Control Systems (CS) : Lecture-6 Steady State Error

Control Systems (CS)
Lecture-6
Steady State Error
Note: I do not claim any originality in these lectures. The contents of this presentation are
mostly taken from the book of Ogatta, Norman Nise, Bishop and B C. Kuo and various other
internet sources. 1
Introduction
• Any physical control system inherently suffers steady-
state error in response to certain types of inputs.
• A system may have no steady-state error to a step input,

but the same system may exhibit nonzero steady-state
error to a ramp input.
• Whether a given system will exhibit steady-state error for

a given type of input depends on the type of open-loop
transfer function of the system.
Classification of Control Systems
• Control systems may be classified according to
their ability to follow step inputs, ramp inputs,
parabolic inputs, and so on.
• The magnitudes of the steady-state errors due

to these individual inputs are indicative of the
goodness of the system.
• Consider the unity-feedback control system
with the following open-loop transfer function
• It involves the term sN in the denominator,

representing N poles at the origin.
• A system is called type 0, type 1, type 2, ... , if

N=0, N=1, N=2, ... , respectively.
• As the type number is increased, accuracy is
improved.
• However, increasing the type number

aggravates the stability problem.
• A compromise between steady-state accuracy

and relative stability is always necessary.
Steady State Error of Unity Feedback Systems
• Consider the system shown in following figure.
• The closed-loop transfer function is

Steady State Error of Unity Feedback Systems
• The transfer function between the error signal E(s) and the
input signal R(s) is
E( s ) 1

R( s ) 1  G( s )
• The final-value theorem provides a convenient way to find
the steady-state performance of a stable system.
• Since E(s) is
• The steady state error is

Static Error Constants
• The static error constants are figures of merit of control
systems. The higher the constants, the smaller the steady-
state error.
• In a given system, the output may be the position, velocity,
pressure, temperature, or the like.
• Therefore, in what follows, we shall call the output
“position,” the rate of change of the output “velocity,” and
so on.
• This means that in a temperature control system “position”
represents the output temperature, “velocity” represents
the rate of change of the output temperature, and so on.
Static Position Error Constant (Kp)
• The steady-state error of the system for a unit-step input is
• The static position error constant Kp is defined by
• Thus, the steady-state error in terms of the static position

error constant Kp is given by
Static Position Error Constant (Kp)
• For a Type 0 system
• For Type 1 or higher systems
• For a unit step input the steady state error ess is

Static Velocity Error Constant (Kv)
• The steady-state error of the system for a unit-ramp input is
• The static position error constant Kv is defined by
• Thus, the steady-state error in terms of the static velocity

error constant Kv is given by
• For Type 1 systems
• For type 2 or higher systems

• For a ramp input the steady state error ess is
Static Acceleration Error Constant (Ka)
• The steady-state error of the system for parabolic input is
• The static acceleration error constant Ka is defined by
• Thus, the steady-state error in terms of the static acceleration

error constant Ka is given by
• For Type 1 systems
• For type 2 systems
• For type 3 or higher systems

• For a parabolic input the steady state error ess is
Summary
Example#1
• For the system shown in figure below evaluate the static
error constants and find the expected steady state errors
for the standard step, ramp and parabolic inputs.
100( s  2 )( s  5)
R(S) C(S)
2
s ( s  8)( s  12)
-
Example#1 (evaluation of Static Error Constants)
100( s  2)( s  5)
G( s ) 
s 2 ( s  8)( s  12)
K p  lim G( s )
s 0 K v  lim sG ( s )
s 0
 100( s  2)( s  5) 
K p  lim  2   100s( s  2 )( s  5) 
s 0  s ( s  8)( s  12)  K v  lim  2 
s 0  s ( s  8)( s  12) 
Kp  
Kv  
K a  lim s 2G( s )  100s 2 ( s  2)( s  5) 

K a  lim  2 
s 0  
s 0
 s ( s  8 )( s  12 ) 
 100( 0  2 )( 0  5) 
K a     10. 4
 ( 0  8)( 0  12) 
Example#1 (Steady Sate Errors)
Kp   Kv   K a  10.4
0
0
 0. 09

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Control Systems (CS)

• A system may have no steady-state error to a step input,

• Whether a given system will exhibit steady-state error for

• The magnitudes of the steady-state errors due

• It involves the term sN in the denominator,

• A system is called type 0, type 1, type 2, ... , if

• However, increasing the type number

• A compromise between steady-state accuracy

• Consider the system shown in following figure.

• The closed-loop transfer function is

• The steady state error is

• The static position error constant Kp is defined by

• Thus, the steady-state error in terms of the static position

• For Type 1 or higher systems

• For a unit step input the steady state error ess is

• The static position error constant Kv is defined by

• Thus, the steady-state error in terms of the static velocity

• For Type 1 systems

• For type 2 or higher systems

• The static acceleration error constant Ka is defined by

• Thus, the steady-state error in terms of the static acceleration

• For Type 1 systems

• For type 2 systems

• For type 3 or higher systems

K a  lim s 2G( s )  100s 2 ( s  2)( s  5) 

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