Drone Presentation

Aeromodelling and UAV
• Design
• Build
• Fly
A presentation by TDL
What we do…
• Designing
• Simulating
• Fabricating
• Flying
What is aeromodelling ?
Aeromodelling is the art of designing, building and flying

miniaturized aircrafts (powered or non-powered).
It is both a hobby and sport; the hobby aspect involves building and
assembling model aircraft, and the sport part involves the flying.
What is Drone
History of drone
• 1849
When Austria attack the Ittalian city of Venice with
unmanned balloon .
( Although balloon is consider as unmanned aerial
vehicle)
• 1898
Necolus Tesla
first time radio-control
to control motor ON or OFF
1943
• During second world war
• Created by German military
1974
• Abraham kareem (The drone father)
• He is created AMBER
• Baghdad ,Iraq
1995
• United states air force
• Predactor Drone( advanced of amber)
• 6000 fit high
• Flight time 70hrs
2010
• The parrot Drone (Quadcopter)
• Fully autonomous drone
2017
• Amazon prime(60min)
Types of UAV
• Multi-rotary • Fixed Wing
• VTOL • Ornithopter
Fixed Wing Aircraft
➢ Fuselage
➢ Wing
➢ Tail
➢ Propeller
➢ Landing Gear
➢ Control Surface
Ailerons
Elevator
Rudder
Aeromodels
Electric Planes
IC Engine Planes
1. AIRFOIL TERMINOLOG
We opted symmetrical airfoil because it is
used for airplanes
having low mach number and good stability
LIFT GENERATION
• Due to variation from high pressure to low pressure ,a force is
generated to lift the aircraft.
• Lift generation of plane is based on Bernoulli’s principle.
Bernoulli’s theorem-
• An increase in the speed of a fluid occurs
simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease
in the fluid's potential energy.
Lift generation 1
Angle of attack
Angle of attack
increases, the pressure
difference between the
upper and lower
surfaces will be higher.
Forces
BASIC AERODYANAMICS
➢Aerodynamic center is located at 25% of the

chord from the leading edge.
➢Neutral point is the point where the

aerodynamic forces of the wing and tail are
balanced.
➢Center of gravity is geometric point on any

object where weight of the whole body acts.
STABILITY CONFIGURATION
➢ When CG is ahead of NP the weight tends to correct the

upset = stable
➢ When CG is behind NP the weight worsens the upset =
unstable
➢ For stability center of gravity always lies in front of
neutral point.
Stable Aircraft
Unstable Aircraft
2. TYPES OF STABILITY AND MOTION
CONTROL SURFACES OF UAV
Aircraft flight control surfaces allow a pilot to adjust and
control the aircraft’s flight altitude as well as directions.
1. AILERONS
The ailerons are to control movement around the aircrafts
(roll axis).
2.ELEVATORS
The elevator , controls the aircraft pitch movements.
RUDDER
Rudder is a vertical surface, and it
controls around the aircraft’s vertical axis
(yaw).
Wing mounting position
Wing Shape
Dihedral Angle
• To stabilize the yaw of an airplane in flight.
• Dihedral angle is the angle the wing is mounted
compared to a horizontal surface.
Analysis of Dihedral
Wing Tip Design
Tail
The tail in a conventional aircraft often has two
components, horizontal tail and vertical tail and
carries three primary functions:
1. Trim (longitudinal and directional)
2. Stability (longitudinal and directional)
3. Control (longitudinal and directional).

V-tail
adv :
Lighter weight
Less wetter surface area
To increase the stability
Diss-adv:
Much more complex
High material required
T-Tail
• Easy to recover from a spine

• Elevator is located above the
rudder thus created (NO
dead air zone above the
elevator)
Other Tails
A Few Thumb Rules for Model Making
• Wing aspect ratio (b^2/S) should be within 6 to 7.5.
• Fuselage length 2.5 to 4 times wing chord.
• Horizontal tail area 18-22 % of wing area.
• Horizontal tail aspect ratio 3 to 5.
• Vertical tail area 8 to 12 % of wing area.
• Vertical tail aspect ratio 1.5 to 3.
• Initially, Wing incidence may be within 0 to 2 degree.
• Provide dihedral of 0 to 2 degree.
• Horizontal tail plane incidence angle may be 0 to -3 degree.
• Make the thirst line about 0 to 2 degree downward.
Electronic Equipments
• BLDC Motar
• ESC
• Li-Po Ion Battery
• Flight Controller
• GPS and Telemetry
• Transmitter and Reciever
Battery
Pros:
➢ High capacity with low weight.
➢ High discharge rate.
Cons:
➢ Higher cost.
➢ Continued safety issues.
ESC Wiring
• Electronic speed controller (ESC)
controls the RPM and direction of
motor.
Prop Balancer
➢ Unbalance prop causes vibration.
➢ To prevent erratic flight
TX
Transmitter:
Sends the signal to on-board receiver. Generally a 2.4
GHz system consisting of four or more signal
transmission channels.
RX
Receiver:
Receives signals from the transmitter and posses it on the
Servos and ESCs.
Battery Ratings
‘C’ value- Determines maximum current draw
➢ This is the maximum sale continues discharge
rate of your battery to find discharge rate,
multiply the C rating by he capacity.
➢ E.g. maximum current discharge for a 25C,
3000 mAh battery is 25*3000= 75,000mA or
75 A
Discharging higher than this will cause your
battery to swell and possibly explode.
Battery Ratings
‘S’ value- Determines maximum voltage output
➢ This tells you the number of cells in the battery.
2S-> 2 cells
3S-> 3cells
➢ Each cell produces approximately 3.7 volts.
2S -> 7.4v,
3S -> 11.1v etc.
‘A’ value- Determines capacity of the battery
➢ In a 3000mAh battery, you can draw
3000miliamps for one hour, or 1miliamp for 3000
hours.
Motor Ratings
Key points
kV RPM Torque Propeller Lift/Thrust
kV RPM Torque Propeller Lift/Thrust
➢ 700-1000 kV is recommended for fixed wing.

➢ Lower kV motors with bigger prop give higher
thrust.
➢ Higher kV motors with smaller prop react faster
Propeller Material
Plastic
➢ Cheap
➢ Suffers from aero-elasticity
➢ Low efficiency & more vibrations
Carbon Fiber
➢ More expensive
➢ Rigid and Less vibrations
➢ Less aero-elasticity
Natural
➢ Requires Machining
➢ Rigid
➢ Used in RC airplanes
Advanced Manufacturing of Drone:
It’s include many of these…..

1).Involvement
2).Quality Improvement
3). Economic Operation
Shape ,Size and Finishing is output of
manufacturing of drone.
Styro-Foam
Pros:
➢ Light weight
➢ Economical
➢ Easy to repair
Cons:
➢ Not Durable
➢ Poor Strength
Pink Foam
Pros:
➢ Strength
➢ Smooth Finish
➢ Light Weight
Cons:
➢ Difficult to repair
Depran / Bio-Foam
Pros:
Easy to manufacture
Use for Small parts
Less time for fabrication
Cons:
Heavy Weight
Brittle and not Duarble
Balsa Wood
Pros:
Good finishing
Good Strength
Efficient Design
Can make model of real aircraft
Cons:
Heavy weight
Very deficult to repair
Some others process….
Composite manufacturing
carbon fibre & glass fibre
Plastic / Injection Moulding

thermo-plastic ,Resign ,Glasses
3-D Printing
Nylon,ABS
• It works on Newton’s 3rd law of motion.
• A quadrotor has 6 DOF (degree of

freedom).
• The reaction torque generated from the

first pair of motors is exactly cancelled
off by the reaction torque from the
second pair of motors.
Force Balance in a quadcopter
Mobility of a quadcopter
• UAV in educational
research
• UAV in aerial
mapping
• UAV in Military
• UAV in agricultural
• UAV in express
industry
• UAV in emergency
situation
Thank You

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Aeromodelling and UAV

Aeromodelling is the art of designing, building and flying

• Multi-rotary • Fixed Wing

➢Aerodynamic center is located at 25% of the

➢Neutral point is the point where the

➢Center of gravity is geometric point on any

➢ When CG is ahead of NP the weight tends to correct the

1. Trim (longitudinal and directional)

2. Stability (longitudinal and directional)

3. Control (longitudinal and directional).

• Easy to recover from a spine

kV RPM Torque Propeller Lift/Thrust

kV RPM Torque Propeller Lift/Thrust

➢ 700-1000 kV is recommended for fixed wing.

It’s include many of these…..

Plastic / Injection Moulding

• A quadrotor has 6 DOF (degree of

• The reaction torque generated from the

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