Chapter 1 Computer System

Introduction of Computer
A Computer is an electronic device operating under the control of instruction stored in its own
memory that can accept data (input), process the data according to predefined set of rules, produce
information (output) and store the information for future use.

Functionalities of a Computer
Any digital computer carries out five functions in gross term:
▪ Takes data as input.
▪ Stores the data/instructions in its memory and use them when required.
▪ Processes the data and converts it into useful information.
▪ Generates the output.

Required hardware components of General purpose Computer:

Input Device: It is the medium through which data and instructions are given to the computer. E.g.
Keyboard, Mouse, Joystick, trackball, etc.
Output Device: It is the device which is responsible for displaying the result. E.g. Monitor, printer,
speaker, etc.
Memory: Enables a computer to store, at least temporarily data and programs.
Mass Storage Device: Allows a computer to store huge amounts of data permanently.
CPU: The heart of the computer, this is the component that actually executes the instructions.

Some Terms
Data:
Data is the plural form of word datum. Data can be defined as any raw fact, figure, observation or
collection about any object. Which can recorded in the form of text, number, sound or image. Data
itself is not meaningful as it is the raw fact. For example: 1, Ram, 16, Male, Dhangadhi, Science are
data.
Information:
Information is the processed data which we get in the required form. So, it is very meaningful and
useful to us. For example: 1, Ram, 16, Male, Dhangadhi, Science are data but Ram having roll no: 1,
Age: 16, Gender: Male, Address: Dhangadhi, Stream: Science is information.
Process:
Processing is the conversion of input (data) into output (information) which is done by the processing
unit of the computer.
In general, processing is the act of performing arithmetic and logical operation.
Instruction:
Instruction is a command given to the computer to perform a specific task.
Program:
Program is a set of instructions to perform a specific task in a computer. Also called the component of
software.
Input
Any instructions or data sent to a computer for processing is considered input. Input or user input is
sent to a computer using an input device.

Output
The result generated after processing the data is called output.
Hardware
Computer hardware is the collection of physical components that make up a computer. In other
words we can say that hardware covers all parts of a computer that are tangible objects. Examples
keyboard, mouse, scanner, printer, speaker, memory, etc.

Software
Software is a collection of computer programs that performs different tasks on a computer system.
Software refers to something intangible. Basically software is written by programmer.
Software is divided into two types:
 System Software
 Application Software

System Software
It is a type of a computer software designed to operate the computer hardware to provide a platform
for running application software. It helps in running computer hardware and the computer system.
Some common types of system software are: Operating system, Device driver, Language processor.

Application Software
Application software is a program or group of programs designed for end users. It enables the user to
accomplish certain specific task. It includes the programs that do real work for users. For example
word processor, spreadsheet, Presentation software, Database management system, Web browser,
Media player, etc.

Firmware
A set of micro instructions stored in a chip is called firmware. Micro instructions are hardware level
instructions which are directly executed by the hardware. Firmware loaded into the equipment,
either at the time of manufactured or later. Firmware is held in non-volatile memory devices such
as ROM.

Note:
▪ Volatile memory: It is a type of computer memory whose contents are erased when the
system's power is turned off. For example, RAM
▪ Non-volatile memory: It is a type of computer memory that has the capability to hold saved
data even if the power is turned off. For example ROM

Units of measurement- Storage

Unit Shortened Capacity
Bit b 1 or 0 (on or off)
Byte B 8 bits
Kilobyte KB 1024 bytes
Megabyte MB 1024 kilobytes
Gigabyte GB 1024 megabytes
Terabyte TB 1024 gigabytes
Petabyte PB 1024 terabytes
Exabyte EB 1024 petabytes
Zettabyte ZB 1024 exabytes
Yottabyte YB 1024 zettabytes

Unit of measurement Speed

Second s 1 second Hertz (Hz) = 10 Hz

Millisecond Ms 1/1,000 seconds Kilo Hertz (KHz) = 10 Hz

Microsecond 𝜇𝑠 1/1,000,000 seconds Mega Hertz (MHz) = 10 Hz

Nanosecond Ns 1/1,000,000,000 seconds Giga Hertz (GHz) = 10 Hz

Picosecond Ps 1/1,000,000,000,000 seconds Tera Hertz (THz) = 10 Hz

Femtosecond Fs 1/1,000,000,000,000,000 seconds Penta Hertz (PHz) = 10 Hz

Altosecond As 1/1,000,000,000,000,000,000 seconds Exa Hertz (EHz) = 10 Hz

Note:
1 Hz = 1 cycle per second
1 MHz = 1 million cycles per second
1 GHz = 1 billion cycles per second

Characteristics of Computer
i. Word length
A digital computer operates on binary digits i.e 0 and 1. It can understand information only in terms
of 0s and 1s. A binary digit is called a bit. a group of 8 bits is called a byte. The number of bits that a
computer can process at a time in parallel is called its word length. Commonly used word length are
8,16,32 or 64 bits. Word length is the major of the computing power of a computer. When we talk of
a 32-bit computer, it means that it's word length is 32 bits.

ii. Speed
The calculation in the computer is at very high speeds. For example, a micro-computer can perform
millions of instructions per second as many times without any mistake. The speed increases, as the
power of computer increase. For example, a super computer can operate at speed measures on
nanoseconds and even picosecond.

iii. Storage
The computer has main memory and auxiliary memory. The computer can store a large amount of
data. With more and more auxiliary storage devices, which are capable of storing huge amounts of
the data, the storage capacity of a computer is virtually unlimited. The reason that makes computer
storage unique is not that it can store huge amount of data, but the fact that it can retrieve the
information that the user wants in a few seconds. For example, computer dictionaries are available
and the contents of this software version are the same as that of the printed dictionary.

iv. Accuracy
The accuracy of a computer is very high unless the input is given correctly. In most cases, the error is
because of human factor rather that technology mistake. For example, if the person input wrong
code or the data is corrupted, the processing result is also wrong or corrupted. So, if wrong input is
given, the output also will be wrong- GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out)
v. Versatility
Computers can perform activities ranging from simple calculation like arithmetic calculation, to a
complex calculation like launching a missile, which it makes a computer a versatile machine. some
application area of computers like a business, bank medical diagnosis, science and technology,
communication and astronomy, so it is a versatile machine.

vi. Diligence
Diligence means being constant and determined in effort and application. The computer can perform
the repetitive task without being a bore and it never gets tired. It can work continuously for several
hour or day without getting bored and tired. Unlike human beings, a computer is free from tiredness,
weakness, lack of concentration and monotony. Computers can perform activities ranging from
simple calculation like arithmetic calculation, to a complex calculation like launching a missile, which
it makes a computer a versatile machine.

vii. Automation
A computer is an automatic machine, capable of functioning automatically once they are an
appropriate set of instruction and data provided to the computer. Once the task is initiated on a
computer it can proceed continuously. The computer can be programmed to perform a series of a
task involving multiple programs. Computers are capable of these levels of automation if the
instruction is provided correctly.

viii. Reliability
Computers are used widely as they are reliable. The computer never gives the wrong result as long as
the input is given correctly. The probability of error in the computer is negligible. A Huge amount of
verities of data like monetary transaction, banking account, personal information is stored in a
computer with the strong reliability to the computer.
The computer has become an integral part of our lives and is helping us in improving the standard
living, enhancing the quality products, providing better healthcare, assisting in teaching and learning
and other however computer have many limitations like lack of intelligence, lack of reasoning
capabilities and other.

Advantages and disadvantages of computer

Advantages:
 The computer can perform a complex operation in a short time.
 The computer can process a large volume of data.
 Computer can work continuously for a long time
 A single computer can perform multiple tasks such as watching a movie, playing games,
listening song and others.
 The computer does not make a mistake.
 Computer increases the curricular performance of the student.

Disadvantages:
 The computer does not have a brain and cannot decide itself.
 It does not have its own intelligence.
 The computer does not have emotion and feelings.
 It needs electricity to operate.
 It cannot operate itself, unless, a human command is given.
The application areas of computer are described below:
1. Banks: Banks provide online accounting facility, which includes current balances, deposits,
overdrafts, interest charges, shares, and trustee records. ATM machines are making it even easier
for customers to deal with banks.

2. Engineering: Computers are widely used in engineering purpose. One of major areas is CAD
(Computer aided design). That provides creation and modification of images.

3. Medicine: Computers have become important part in hospitals, labs, and dispensaries. The
computers are being used in hospitals to keep the record of patients and medicines. It is also
used in scanning and diagnosing different diseases. ECG, EEG, Ultrasounds and CT Scans etc., are
also done by computerized machines.

4. Education: The computer provides a tool in the education system known as CBE (Computer Based
Education). The computer education is rapidly increasing the graph of number of computer
students. It is used to prepare a database about performance of a student and analysis is carried
out on this basis.

5. Ticketing: In today's world one can book air or railway tickets online with the help of computer
and internet and could know all the relevant information. Ticketing system are also applied in
bus, hotel and cinemas tickets reservations.

6. Defense: Computers are largely used in defense. Modern tanks, missiles, weapons etc. Military
also employs computerized control systems. Some military areas where a computer has been
used are missile control, military communication, military operation and planning.

7. Business: A computer has high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reliability, or versatility
which made it an integrated part in all business organizations. Computers are used in business
organizations for payroll calculations, budgeting, sales analysis, financial forecasting, etc.

8. Government: Computers play an important role in government. Some major fields in this
category are budget, sales tax department, income tax department, computerization of voter’s
lists, weather forecasting, etc.

9. Desktop publishing: We can use computer for desktop publishing, for example: create layout for
magazine, newspaper, book, etc. One can create animation and portrait also with the help of
different software tools.

10. Communication: Communication means to convey a message, an idea, a picture or speech

that is received and understood clearly and correctly by the person for whom it is meant for.
Some main areas in this category are email, chatting, ftp, telnet, etc.

History of computer
Evolution of computer is a study of past development of computer i.e. it is meant by the
gradual improvements of accuracy, speed and efficiency of computers through generations, whereas
generations of computers may be defined as the development of computer in an average period of
time in which old computer technology may be replaced by newer technology.
Ancient people lived on the earth for centuries without counting. Then, they started to count their
ten figures. It became so difficult to live and to remember anything. These phenomena were
gradually replaced by the use of stones, counting notches on sticks or marks on walls. The different
generations are described below which has helped the humans for keeping records with the passing
of time.
1) The Mechanical Era (Zeroth generation)
The calculator of this age was developed by using mechanical components like wood, metal, stone,
bone, etc. It was used for simple mathematical calculations. Some of the popular calculations used in
this age are:
Abacus
In ancient period, it was used to calculate mathematical calculation. It was used for performing
simple calculation like counting, addition, subtraction and multiplication of number. An abacus
consists of a rectangular frame carrying a number of wooden rods. Mid-bar divides each of these rods
in top unequal -upper and lower parts.

Fig: Abacus
The upper part is called heaven, whereas lower part is called earth. The heaven consists of two beads,
whereas the earth part consists of five beads to each rod. The value of bead on heaven part is five
and earth is one. Each abacus consists of nine or eleven or thirteen rods.

John Napier (1550-1617 AD)

The Scottish mathematician John Napier first published the table of logarithms in 1614 AD. It was
very used and consists of a large number of calculations.
He invented bone rods and used bones to demonstrate by subtracting and multiplication by addition
according to his principle. These are made of strips of bones on which numbers were carved and
painted that`s why it is also called Napier's bone.

Fig: Napier bone

Slide Rule (1575-1660AD)
Based on the principle of John Napier, William Oughterd, an English mathematician, invented a
machine called Slide Rule in 1620 A.D. It had 2 rulers engraved with the numbers and people could
use it for faster multiplication and division also. He used the principal of bones and logarithms.
A rule consists of two graduated scales, one of which slips upon other. It is devised in such a way that
suitable alignment of one scale against the other makes it possible to find products and quotient of
any numbers.

Fig: Oughtred ruler

Blaise Pascal (1623-1662AD)

Pascaline was invented by Blaise Pascal in 1642 AD. He was the Famous French mathematician and
philosopher. He invented the device to help his father in his profession. It had some cogs and gears
rotating in complement to each other and it could do addition and subtraction up to 8 digits.
Multiplication and division was done by repeating addition and subtraction respectively.
Later computer programming language was called “Pascal” to honor him for his contribution in the
development of computer.

Fig: Pascal Calculator

Jacquard Loom (1752-1834 AD)

The French man, Joseph Marie Jacquard, was a textile manufacturer who invented a mechanism for
automated weaving clothes for the textile industry at Lyon, in 1802 AD. This machine was used to
automatically control weaving looms to facilitate the production of weaving cloth with complex
patterns.
Fig: Jacquard loom

Charles Babbage (1791-1871 AD)

Charles Babbage was born in 1791 AD in United Kingdom. He was a professor of mathematics at
Cambridge University. He discovered the principle for the construction of general purpose fully
programmable automatic mechanical computer on which the modern electronic computers are
based. So, Babbage is known as “father of computer”.
Difference Engine
Difference engine was the first invention of Charles Babbage and it was powered by steam. In 1822
AD he persuaded the British government to finance his design to build a machine that would calculate
tables for logarithms. It was fully automatic for the mathematical calculations as well as printing
output tables. It was controlled by a fixed instruction program that executed only in precise linear
sequence.
Analytical Engine
Charles Babbage designed another machine called Analytical engine in 1833 AD after 10 years of
inventing of Difference Engine but unfortunately he was unable to complete it. Analytical engine was
an interconnected maze of gears, cams and shafts and powered by steam. This machine was capable
for calculating up to 20 decimals at about 60 additions per minute, could store information, make
decision and carry out instructions based on its decision.
Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace (1515-1852 AD)
The English intelligent and independent-minded woman, Lady Augusta, was a daughter of English
poet Lord Byron and a very Great follower, assistant of Charles Babbage. Lady documents Babbage`s
work and writes programs for Babbage.

This plan is now regarded as the first computer program. That`s why, she was considered the first
computer programmer and a software language developed by the US Defense Department, was
named Ada in her honor.

Tabulating Machine (1860-1929 AD)

An American Inventor, Herman Hollerith, also applied the Jacquard loom concept in computing and
applies for patents for an automatic punch-card tabulating machine. In 1886 A.D. he invented a
machine knows as “Tabulating Machine ". This device could process on the punch cards and perform
census calculating faster than ever before. He establish his own company called Tabulating Machine
Company (TMC), later TMC was integrated with other companies and established IBM in 1923 AD.

George Boole
He was one of the greatest English Mathematician who contributed greatly to the study of symbolic
logic during the mid 19th century. He was very famous for the discovery of mathematic logic called
‘Boolean Algebra’. It was the foundation of the modern electronic computer architecture by using 0
or 1 for the electric circuit. Since switching mechanisms at the time could only produce two actions
‘on’ and ‘off’, Boolean algebra provided engineers a medium to communicate with their computers.

2) The Electro-Mechanical Era

The calculator of this age was developed by using mechanical and electronic component vacuum
tube.
Successful general-purpose mechanical computers were built, in the 1930s.

The Mark I Computer (1937 - 1944)

Based on the principle of Charles Babbage, Howard Aiken developed an electro-mechanical computer
in 1973 AD. It was also called IBMASCC (IBM Automatic Sequence Control Calculator).
It was complex in design because it contained 7,50,000 parts and was strung with about 500 miles of
wires. It was very huge in size and its dimension was 50 feet long, 8 feet high and 3 feet in wides. Its
weight was about 32 tons and it had 18,000 vacuum tubes. It consumed a lot of electricity and
generates much more heat.

The Mark II
The Mark II was constructed with high speed electromagnetic relays instead of electro-mechanical
counters used in the Mark I, making it much faster. A unique feature of the Mark II is that it had built
in hardware for several functions such as the reciprocal, square root, logarithm, exponential and
some trigonometric function.

The Atanasoff-Berry Computer (1939 - 1942)

In 1939, John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry designed Atanasoff-Berry computer or ABC solving
systems of mathematical simultaneous equation. It used 18000 valves and other 45 valves for internal
logic and capacitors for storage of electrical charges.
It used punch cards as input and output operation i.e secondary. It is considered as the first
computing machine which introduced the idea of binary arithmetic, regenerative memory and logic
circuits.

3) The Electronic Computer Era

The computers of this age are developed by using electronic components like a vacuum tube,
transistors IC, VLSI, etc. These computers are smaller, faster and more reliable.

The ENIAC (1943-1946)

In 1946, John W. Mauchly and J.presper Eckert constructed ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrated
and Calculator), at the Moore School of Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania. USA ENIAC was
the first popular general purpose electronic computers. John Von Neumann was the consultant of the
ENIAC project.

It was a very large machine weighing about 30 tons and containing about 17,468 vacuum tubes,
70,000 resistors, 5 million soldered joints and it consumed 160 kilowatts. It could do 5,000 addition
and 300 multiplication per second.

John Von Neumann (1903-1975 AD)

The Hungarian Mathematician, John gave an idea of stored program computer in the sense that
program is stored internally in the main memory of the computer along with its associated data, in
1945. So, he is called the "Father of Stored Program". Before that, program required for the computer
were integrated and written permanently in chips. So, modification of program was not possible. But,
after Neumann, such programs were stored on a computer in some storage media, so modification
was easy and flexible.
EDSAC (Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer)
EDSAC stands for electronic delay storage automatic computer which was made by Maurice Wilkes in
1949 AD by applying John Von Neumann’s stored program technique. EDSAC contained 3,000 vacuum
tubes and used mercury delay lines for memory. Programs were input using paper tape and output
results were passed to the teleprinter.
The EDVAC (1946-1952)
EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer) was developed by J.P Eckert, and J.W
Mauchly in 1952 AD. It was also based on John Von Neumann’s stored program technique. The
EDVAC is used for the Ballistics Research Laboratory of the US Army.
The EDVAC was a binary serial computer with automatic addition, subtraction, multiplication,
programmed division and automatic checking with an ultrasonic serial memory.

The UNIVAC (1951)

UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) was developed by J.P.Eckert and J. Mauchly in 1951. It was
the first general purpose digital computer made for business and administrative use. It was designed
to handle both numeric and textual information. Before this, all the computers were either used for
defense or census. It was 8 feet high, 15 feet long and weight was about 15 tons.

Generations of computers
Computer generations classification is mainly based on the basic devices used. Also, the
considerations are the architecture, languages, modes of operation, etc. The function performed by
the computer and the speed of their operations have been changing since the old days to the most
modern computer. Based on the period of development and the features incorporated, the
computers are classified into different generations- First generation to Fifth generation. This is called
the computer generation.
The classification and time periods are given below:
First Generation Computer (1945-1956)
Second Generation Computer (1957-1963)
Third Generation Computer (1964-1971)
Fourth Generation Computer (1972 onward)
Fifth Generation Computer (Present and future)

1) First Generation Computer (1945-1955)

The computers during the period 1945 to 1955 are regarded as the First Generation of
Computers. The first generation computers used vacuum tubes for electronic circuits and
magnetic drums for memory. The vacuum tube was first developed by Lee Deforest in 1908.

Vacuum Tube
A vacuum tube is a hollow glass cylinder containing a positive electrode and a negative electrode
between which is conducted in a full or partial vacuum. A grid between these electrodes controls
the flow of electricity.
The vacuum tube were predominantly used in electronic devices such as TVs, radios and
computers.
Features of first-generation computers:
 Technology used: vacuum tube
 Machines languages were used to instruct the computer.
 Magnetic core memory was used as primary memory.
 Electrostatic tubes, Paper tape, punch card, magnetic tape
 Punched card, printing devices were used for input/output operations and store the result.
 It occupies very large space, slow processing, inefficient and unreliable due to low accuracy.
 Power consumption was very high and it generated much heat.
 It could only perform straight forward simple numerical calculation.
 Computer used to be much expensive.
The example of first-generation computers is ENIAC, UNIVAC, EDVAC, and EDSAC.

2) Second Generation Computer (1957-1963)

The computer during the period 1956 to 1963 are regard as the Second generation Computers. In
the second generation computer, the vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors. They used
transistors as the electronic circuits. The transistors made the second generation computers
smaller,
3) faster, cheaper than the first generation computers.
The transistor was developed by John Bardeen, Walter Brattain and William Shockley in 1947.
Transistor
Transistor is derived from the two words “transfer” and “register” and it is the device which is
made of three terminal semi-conductor material that amplifies the electric signal.
They were much smaller than vacuum tubes and consumed much less power. Electronic circuits
could be made more complex with more transistors.

Some of its features are:

 Technology used: Transistor

  Operating speed was in terms of a microsecond.
 Assembly language and machines independent language such as COBOL (Common Business
Oriented Language) and FORTRAN (Formula Translation) were introduced the size of the
computer.
 Magnetic core memory was used as primary memory.
 Magnetic drum and magnetic tape were used as secondary memory.
 Power required to operate them was low.
 It could perform scientific calculation such as solving differential equations.
 Storage capacity and use of computers are increased.
Example of Second-Generation computer is

4) Third Generation Computer (1964-1971)

The computer during the period 1964 to 1971 are regard as the Third generation Computers. They
used Integrated Circuit (IC) as electronic circuit. IC consist of consist of a large number of
electronic components placed on a single silicon chip. The IC was developed by Jack Kilby and
Robert Noyce in 1958. The IC made the third generation computer more smaller in size, reliable,
faster, easy to operate and less expensive than the previous generation.
Integrated Circuit
An integrated circuit is a set of electronic circuits on one small flat piece of semiconductor
material that is normally silicon. An integrated circuit, commonly referred to as an IC, is a
microprocessor array of electronic circuits.
These circuits have low cost, high reliability, low power requirement and high processing speed
compared to the vacuum tubes and transistors.

Features of the third-generation computers are:

 The technology used: IC (Integrated Circuit).
 Transistors were replaced by IC in their electronic circuitry.
 High-level languages like FORTAN, BASIC and other are used to develop programs.
 Semiconductor memory like RAM and ROM were used as primary memory.
 Monitor and keyboard were introduced for data input and output respectively.
 Multiprogramming facility was developed.
 The computer was used in census calculation, military, banks and industries.
 Size, cost, power requirement and heat generation decreased.
 Processing speed and storage capacity used of computer increased.
The example of third generation computers is IBM-360 series, ICL-900 series, and Honeywell 200
series
5) Fourth Generation Computer (1972 onward)
The computer during the period 1972 to present are regard as the Fourth generation Computers.
All modern computers we use today are fourth generation computers. They use VLSI and ULSI
are called Microprocessor chips for electronic circuit. It was developed by Intel Corporation USA
in 1971.
Microprocessor
A microprocessor is an electronic component that is used by a computer to do its work. It is a central
processing unit on a single integrated circuit chip containing millions of very small components
including transistors, resistors, and diodes that work together.
A microprocessor is designed to perform arithmetic and logic operations that makes use of small
number holding areas called registers.
The first commercial microprocessor was the Intel 4004 which was made by Intel Corporation in
1971. It was 4 bit processor because it could process only 4 bits at a time.
Features of the fourth generation computer are:
 Technology in use: VLSI is introduced and used Microprocessor-based technology.
 Problem-oriented fourth generation language (4GL) is used to develop the program.
 Semiconductor like RAM, ROM and cache memory is used as a primary memory.
 Magnetic disks like hard disk, optical disk (CD,DVD), Blue-ray disk, flashes memory (memory
chip, pen drive) are used as secondary memory.
 E-mail, Internet and mobile communication are developed.
 Advanced, user-friendly, web page software are developed.
 Size, cost, power requirement, heat generation decreased compared to the previous
generation.
 Operating speed, storage capacity,use of computer increased compared to the previous
generation
The example of the fourth-generation computer is IBM-PC, HP laptops, Mac notebook etc.

6) Fifth Generation Computer (Present and future)

The aim is to bring machines with genuine IQ, the ability to reason logically and with real knowledge
of the word. Thus, this computer will be totally different, totally novel and totally new than last four
generations of computer.
Fifth generation computer was based on Artificial Intelligence (AI) and that is still developing process,
but not yet a reality i.e this computer is incomplete. The scientists are working on it still.
These computers will be able to converse with people and will be able to mimic human sense, manual
skills, and intelligence.

Features of the fifth-generation computers are:

 Technology to be used: These machines will incorporate Bio-chip and VVLSI (Very Very Large-
Scale Integration) or Ultra-Large-Scale Integration (ULSI)
 The computer will have Artificial Intelligence (AI).
 Natural language will be used to develop programs.
 The computer will have parallel processing in full fledge.
 These aims are to solve highly complex problems, which require great intelligence and
expertise when solved by people.
 Quantum computation, molecular and nanotechnology will be used completely.

Artificial Intelligence (AI)

Artificial Intelligence is one of the emerging technologies which tries to simulate human reasoning in
AI systems.
AI is the area of computer science focusing on creating machines that can engage on behaviours that
humans considered intelligent. John McCarthy invented the term Artificial Intelligence in the year
1950.
Application areas of AI are Expert system, Banking, Gaming, Autonomous vehicles, Space exploration,
Health Care etc.
Advantages
 Reduction in human errors
 Better handling of information
 Takes risk instead of humans
 Helping in repetitive job
 Increase work efficiency
 Reduction of training and operation cost
 Faster Decision
 Digital Assistance
Disadvantages
 Increased cost
 Difficulty with software development
 Making human lazy
 Unemployment