Western Australian

Junior Mathematics Olympiad 2014

Individual Questions 100 minutes

General instructions: Each solution in this part, except for Question

12, is a positive integer less than 1000. No working is needed for Ques-
tions 1 to 11. Calculators are not permitted. Write your answers on
the answer sheet provided. In general, diagrams are provided to clarify
wording only, and are not to scale.

1. A palindrome is a positive integer that reads the same forwards and

backwards, for example 3113.
What is the smallest x for which x + 2014 is a palindrome? [1 mark]

2. What is the maximum number of intersection points of a rectangle

and a circle? [1 mark]

3. In the diagram, AB and AC are equal, A

as are BC and BD.
If ∠BAC = 36◦ , how many degrees is D
∠DCA?

B C
[1 mark]

4. Two parallel chords in a circle lie on the same side of the centre and
have lengths 40 and 48 cm. The distance between them is 8 cm.
How many centimetres would the distance between the chords be,
if they were on opposite sides of the centre? [1 mark]

5. If each edge of a cube is extended by 40%, by how many percent

has the surface area of the cube been extended? [2 marks]
 6. Stefan is driving 150 km from Perth to Australind. For the first
30 km he averages 40 km/h. Then for the rest of the journey, the
speed limit is 100 km/h, and he’d like his average speed for the whole
journey to be 75 km/h.
At how many km/h does Stefan need to travel over the last 120
kilometres? [2 marks]

7. Suppose
(2x + 5)6 a0 + a1 x + a2 x 2 + a3 x 3 + a4 x 4 + a5 x 5 + a6 x 6
= ,
(x + 4)5 b0 + b 1 x + b2 x 2 + b3 x 3 + b 4 x 4 + b5 x 5
for all x 6= −4.
a0 − a1 + a2 − a3 + a4 − a5 + a6
What is ? [2 marks]
b0 − b1 + b2 − b3 + b4 − b5

8. Let R be a rectangle of area 360 m2 . If the length of R is increased

by 10 m and its width is decreased by 6 m, this new rectangle has
the same area as R.
How many metres is the perimeter of the original rectangle R?
[2 marks]

9. The 3-digit numbers acb, a79, b0c and bb1 are increasing consecutive
terms of an arithmetic progression, that is
a79 − acb = b0c − a79 = bb1 − b0c.
What is the number abc? [3 marks]

10. Henrietta writes down all the two digit numbers and for each number
she calculates the product of the two digits. She then adds all the
products together and divides the total by 25.
What is her answer? [3 marks]

11. Given u, v, w, x, y are integers such that

u − 1 < v − 2 < w − 3 < x − 4 < y − 5,
and
(u − 1)(v − 2)(w − 3)(x − 4)(y − 5) = 2014,
find the largest possible value of
u + v + w + x + y.
[3 marks]
12. For full marks explain how you found your solution.
A lune is a crescent shape formed by two intersecting circular arcs;
it originates from the Latin word Luna which translates to “moon”.
The diagram below shows a right-angled triangle with sides of length
a, b and c and two lunes whose boundaries are formed by three semi-
circles.
Consider the sum of the areas of the two lunes, and the area of the
triangle. Which is larger? Your answer could depend on the values
of a, b, c. [4 marks]

a
b

c
 Western Australian
Junior Mathematics Olympiad 2014
Team Questions 45 minutes

General instructions: Calculators are (still) not permitted.

Walking the Grid

The 5 × 5 grid below represents streets in a city. An m × n grid means
there are m blocks north-south and n blocks east-west, where a block
is the distance between two adjacent intersections. Observe that for a
5 × 5 grid there are 6 streets north-south and 6 streets east-west. As
indicated by the north sign on the diagram, north is at the top of the
page.
B
N

A. At each intersection, write the number of ways of getting there

from A if you are always travelling away from A (so you are always
moving north or east, never west or south). There is a grid on the
back of the Team Cover Sheet that you should use for this purpose.
Explain your method.

B. If you only travel north or east, how many ways are there to go
from A to B? List all the different lengths of these paths, in blocks,
where a block, as previously mentioned, is the distance between two
adjacent intersections.
C. We now consider an 8 × 6 grid, where we call A the SW corner and
B the N E corner, as with the initial 5 × 5 grid. How many paths
are there from A to B in this grid?
What about an m × n grid? Try to find a general formula.

D. On the 8 × 6 grid (i.e. 8 blocks north by 6 blocks east), described in

C., there is a shop at a point C two blocks north and three blocks
east of A.
How many paths go from A to B via C? Explain your method.

E. Imagine we have a large grid and an interior street intersection P .

On a diagram, mark all the intersections that you can get to after
walking 5 blocks from P , always moving in a compass direction
away from P .

F. In the large grid of E., describe the shape made by the locations
of all the intersections you can get to after walking 20 blocks from
P , always moving in a compass direction away from P .

G. Returning to the 8×6 grid with the shop at C, if you start at A (SW
corner) and walk only north or east for 5 blocks, choosing randomly
with probability 50% at each intersection whether to continue north
or east, what is the probability you will end up at C?

H. In the centre of Future City there

are 16 four-storey buildings set
out in a square array. On each of
the four floors of each building,
there are aerial walkways to
the same floor of each adjacent
building. There are also lifts
in each building. The lowest
floor of the buildings is set off
the ground so that savage and
ferocious animals can roam in
beautiful parkland beneath the
buildings. The view shown is
from an aircraft passing over the
buildings.

How many different paths are there which start in the lowest floor
of the most southwest building and finish in the top floor of the
most northeast building? Each path is always moving north, east
or up, never south, west or down.
 Individual Questions Solutions
1. Answer: 98. The least palindrome greater than 2014 is 2112, and
2112 − 2014 = 98.

2. Answer: 8. The maximum number

occurs in the configuration shown.

3. Answer: 18. Since AB = AC, triangle ABC is isosceles with

∠ABC = ∠ACB. Hence ∠ABC = 21 (180 − 36)◦ = 72◦ .
Since BC = BD, triangle BCD is isosceles with ∠BDC = ∠BCD.
Hence ∠BCD = 12 (180 − 72)◦ = 54◦ .
Since ∠ACB = 72◦ , ∠DCA = (72 − 54)◦ = 18◦ .

4. Answer: 22. Let the radius of the circle be

r, and the distance from the centre of the
circle to the longer chord be x. Then by 40
Pythagoras’ Theorem, r 8 48
x + 24 = r
2 2 2 x
= (x + 8)2 + 202
= x2 + 16x + 82 + 202
∴ 242 = 16x + 82 + 202
62 = x + 22 + 52
∴ x = 36 − 25 − 4
= 7.
Hence when either the short or the long chord is shifted to the other
side of the centre, the distance between them is
8 + 7 + 7 = 22 cm.

5. Answer: 96. If length is scaled by 1.4 (100% + 40%), then area is

scaled by a factor of 1.42 = 1.96 = 100% + 96%, i.e. the surface area
increases by 96%.
6. Answer: 96. The whole journey must take
150 km
= 2 h.
75 km/h
The first part took
30 km
= 34 h.
40 km/h
5
So Stefan must do the remaining 120 km in 4
h. This requires a
speed of
120 km
5 = 120 × 54 km/h
4
h
= 96 km/h.

7. Answer: 3. The expression is obtained by replacing x by −1 in the

right hand side. Hence it is also equal to
(2(−1) + 5)6 36
= = 3.
(−1 + 4)5 35

8. Answer: 76. Let the length and width of R by ` and w, respectively.

Then
`w = 360 (1)
= (` + 10)(w − 6)
= `w + 10w − 6` − 60
∴ 0 = 10w − 6` − 60
6` = 10w − 60
` = 35 w − 10 (2)
∴ ( 53 w − 10)w = 360, substituting (2) in (1)
3
(w − 6)w = 216, multiplying both sides by 5
∴ 0 = w2 − 6w − 216
= (w + 12)(w − 18)
So either w = −12 or 18. Since w is a distance, it cannot be negative.
Thus w = 18, whence ` = 20, and the perimeter is 2(w + `) = 76.
 9. Answer: 235. To avoid ambiguity, we write digit representations
with an overline; otherwise, numbers are written fully expanded in
base ten.
The common difference is a 2-digit number, say tu (for tens and
units).
The first difference yields 79 − 10c − b = 10t + u. Since u + b cannot
reach 19,
u + b = 9 and c + t = 7. (3)
The third difference yields 10b + 1 − c = 10t + u. So, either
c + u = 1 ( =⇒ b = t) or c + u = 11 ( =⇒ b = t + 1) (4)
The difference between bb1 and a79 is twice tu. So
100b + 10b + 1 − 100a − 70 − 9 = 20t + 2u. (5)
Hence 9 + 2u has units digit 1, so u = 1 or 6.
Suppose u = 1, then c = 0 by (4), b = 9 and t = 7 by (3), but this
contradicts (4). Hence u = 6.
So b = 8 by (3), c = 5 by (4), t = 7 by (3).
Substituting into (5) we get 252 − 100a = 52, so that a = 2.
Thus, finally we get abc = 235.

10. Answer: 81. The products of the numbers with 1 as the first digit
are 1 × 1, 1 × 2, . . . , 1 × 9. The sum of these is
1 × (1 + 2 + · · · + 9) = 1 × 45.
Similarly the sum of the numbers with 2 as the first digit is 2 × 45,
and so on. The grand total is therefore
(1 + 2 + · · · + 9) × 45 = 45 × 45 = 2025.
Dividing this by 25 gives 81.

11. Answer: 85. Let U = u − 1, V = v − 2, W = w − 3, X = x − 4,

Y = y − 5.
Then
U < V < W < X < Y,
so that, in particular, U, V, W, X, Y are distinct and
U V W XY = 2014 = 2 · 19 · 53.
We can write 2014 as the product of five positive integers, with at
most two equal only as 1 · 1 · 2 · 19 · 53, and, since at most two
of U, V, W, X, Y can have the same absolute value, (otherwise they
cannot be distinct), |U |, |V |, |W |, |X|, |Y | in some order must be 1,
1, 2, 19, 53, which means two of U, V, W, X, Y must be 1 and −1,
 i.e. there must be at least one other of U, V, W, X, Y that’s negative,
since their product is positive. Now
u + v + w + x + y = U + V + W + X + Y + 15.
So maximising U + V + W + X + Y , maximises u + v + w + x + y,
and this occurs when
(U, V, W, X, Y ) = (−2, −1, 1, 19, 53).
Thus the maximum value of u + v + w + x + y is
−2 − 1 + 1 + 19 + 53 + 15 = 85.

12. Answer: Neither; the two areas are equal. Since a triangle in a
semicircle is right-angled, the area of the triangle (striped) is
1 ab
×a×b= .
2 2
The total area of the lunes (grey) is the area of the semi-circle of
diameter a (unshaded plus grey) plus the area of the semi-circle
of diameter b (unshaded plus grey) plus the area of the triangle
(striped) minus the area of the semicircle of diameter c (unshaded
plus striped), that is
 a 2 1  2
1 b 1 1  c 2
×π× + ×π× + ×a×b− ×π×
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
π 2
ab
= a + b2 − c 2 +
8 2
ab
= ,
2
since a + b = c by Pythagoras’ Theorem.
2 2 2

Therefore the total area of the two lunes is equal to the area of the
right-angled triangle.
 Team Questions Solutions
Walking the Grid

A.

1 6 21 56 126 B
252

1 5 15 35 70 126

1 4 10 20 35 56

1 3 6 10 15 21

1 2 3 4 5 6

1 1 1 1 1
A

Explanation: first we fill in 1s going north and east of A; there is

only one way to get to these points, namely by proceeding from
the point immediately to the south (resp. west) of the point. For
all other points, fill in by summing the numbers to the immediate
south and west.

B. All path lengths are 10 blocks, since one must, in some order, go 5
blocks north of A and 5 blocks east.
C. Answer: 3003 paths. Proceeding in the same manner as for A., the
total at B is 3003, and so there are 3003 paths from A to B.
1 9 45 165 495 1287 B
3003

1 8 36 120 330 792 1716

1 7 28 84 210 462 924

1 6 21 56 126 252 462

1 5 15 35 70 126 210

1 4 10 20 35 56 84

1 3 6 10 15 21 28

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

1 1 1 1 1 1
A
For an m × n grid, observe that the summation we do at each
intersection, is a defining property of Pascal’s triangle, or better,
the number N (m, n) of paths from A(0, 0) to B(n, m) is the number
of ways of choosing n easterly blocks (or the number of ways of
choosing m northerly blocks) from m + n blocks, i.e.
m+n m+n
   
N (m, n) = = .
m n
D. Answer: 840 paths. We may obtain this by filling in the number
of paths to C from A, and then to B from C as per the diagram
below. Alternatively, the number of paths from A to B via C, is
the number of paths from A to C times the number of paths from
C to B, i.e.
(Number of paths from A to B via C)
= (Number of paths from A to C) × (Number of paths from C to B)
= N (2, 3) × N (6, 3)
   
5 9
= ×
2 3
5·4 9·8·7
= ×
1·2 1·2·3
= 10 × 84
= 840.
10 70 280 B
840

10 60 210 560

10 50 150 350

10 40 100 200

10 30 60 100

10 20 30 40

1 3 6 10 10 10 10
C

1 2 3 4

1 1 1
A
E. The intersections 5 blocks from P , always moving in a compass
direction away from P form a diamond (square) of dots centred at
P as per the diagram.

•
• •
• •
• •
• •
• P •
• •
• •
• •
• •
•

F. Intersections form a diamond (square) whose diagonals intersect at

P and whose vertices are 20 blocks in each compass direction from
P.

G. Answer: 165
. There are 25 = 32 paths emanating from A of length
5 blocks, of which 10 end at C. So the probability a 5 block walk
will end at C is 10
32
5
= 16 .

H. A path consists of three northward moves, three eastward moves

and three upward moves, which can be arranged in any order.
9


There are 3
= 84 ways to put the upward moves on the path,
6


then 3 = 20 ways to put on the northward moves, leaving the
three eastward moves determined.
Altogether there are 84 × 20 = 1680 paths.