use feedback to maintain the desired output even if disturbances occur. Laplace transforms are used to convert time domain differential equations into algebraic equations in the frequency domain to solve control system problems.

Uploaded by

Mustafa Manap
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 1

Introduction to
Control System
Learning Outcome
01 Define control systems

02 State the advantages of control system

03 Identify control system configuration

04 Laplace Transform role in control


system
01 What is Control System?

Figure 1.1: Block diagram of control system

“A control system is defined as a system of


devices that manages, commands, directs,
or regulates the behavior of other devices
or systems to achieve a desired result.”
01 What is Control System?
*
*

Figure 1.2: Elevator response

* Transient response: the response of a system to a change from an equilibrium or a


steady state response.
*Steady-state error: the difference between the desired value and the actual value of a
system when the response has reached the steady state.
02 Advantages of control system
We build control systems for FOUR primary reasons:

Power amplification
A radar antenna, positioned by the low-power rotation of a knob at the input, requires a large amount of power for
its output rotation.

Remote control
Useful in remote or dangerous locations. For example, a remote-controlled robot arm can be used to pick up
material in a radioactive environment.

Convenience of input form


Provide convenience by changing the form of the input. For example, in a temperature control system, the input is a
position on a thermostat. The output is heat.

Compensation for disturbances


The system must be able to yield the correct output even with a disturbance. For example, consider an antenna
system this point in a commanded direction. If wind forces the antenna from its commanded position, or if noise
enters internally, the system must be able to detect the disturbance and correct the antenna's position.
03 Control System Configuration
Open-loop System (Manual)

Input Output
Plant /
Controller Actuator
Process

Figure 1.3: Open loop system

In an open loop system, the output can be adjusted / varied by varying the
input but the output has no effect on the input.

The output of the open loop system can be determined only by its present
state input.

If the output is affected due to some external noise / disturbance, the open
loop system cannot correct it.
03 Control System Configuration
Open-loop System

Controller Actuator Plant Controller Actuator Plant

Input Output Input Output


Heating
Thermostat Kettle Switch Filament Bulb
Element Boiled Water Light ON
Desired water Switching
Temperature ON light

Electric Kettle Switching “ON” Electric Bulb

EXAMPLES

Controller Actuator Plant Controller Actuator Plant

Input Output Input Output


Heating Electric
Timer Toaster Timer Machine
Element Actual colour Motor Clean cloth
Desired bread Desired time
colour

Time Based Bread Toaster Washing Machine


03 Control System Configuration
Closed-loop System (Auto)

Input Output
Controller Actuator Plant

Sensor
Figure 1.4: Closed loop system

The input is controlled by the feedback signal from input so that it can correct the errors occurred.

By comparing the generated output with the actual condition, the closed loop system maintains and
achieves the desired output. If the produced output is deviated from decided (actual) output, the closed
loop control system generates an error signal and the error signal is fed to the input of the signal.

By adding the error signal to the input, the generated output of the next loop will be corrected. So these are
also called as an automatic control systems. Therefore, closed loop systems are less prone to external
disturbances.
03 Control System Configuration
Closed-loop System (Auto)

Microprocessor controlled laser system Driver controlled cruise control system

EXAMPLES
Auto cruise speed control system A human arm control system
04 Laplace Transform
The purpose of Laplace Transform?

“Laplace transform is used to convert Time Domain


differential equations into Frequency Domain algebraic
equations, which can then be solved by the formal rules of
the algebra.”

𝑑 2 𝑥(𝑡)
𝑠 2 𝑋(𝑠)
𝑑𝑡 2
Laplace
𝑓 𝑡 Transform 𝐹(𝑠)
Time domain Frequency domain 𝑑𝑥(𝑡) Laplace
Transform 𝑠𝑋 (𝑠)
𝑑𝑡

𝑥(𝑡) 𝑋 (𝑠)
04 Laplace Transform
Example
Find the Laplace transform of

𝑑 3 𝑦(𝑡) 𝑑 2 𝑦(𝑡) 𝑑𝑦(𝑡)


𝑦 𝑡 = 3
+3 2
+5 + 4𝑦(𝑡)
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑(𝑡)

Solution Laplace
Transform

Y(s)  s 3 Y(s)  3s 2 Y(s)  5sY(s)  4 Y(s)


Q&A
Session

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