ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res.

10(12), 589-603

Journal Homepage: -www.journalijar.com

Article DOI:10.21474/IJAR01/15878
DOI URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/IJAR01/15878

RESEARCH ARTICLE
STUDY OF THE THERMOCHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF LATERITE BRICKS
STABILISED WITH CEMENTS.

B. Kossi Imbga1,2, Séckou Bodian3, Pape M. Toure3, Younouss Dieye3 and Vincent Sambou3
1. Laboratoire de Recherche en Météorologie et l’Espace (LAREME); Université Norbert ZONGO.
2. Laboratoire d’Energie Thermique Renouvelable (LETRE), Université de OUAGA I Joseph KI-ZERBO.
3. Laboratoire Eau, Energie, Environnement et Procédés Industriels (LE3PI); Ecole Supérieure Polytechnique (ESP)
de DAKAR Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD)-Sénégal.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Manuscript Info Abstract
……………………. ………………………………………………………………
Manuscript History In this work, we characterised the thermophysical parameters of Thicky
Received: 15 October 2022 laterite as a function of water content and also as a function of the cement
Final Accepted: 18 November 2022 content in the mix. For laterite with a diameter less than or equal to 1.25
Published: December 2022 mm, the thermal conductivity is 0.388 W/m.K for a water content close
to 0%, this thermal conductivity increases to 87.37% for a water content
Key words:-
Thermal conductivity, Thermal of 3.46%. Laterite without cement has a strength of 2.309 MPa, this
Effusivity, Compressive Strength, strength increases by 4.80 %, 13.16 %, 18.45 % and 47.82 % respectively
Asymmetric Hot Plane, Laterite Bricks when 4 %, 6 %, 8 % and 10 % cement is added to the laterite. The flexural
strength changes with the cement content of the mix, from 0.24 MPa for
simple laterite to 0.510 MPa when 10% cement is added to the laterite
health.
Copy Right, IJAR, 2022, All rights reserved.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………....
Introduction:-
The construction industry is responsible for approximately 9 –10% of global CO2 emissions, mainly due to cement
production [1]. In this context, the tendency is to encourage the use of environmentally friendly construction materials
that collaborate in reducing energyconsumption in buildings, which is considered the most promising way to mitigate
climate change .Global energy consumption in buildings accounts for approximately 40% of total energy consumption
and is responsible for 25% of total carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions [2]. In sub-Saharan Africa, this consumption is in
the order of 50-70% [3]. This high energy consumption is due to the fact that concrete remains the main building
material used, as it is a conductive material, its use in buildings always leads to the use of fans and air conditioners
for thermal comfort. The life cycle analysis of this material shows that it has a high grey energy and environmental
impact. Therefore, the use of alternative materials to concrete with low environmental impact becomes a necessity.
This explains the fact that local building materials, especially mud bricks, have been gaining interest because they are
a low grey energy material with low environmental impact. Several studies have been carried out to determine the
mechanical, thermal and chemical properties of local building materials. Among them, Toure et al (2019) [4] showed
that the use of earth bricks with high volumetric thermal capacity reduces energy consumption in buildings. Recently
Kowa Eric et al (2021) [5] aimed to determine the thermal and mechanical properties of an eco-material "poto-poto"
in Cameroon associated with bamboo fibres. The asymmetric hot plane method was used to characterise the thermal
properties. The thermal conductivity of this material without bamboo fibre is 1.15 W/m.K, it increases to 0.95 W/m.K
if 2% fibre is added to this material. The results obtained indicate that adding 6% fibre to this material provides good
thermal insulation and energy savings. Alternative materials, such as cement-stabilised earth blocks (CSEB), offer
new possibilities for environmentally friendly envelopes. Earth materials used for masonry are readily available,

Corresponding Author:- Séckou Bodian 589

Address:- Laboratoire d’Energie Thermique Renouvelable (LETRE), Université de OUAGA I
Joseph KI-ZERBO.
ISSN: 2320-5407 Int. J. Adv. Res. 10(12), 589-603

abundant in nature, and their use minimises environmental impacts and improves the thermal performance of bricks.
Moisture and cement content must be optimised for each type of soil in order to produce BTC. In the same vein,
Adriana BelénCostantini Romero [6] was in charge of evaluating the influence of moisture and cement content in soil-
cement mixtures. The results show that compacted silt with a very low sand fraction and a cement content between
3% and 9% has a low thermal conductivity and a low capacity to exchange heat with the environment when the
moisture content is low enough. YounoussaMillogo et al (2012) [7] studied the physical and mechanical properties of
compressed adobe blocks reinforced with Hibiscus Sabdarifa fibres. They find that with 0.02% to 0.06% by mass of
30 cm long fibres, the pores in the compressed adobe blocks are reduced and its mechanical properties are improved.
However, the addition of 0.08% by mass of 60 mm long fibres has negative effects on the compressive strength. The
use of local materials in construction is based on the knowledge of their thermophysical properties. Several studies
have been conducted and published on local building materials. Laaroussi et al [8, 9] studied the thermophysical
properties of clay stabilised with esparto fibres using the asymmetric hot plane method, the average conductivity
obtained is 0.346 W/m.K. Pierre Meukam [10] studied the thermal and mechanical properties of laterite stabilised
with cement for building thermal insulation. The box method was used to estimate the thermal conductivity of the
laterite plus 8% cement mixture. The average value of thermal conductivity obtained by Meukam is 0.95 W/m.K.
Imbga et al [11], aimed to determine the thermal and mechanical performance of laterite stabilized with cowpea pod
for building thermal insulation. The thermal conductivities of laterite blocks associated with rates ranging from 0% to
16% with a 4% pitch of néré pod were determined. It was found that the thermal conductivity decreases as the
percentage of dwarf pods increases. But it stabilizes from 14 to 16% with a corresponding value of 0.427 W/m.K.
Jean Claude Damfeu et al. [12], characterized laterite of 1 mm diameter using the asymmetric hot plane method, the
estimated thermal conductivity is 0.254 W/m.K and the estimated thermal effusivity is 534 J/K.m2.s1/2. The heat
capacity and density of laterite stabilised with different millet pod contents and as a function of water content, were
studied by H. Bal et al. [13], it was found that the estimated heat capacity of laterite by mass is 895 J/K.kg and that
the thermal conductivity of the laterite and millet pod mixture increases as a function of water content. The effect of
neem (AzadirachtaIndica) fibres on the mechanical, thermal and durability properties of adobe bricks was studied by
Colbert Babé et al. [14]. The hot plane method was used to characterise the materials, the conductivity of the adobe
without fibre is 0.97 W/m.K. SéckouBodian et al. (2018) [15] characterised the fired clay and unfired clay associated
with various percentage rates of laterite collected from the Thicky site. The thermophysical characterisation method
used was the asymmetric hot plane method. The results indicate that the thermal conductivity of the clay associated
with 30% laterite has a thermal conductivity of 0.64 W/m.K, this value is reduced by 46.87% when the same
formulation is fired. The thermal effusivity is 1280 J/K.m2.s1/2 for the mud brick with 30% laterite. This value is
reduced by 37.18% when the same brick with 30% laterite is fired. Touré et al. [16], stabilised laterite associated with
10% cement, the thermal conductivity obtained for this mixture is 0.81 W/m.K. Our objective is to characterise these
new materials obtained from the laterite/cement mixture and lime. We therefore used the asymmetric lime plane
method in transient regime to determine the thermal effusivity and the hot plane method in steady regime to determine
the thermal conductivity.

Materials and Methods:-

Laterite
The laterite we used comes from the Thicky quarry in the Thies region of Senegal. It is composed of grains with a
diameter of 1 mm or less. The Atterberg limits and grain size, of the laterite were studied by SeckouBodian et al. [15].
The results obtained are: WP= 21.9%; WL= 38%; Ip= 16.1%. The fineness modulus is 2.476.
The value of the plasticity index (IP) shows that Thicky laterite is moderately plastic. The bricks manufactured for the
thermal tests have a size of 10 x 10 x 2.5 cm3.

Presentation of the site

The soil of Senegal contains a large number of laterite deposits. Laterite is mainly used for road construction.
Despite the great potential of laterite extraction, it is less and less used in construction. The study was carried out on
laterite collected from the Thicky quarry. Thicky is located in the Thiès region, in western Senegal at 14°50' N, 17°06′
W. The geographical map is shown in Figure 1.

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Figure 1: Location of Thicky in the Thiès region of Senegal [15].

Particle size analysis

The particle size analysis presents the percentage distribution of solid particles according to their size. The particle
size distribution of laterite is shown in Figure 2. The result indicates that our material is mainly composed of sand
(80%) and gravel (20%). The percentage of fines is 2.08% which shows that we are dealing with a preferential sand.

SILT sand gravel rocks

100

90

80
percentage passing (%)

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0
80
70
60
50
0,07
0,09

0,9

40
0,08
0,02

0,03
0,04
0,05
0,06

0,4

30
0,2

0,3

0,5
0,7

20
0,8
0,6

3
2
0.010

0.100

1.000

10.000

100.000
5

8
4

9
7

particle diameter (mm)

Figure 2: Particle size distribution of laterite

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Method of measuring the chemical, thermal and mechanical characteristics of the different formulations
Chemical method

X-ray diffraction (XRD)

The mineralogical composition of the samples was determined by the X-ray diffraction technique. This technique
allows the identification of the different crystallised mineral phases present in the sample.

Infrared spectroscopy (IR)

Infrared spectrometry is one of the most widely used methods for the characterisation and identification of organic
molecules. It is used to determine the functional groups present in the material. It is a fast and sensitive method for
characterising most existing molecules.

Infrared spectrometry measures the decrease in intensity of radiation passing through a sample as a function of
wavelength. The infrared spectroscopy method requires the use of an infrared-transparent medium such as potassium
bromide (KBr). The method involves grinding a few milligrams (0.5 to 1 mg) of the sample in the presence of dry
KBr powder in an agate mortar. The mixture is then compressed in a hydraulic press.

Chemical analysis of raw materials

Elemental chemical analysis consists of measuring the various chemical elements that make up the sample in atomic
form.

The elemental chemical analysis of our raw materials was obtained by ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic
Emission Spectrometry). Nitric (HNO3) (2 ml) and hydrofluoric (HF) acids (6 ml) were used for wet solution in a
volume of 100 ml. The results were obtained at a pressure of 60 bar with a step of 0.8 bar/second, at a temperature of
240°C, with a power of 900 W, a ramp of 20 min and a step of 30 min.

Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA)

Differential thermal analysis is based on the thermal reactions that occur when a compound is heated. The curve
obtained highlights the loss of water (endothermic reactions), but also recrystallisations, recombinations (exothermic
reactions) and the oxidation of organic matter. DTA is a technique that measures the difference in temperature
between a sample and a reference "thermally inert material" as a function of time or temperature when subjected to a
temperature program in a controlled atmosphere.

SEM microscopic observations

The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) allows the surface topography of a sample to be observed by scanning its
surface with an electron beam and collecting the image formed. In the case of our samples, the clay powder was
deposited on a carbonaceous pellet. This wafer is then metallised by coating it with a thin layer of metal using platinum
sputtering to make it conductive. Once metallised, the sample is introduced into the SEM chamber for analysis.

Thermal method
We used the asymmetrical hot plane method, available at the Applied Energetics Laboratory (LEA) of the Higher
Polytechnic School of Dakar, to determine the thermal properties of laterite, to which we progressively added a rate
of 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 12% of mass of cement in order to observe the evolution of the thermal and mechanical
properties of these mixes.

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Figure 3: Asymmetric Hot Plan.

Figure 4:- Simplified Hot Plan Model.

An experimental study of the effusivity and thermal conductivity was mainly conducted using the method of the
asymmetric hot plan in a transitory regime. Figure 3, shows the asymmetric experimental device. A plan heating
device sharing the same section (100 x 100 x 0.02 mm3) with the sample is placed under it. K-type thermocouple
comprising two cords of 0.005 mm diameter is placed at the underside of the heating device. The sample is placed
between a 40 mm thick two blocks of extruded polystyrene set between two 40 mm thick aluminum blocks. A heat
flow is sent from the heating device. The temperature evolution T ( t ) is recorded at every each 0.1s. The presence of
the thermocouple does not increase the contact resistance between the heating device and the polystyrene.

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Since polystyrene is an insulating material, this thermal resistance will be marginal. The system is modeled with the
unidirectional transfer hypothesis ( 1 D ) at the center of the heating device and the sample during the measurement.
This hypothesisis checked with 3D simulation using the COMSOL and residues analysis: the difference between the
temperature provided by the theoretical model Tmod (t ) and that provided by the experience Texp (t ) , to determine
the time tmax at which the unidirectional hypothesis (1D) is checked. Given the very low value of the heat flow
reaching the aluminum blocks through the polystyrene and their high capacity, the temperature is assumed to be equal
and constant. By applying the quadrupole formalism [17] on the device shown in Figure 3 & 4, and by using the
temperature of the side before the sample T1 (t ) :
1  1 0  1 Rc1   Ae Be   Ai Bi  0   A B  0 
  C p 1 0 1  C D  C D   '   C D   ' 
 (01)
 1  s   e e i i   1     1 
Cs   s cs es
 sh( qe)   sh( qi ei ) 
 Ae Be   ch( qe)   Ai Bi  ch( qi ei )  with
C D     qS ,
C D     qi S
 
 e e   qS sh( qe) ch( qe)   i i   q S sh( q e ) ch( q e ) 
   i i i i i 

p p
q et qi 
a ai

The formula (01) leads to the following formula (02):

 sh( qe)   sh( qi ei ) 
1  1 0  1 Rc1  ch( qe) ch ( q e ) 0   A B  0 
   C p 1 0 1    qS    qi S   '   
i i
 ' 
 1  s    qS sh( qe) ch(qe)   q S sh( q e ) ch(q e )  1  C D  1 
   i i i i i 

(02)
By developing the previous matrix product (01), then we get 1 :

1   Ai Bi  0 

D
1  1 (03). Concerning the (polystyrene) insulator, we have    '  (04)
B  2  Ci Di   2 
D 
by developing the previous matrix product, we have  2 :  2  1 i with  0  1   2  0 .
Bi S
 
D D 
So  0  1   i  and then we draw the value of 1 using the relation   0   1
  (05).
 B Bi 
i
p  D  Di 
 B Bi 
 
With the inverse transformed, the relation (5) enables to get.
 
 
1  0 1  (06)
T1 (t )  L 
 p  D D 
   i  
 B Bi  
For the whole time, we used the unidirectional hypothesis (1D). Temperature at the center of the heating device in
the Laplace area becomes:

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S 1  Rc ES P
 s  0,0, p   (07) and after inversion with longer time we have :
2 p ms cs p   RC ms cs p  1 ES P

 m c  2 t
Ts (0,0, t )    Rc  2s s2   (08)
 E S  ES 
The principle of the method is to determine the value of the effusivity E, the thermal conductivity  of the sample
and the contact resistance RC that minimize the Mean Squared Error of the sum
N 2

    Texp( t j )  Tmod( t j )  (9) between the theoretical curve Tc mod( t )  Tc mod (0, t ) and the
j 0

experimental curve Tc exp  Tc exp (0, t )  Tc exp (e, t ) (10) in the Levemberg-Marquardt-like algorithm program

[18]. 1 is the Laplace temperature transformed T1 (t ) , 1 is Laplace transformed of the heat flow from the probe
toward the sample above. 2 is Laplace transformed of the heat flow from the probe to the insulator (polystyrene)
located at the bottom. 0 is the sum of Laplace transformed of the total flux released by the probe to the sample (on

top) and to the insulator (polystyrene) underneath. Cs   s es cs is the heat capacity per unit area of the probe. Rc
is the contact resistance between the sample and the probe. ei and e are the thicknesses of the insulator and the
sample respectively. ai is the thermal diffusivity of the polystyrene. Figure 5 shows the theoretical and experimental
model.

Figure 5:- Theoretical and experimental model.

Mechanical method
To build a house, it is necessary to know the response of the house to compressive and tensile forces. Compressive
strength is measured by applying a force to the axis of a specimen placed between the plates of a press. This force is
increased until the specimen breaks.

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Figure 6:- Method of measuring compressive strength [21].

The compressive strength Rc, expressed in MPa, is given by the following relationship,
F
Rc  (11)
S
where F is the maximum value of the applied force in newtons (N) and S is the cross-sectional area of the specimen
in mm2.

Results And Analysis:-

X-ray diffraction (XRD) of laterite
The equipment used is a diffractometer model X'PERT Pro MPD PANALYTICAL available at the Faculty of Sciences
of Tunis, El Manar University. The laterite XRD results are presented in Figure 7.

Figure 7:- X-ray diffractogram of laterite powders.

The XRD results show that our laterite consists of quartz (Q), kaolinite (K), hematite (H) and calcite.

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Infrared spectroscopy (IR)

In the context of our study, the infrared spectrum of laterite presented in the following figure is obtained using a
Nicolet 6700 FT type instrument, over a recording range of 400 cm-1 to 4000 cm-1 in the mid-infrared region.

Figure 8:- IR spectrum of laterite.

The spectrum shows two essential groups: the OH and H2O groups (bands of 1640 cm-1 and 3456 cm-1) characterising
deformation and elongation vibrations respectively; and the Si-O group (broad, intense band centred at around 1027
cm-1) corresponding to the bond valence vibration in clay minerals. The relatively broad absorption band located
around 3500 cm-1 is related to phyllosilicates such as kaolinite or illite. The absorption band around 1640 cm -1 may
be due to the presence of interfoliar water. Overall, the IR spectrum confirms the information provided by the X-ray
diffraction.

Elemental chemical analysis of laterite

The chemical composition of the laterite is presented in the following table.

Table 1:- Chemical composition of laterite (%).

Sample SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3 MnO MgO CaO Na2O K 2O TiO2 P2O5
Laterite
23.00 22.77 33.67 < L.D. 0.13 0.16 0.03 0.11 1.32 1.63
The results show that the most abundant oxides in our sample are SiO 2, Al2O3 and Fe2O3 while K2O, CaO, MgO,
Na2O, TiO2 and P2O5 are present only in small quantities.

The results in the previous table indicate that laterite has a high Fe 2O3 content, which gives laterite bricks a reddish
colour.

Differential thermal analysis (DTA)

In the context of our work, differential thermal analysis (DTA) of laterite in the raw state was carried out using the
Setsys Evolution 1750 SETARAM. The analyses were carried out in dry air with a heating rate of 20°C/min up to the
desired maximum temperature (1200°C) without a step and cooling at the sam The ATD thermogram of laterite shows
an endothermic peak at around 500°C corresponding to the dehydroxylation of clay minerals (kaolinite). This is
followed by an exothermic peak at around 1000°C and another at around 1200°C which correspond to the structural
reorganisation of the metakaolinite.

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Figure 9:- ATD curve of laterite at 1200°C.

The ATD thermogram of laterite shows an endothermic peak at around 500°C corresponding to the dehydroxylation
of clay minerals (kaolinite). This is followed by an exothermic peak at around 1000°C and another at around 1200°C
which correspond to the structural reorganisation of the metakaolinite.

SEM microscopic observations

The microstructure of our sample was observed and analysed using a JSM-5400 scanning electron microscope (SEM).
Figure 9 shows the SEM result obtained.

Figure 10:- SEM image of laterite.

Microscopic observation of our laterite shows that the texture is relatively compact, formed by several superimposed
flat sheets with turbostratic disorder (random combination of rotations and translations). We observe the presence of
quartz in the material. Some pores and microcracks are also present.

The laterite sample has an open texture with no preferential arrangement of layers. The random orientation of the
laterite shows voids in the structure of the sample, and subsequently the appearance of a network of discontinuities.

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Thermal results
Table 2:- Thermophysical properties of laterite.
Sample Number 1 E  (W / m.K )  c( J / Kg .K ) c
E ( J / m.K .s 2 ) E (%) 
(%) (%)
c
1st 798.746 0.069 0.375 0.188 170.32 0.124
2nd 752.77 0.066 0.366 0.177 1548.25 0.120
3rd 795.517 0.075 0.399 0.1812 1586.08 0.012
Mean 782.344 0.070 0.380 0.182 1611.88 0.085

The moisture content is determined according to NF P94-050. Lateritic soils easily absorb water (water of imbibition)
at the surface of lateritic minerals. Indeed, this water disappears when drying at the temperature of 105°C Taha Ashour
et al (2015) [19]. Moisture content quantifies the total amount of water contained in a material and provides
information on its hydration status. It is expressed as a percentage of the mass of dry matter. The following relationship
can be used to estimate the moisture content.
(M1  M 2 )
 (%)  100
M1
  moisture content
M1  The mass of the sample before steaming
M 2  The mass of the sample after steaming at 105 C for 24 hours

The thermal conductivity increases with the water content, it is about 0.38 W/m.K, for laterite of diameter  1, 25mm
. On the other hand that found by J.C. DAMFEU and al [12] for laterite of diameter is  1mm , is 0.254W / m.K
1
2
and the estimated effusivity is around 534 J / m.K .s .

Figure 12: Thermal conductivity of Figure 11: Volumetric heat capacity of

Laterite as a function of water content Laterite as a function of water content

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Figure 13:- Density as a function of materials.

The density of laterite increases when combined with 4% lime and 4% cement. The density of laterite when combined
with 4% cement increases by 69.61%. It increases from 76.85%; 87.72%; 97.64% and 101.6% when 6%; 8%; 10%
and 12% cement is added respectively.

Table 3:- Laterite92%+4%Cement+4% Lime.

Materials E ( J / m.K .S 1/ 2 ) E
(%)  (W / m.K ) 
(%) c( J / Kg .K ) c
E  (%)
c
La92%C4%L4% 975.930 0.016 0.509 0.367 1033.812 0.399
982.653 0.021 0.513 0.232 1038.109 0.274
976.919 0.019 0.572 0.148 921.812 0.186
Average 978.500 0.018 0.531 0.249 997.911 0.286
The density of this material is: Laterite92%+4%Cement+4% Lime  1810( Kg / m3 )
Table 4:- Laterite96%+4% Cement.

The density of this material is:  Laterite 96%Cement 4%  1694, 44( Kg / m3 )

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Table 5:- Laterite94%+6%Cement.

Materials E ( J / m.K .S 1/ 2 ) E
(%)  (W / m.K ) 
(%) c( J / Kg .K ) c
E  (%)
c
1022.706 0.020 0.547 0.259 1082.248 0.299
Laterite94%+6%Cement 986.413 0.023 0.589 0.219 935.007 0.265
994.984 0.017 0.585 0.132 957.831 0.166
Average 1001.368 0.020 0.573 0.203 991.695 0.243

The density of this material is:  Laterite 94%Cement 6%  1766.8( Kg / m3 )

Table 6:- Laterite 92%+8%Cement.

Materials E ( J / m.K .S 1/ 2 ) E
(%)  (W / m.K ) 
(%) c( J / Kg .K ) c
E  (%)
c
Laterite92%+ 958.82 0.025 0.600 0.181 816.620 0.231
8% Cement 967.118 0.021 0.616 0.209 809.638 0.251
986.222 0.056 0.577 0.415 898.848 0.527
Average 970.640 0.159 0.597 0.255 841.702 0.336
The density of this material is:  Laterite 92%Cement 8%  1875.37( Kg / m3 )

Tableau 7:- Laterite 90%+10%Cement.

Materials E ( J / m.K .S 1/ 2 ) E
(%)  (W / m.K ) 
(%) c( J / Kg .K ) c
E  (%)
c
Laterite90%+ 981.609 0.027 0.675 0.189 722.959 0.216
10% Cement 971.976 0.032 0.729 0.194 656.332 0.226
988.288 0.018 0.576 0.347 858.786 0.365
Average 980.624 0.026 0.660 0.243 746.025 0.269

The density of this material is:  Laterite 90%Cement10%  1974,51( Kg / m3 )

Table 8:- Laterite 88%+ 12%Cement.

Materials E ( J / m.K .S 1/ 2 ) E
(%)  (W / m.K ) 
(%) c( J / Kg .K ) c
E  (%)
c
Laterite 88%+ 1168.266 0.018 0.733 0.137 926.995 0.173
12% Cement 1150.179 0.019 0.730 0.136 902.206 0.174
1136.960 0.015 0.669 0.152 961.990 0.182
Average 1151.801 0.017 0.710 0,141 930.397 0.145

The density of this material is:  Laterite 88%Cement12%  2008, 64( Kg / m3 )

Recent work by Azakine S et al. [20] on cement-stabilized earth blocks. The results of thermal properties of different
formulations were measured by hot wire method. They obtained 0.59W/(m.K) with 4% cement content, then a value
of 0.60W/(m.K) for 8% content, and finally a value of thermal conductivity of 0.66W/(m.K) and 0.72 W/(m.K) is
obtained respectively for 10% and 12% cement content used as stabilizer. The results of his research are very close to
those found by the L.E.A. asymmetric hot plane method with cement stabilised laterite with different formulations.

Analysis of mechanical results

The figure below shows the mechanical behaviour of laterite combined with cement at rates varying from 0%, 4%,
6%, 8% and 10% cement in laterite.

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Figure 14:- Mechanical properties of laterite as a function of cement content.

Laterite without cement has a compressive strength of 2.309 MPa, this strength increases respectively by 4.80%;
13.16%; 18.45% and finally 42.92% when 4%; 6%; 8% and 10% cement is added to the laterite respectively. The
flexural strength changes with the cement content of the mix, from 0.24 MPa for simple laterite to 0.510 MPa when
10% cement is added to the laterite. These results show that laterite bricks are poor materials in accordance with
flexural strength.

Conclusion:-
The thermophysical parameters of laterite evolve rapidly as a function of the water content and also as a function of
the cement content in the mix. For laterite with a diameter less than or equal to 1.25mm, the thermal conductivity is
0.388 W/m.K at a water content close to 0%, this thermal conductivity increases by 87.37% for a water content of
3.46%. This value increases by 82.98% when 12% of the cement mass is added to the mix. The compressive and
flexural strength changes with the amount of cement in the mix. The compressive and flexural strength increases by
47.82% and 112.5% respectively when the laterite is stabilised with 10% cement.

Acknowledgements:-
The authors thank ISP at Uppsala University, Sweden, for supporting the BUF01 project.

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