INTRODUCTION

SPSS - What Is It?

SPSS means “Statistical Package for the Social Sciences" and was first
launched in 1968. Since SPSS was acquired by IBM in 2009, it's officially
known as IBM SPSS Statistics but most users still just refer to it as "SPSS”.
SPSS is software for editing and analysing all sorts of data. These data may
come from basically any source: scientific research, a customer database,
Google Analytics or even the
server log files of a website. SPSS can open all file formats that are
commonly used for structured data such as
spreadsheets from MS Excel or Open Office;
plain text files (.txt or .csv); • relational (SQL) databases;
Stata and SAS.

SPSS Data View

After opening data, SPSS displays them in a spreadsheet-like fashion as
shown in the screenshot below from freelancers. Sav.
This sheet called data view- always displays our data values. For instance,
our first record seems to contain a male respondent from 1979 and so on. A
more detailed explanation on the exact meaning of our variables and data
values is found in a second sheet shown below.

SPSS Variable View

An SPSS data file always has a second sheet called variable view. It shows
the metadata associated with the data. Metadata is information about the
meaning of variables and data values. This is generally known as the
"codebook" but in SPSS it's called the dictionary For non SPSS users, the
look and feel of SPSS' Data Editor window probably come closest to an
Excel workbook containing two different but strongly related sheets.
Data Analysis
Right, so SPSS can open all sorts of data and display them -and their
metadata in two sheets in its Data Editor window. So how to analyse your
data in SPSS? Well, one option is using SPSS' elaborate menu options. For
instance, if our data contain a variable holding respondents' incomes over
2010, we can compute the average income by navigating to Descriptive
Statistics as shown below. Doing so opens a dialog box in which we select
one or many variables and one or several statistics we'd like to inspect.

SPSS Output Window

After clicking Ok, a new window opens up: SPSS' output viewer window. It
holds a nice table with all statistics on all variables we chose. The screenshot
below shows what it looks like. As we see, the Output Viewer window has a
different layout and structure than the Data Editor window we saw earlier.
Creating output in SPSS does not change our data in any way, unlike Excel,
SPSS uses different windows for data and research outcomes based on those
data. For non-SPSS users, the look and feel of SPSS' Output Viewer window
probably comes closest to a Power point slide holding items such as blocks of
text, tables and charts.

SPSS Reporting
SPSS Output items, typically tables and charts, are easily copy-pasted into
other programs. For instance, many SPSS users use a word processor such as
MS Word, OpenOffice or Google Docs for reporting. Tables are usually
copied in rich text format, which means they'll retain their styling such as
fonts and borders. The screenshot below illustrates the result.
SPSS Syntax Editor Window
The output table we showed was created by running Descriptive Statistics
from SPSS' menu. Now, SPSS has a second option for running this (or any
other) command: we can open a third window, known as the syntax editor
window. Here we can type and run SPSS code known as SPSS syntax. For
instance, running descriptives income_2010. has the exact same result as
running this command from SPSS' menu like we did earlier Besides typing
commands into the Syntax Editor window, most of them can also be pasted
into it by clicking through SPSS' menu options. Like so, SPSS users
unfamiliar with syntax can still use it. But why use syntax if SPSS has such a
nice menu? The basic point is that syntax can be saved, corrected, rerun and
shared between projects or users. Your syntax makes your SPSS work
replicable. If anybody raises any doubts regarding your outcomes, you can
show exactly what you did and -if needed-correct and rerun it in seconds. For
non SPSS users, the look and feel of SPSS' Syntax Editor window probably
come closest to Notepad: a single window basically just containing plain text .

SPSS - Overview Main Features

Now that we have a basic idea of how SPSS works, let's take a look at what it
can do. Following a typical project workflow, SPSS is great for Opening
data_files, either in SPSS' own file format or many others; Editing data such
as computing sums and means over columns or rows of data. SPSS has
outstanding options for more complex operations as well. Creating tables and
charts containing frequency counts or summary statistics over (groups of)
cases and variables. running inferential statistics such as ANOVA, regression
and factor analysis. saving_data_and output in a wide variety of file formats.
We'll now take a closer look at each one of these features.
Opening Data Files
SPSS has its own data file format. Other file formats it easily deals with
include MS Excel, plain text files, SQL, Stata and SAS.
Web analytics data -often downloaded as Excel files- can easily be opened
and further analysed in SPSS.

Editing Data
In real world research, raw data usually need some editing before they can be
properly analysed. Typical examples are creating means or sums as new
variables, restructuring data or detecting and removing unlikely observations.
SPSS performs such tasks -and more complex ones with amazing efficiency.
For getting things done fast, SPSS contains many numeric functions, string
functions, date functions and other handy routines.

Tables and Charts

All basic tables and charts can be created easily and fast in SPSS. Typical
examples are demonstrated under Data Analysis. A real weakness of SPSS is
that its charts tend to be ugly and often have a clumsy layout. A great way to
overcome this problem is developing and applying SPSS chart templates.
Doing so, however, requires a fair amount of effort and expertise
SPSS clustered bar chart with chart template applied.

Inferential Statistics
SPSS contains all basic statistical tests and multivariate analyses such as
. t-tests;
. chi-square tests
. ANOVA
. correlations and other association measures;
. regression
. nonparametric tests
. factor analysis
. cluster analysis

Some analyses are available only after purchasing additional SPSS options on
top of the main program. An overview of all commands and the options to
which they belong is presented in Overview All SPSS Commands

Saving Data and Output

SPSS data can be saved as a variety of file formats, including
. MS Excel
. plain text (.txt or .csv);
. Stata
. OSAS
The options for output are even more elaborate: charts are often copy-pasted
as images in png format. For tables, rich text format is often used because it
retains the tables' layout, fonts and borders Besides copy-pasting individual
output items, all output items can be exported in one go pdf, HTML, MS
Word and many other file formats. A terrific strategy for writing a report is
creating an SPSS output file with nicely styled tables and chart. Then export
the entire document to Word and insert explanatory text and titles between
the output items. Right, I hope that gives at least a basic idea of what SPSS is
and what it does. Let's now explore SPSS in some more detail, starting off
with the Data Editor window. We'll present many more examples in the next
couple of tutorials as well.
 APPLICATIONS OF SPSS
Statistical Package for the social sciences (SPSS) is a window-based
program first launched in 1968. In 2009, SPSS is acquired by IBM.
Hence, it is officially known as IBM SPSS statistics. SPSS is widely
used in the social and behavioral sciences. It is also used by health
researchers, market researchers, survey companies, education
researchers, government, etc. Various windows can be opened when
using SPSS such as data editor, output navigator, pivot table editor,
chart editor, text output editor, and syntax editor. The data editor is a
spreadsheet in which variables can be defined and entered into the
data. Each row corresponds to a case while each column represents a
variable. This window opens automatically when SPSS is started. The
output navigator window displays the statistical results, tables, and
charts from the analysis. Output displayed in pivot tables can be
modified in many ways with the pivot table editor. It is possible to
modify and save high-resolution charts and plots by invoking the chart
editor for a certain chart in an output navigator window. Text output
not displayed in pivot tables can be modified with the text output
editor.

SPSS contains all basic statistical tests and multivariate analyses

such as t-tests, chi-square tests, ANOVA, correlations and
regressions, non-parametric tests, cluster analysis, etc.

IBM SPASS statistics 26 continues to increase accessibility to

advanced analytics through improved tools, integration, output, and
ease-of-use features. This release mainly focuses on increasing the
analytic capabilities of the software through quantile regression, ROC
analysis, Bayesian statistics, one sample binomial and Poisson
enhancements, reliability analysis, and command enhancements.

SPSS software is used for editing and analyzing all sorts of data
available from scientific research, clinical studies, customer database,
Google Analytics, etc. SPSS can open all file formats that are
commonly used for structured data such as spreadsheets from MS
Excel, plain text files, relational database, stata, SAS, etc. SPSS
Statistics can read and write data from ASCII text files, other statistics
packages, spreadsheets, and databases.

Statistical output is a proprietary file format and the proprietary output

can be exported to text or Microsoft word, pdf, excel, and other
formats. The typical workflow of SPSS software is as follows:

 Opening data files in SPSS file format or others.

 Editing data such as computing sums and means over columns
or rows of data.
 Creating tables and charts containing frequency counts or
summary statistics over cases and variables.
 Running inferential statistics such as one-way ANOVA, two-way
ANOVA, regression, correlation, factor analysis, etc.
 Saving data and output in different file formats.

Fig: Use of SPSS software for calculation of data

 GOOGLE FORM
 STEPS TO MAKE QUESTIONNAIRE
 Step 1. Open google form

 Step 2. Create a questionnaire

 Step 3. Edit the Form

  Step 4. Design the Form

 Step 5. Share your form with your friends or relatives

 Step 7. Analyze Response

 url link for my questionnaire

https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSemv0okGzAfcP7-
6ml_CgssO-WJiQ2Duc1Baqi79Q0SipHudg/viewform?usp=sf_link
 These are the responses obtained from
the google form

 Copy data to spreadsheet

 Transfer your data to excel sheet and
apply IF condition

It will look like this after you Apply ( IF Condition) in excel

sheet.
DATA VIEW OF SPSS
VARIABLE VIEW OF SPSS
  DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS

 FREQUENCY
Statistics
How much
do you Where do
typically you typically How do Which How often
spend on purchase you like Which type of do you
one What your purchasin scent(s) perfume use
perfume/frag is your perfumes g your What is do you like do you perfumes/f
rance age from scents your gender best prefer ragrances
N Valid 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30
Missi 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
ng
Mean 1.33 2.07 2.53 1.93 1.47 3.40 3.67 2.10
Median 1.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 1.00 4.00 4.00 2.00
Mode 1 2 2a 1 1 4 6 1
a. Multiple modes exist. The smallest value is shown

How much do you typically spend on one

perfume/fragrance
Frequen Valid Cumulative
cy Percent Percent Percent
Valid 1000- 24 72.7 80.0 80.0
2000
2000- 2 6.1 6.7 86.7
3000
3000- 4 12.1 13.3 100.0
4000
Total 30 90.9 100.0
Missin System 3 9.1
g
Total 33 100.0
In this table the first column lists the labels we
assigned to the three levels of this variable i.e.
1: 1000 to 2000; 2: 2000 to 3000 and 3: 3000 to 4000.
The Frequency column displays the frequency of each
score (in this case, category). This shows that out of
the 30 people, 24 spend 1000 to 2000 ruppees for
perfume , 2 spend 2000 to 3000 ruppees while the
rest 4 people spend 3000-4000 ruppees. These
frequencies are converted to percentages in the
Percent column i.e. 72.7% for 1st category , 6.1% for 2nd
category, 12.1% for 3rd category. Valid Percent column
shows values 80% for 1st category , 6.7% for 2nd category
and 13.3% for 3rd category .

What is your age

Frequen Valid Cumulative
cy Percent Percent Percent
Valid 18 to 28 84.8 93.3 93.3
24
25 to 2 6.1 6.7 100.0
30
Total 30 90.9 100.0
Missin Syste 3 9.1
g m
Total 33 100.0

In this table the first column lists the labels we assigned to the four levels
of this variable i.e. 1:below 18 and 2: 25 to 30. The Frequency column
displays the frequency of each score (in this case, category). This shows
that out of the 30 people, 28 people are between 18 to 24 years old, while
the rest 2 people are between 25 to 30 years old. These frequencies are
converted to percentages in the Percent column i.e. 84.8% for 1st category ,
6.1% for 2nd category. Valid Percent column shows values 93.3% for 1st
category and 6.7% for 2nd category .
 Where do you typically purchase your perfumes from

Frequen Valid Cumulative

cy Percent Percent Percent
Valid The fragrance 7 21.2 23.3 23.3
shop
The Perfume 11 33.3 36.7 60.0
Shop
bodyshop 1 3.0 3.3 63.3
onlineshop 11 33.3 36.7 100.0
Total 30 90.9 100.0
Missin System 3 9.1
g
Total 33 100.0
In this table the first column lists the labels we assigned to the four levels
of this variable i.e. 1: The fragrance shop; 2: The Perfume Shop, 3:
BodyShop and 4: Online shop. The Frequency column displays the
frequency of each score (in this case, category). This shows that out of the
30 people 7 people purchase from fragrance shop , 11 people purchases
from perfume shop , 1 person purchases from bodyshop and the rest 11
people purchases from online shop. These frequencies are converted to
percentages in the Percent column i.e. 21.2% for 1st category , 33.3% for 2nd
category, 3.0% for 3rd category and 33.3% for 4th category. Valid Percent column
shows values 23.3% for 1st category , 36.7% for 2nd category, 3.3% for 3rd
category and 36.7% for 4th category.

How do you like purchasing your scents

Frequen Valid Cumulative
cy Percent Percent Percent
Valid Single bottles 19 57.6 63.3 63.3
Gift sets 2 6.1 6.7 70.0
Hampers 1 3.0 3.3 73.3
Deodorants/Body 8 24.2 26.7 100.0
sprays
Total 30 90.9 100.0
Missin System 3 9.1
g
Total 33 100.0
In this table the first column lists the labels we assigned to the four levels
of this variable i.e. 1: single bottles; 2: gift sets, 3: hampers and 4:
deodorants/body sprays. The Frequency column displays the frequency of
each score (in this case, category). This shows that out of the 30 people 7
people purchase from fragrance shop , 11 people purchases from perfume
shop , 1 person purchases from bodyshop and the rest 11 people
purchases from online shop. These frequencies are converted to
percentages in the Percent column i.e. 21.2% for 1st category , 33.3% for 2nd
category, 3.0% for 3rd category and 33.3% for 4th category. Valid Percent column
shows values 23.3% for 1st category , 36.7% for 2nd category, 3.3% for 3rd
category and 36.7% for 4th category.

What is your gender

Frequen Valid Cumulative
cy Percent Percent Percent
Valid male 16 48.5 53.3 53.3
female 14 42.4 46.7 100.0
Total 30 90.9 100.0
Missin Syste 3 9.1
g m
Total 33 100.0

In this table the first column lists the labels we assigned to the four levels
of this variable i.e. 1:male and 2:female. The Frequency column displays
the frequency of each score (in this case, category). This shows that out of
the 30 people, 16 are male and the rest 14 are females. These frequencies
are converted to percentages in the Percent column i.e. 48.5% for 1st
category , 42.4% for 2nd category. Valid Percent column shows values 53.3%
for 1st category and 46.7% for 2nd category .
 Which scent(s) do you like best
Frequen Valid Cumulative
cy Percent Percent Percent
Valid Floral 6 18.2 20.0 20.0
Orient 1 3.0 3.3 23.3
al
woody 2 6.1 6.7 30.0
fresh 17 51.5 56.7 86.7
others 4 12.1 13.3 100.0
Total 30 90.9 100.0
Missin Syste 3 9.1
g m
Total 33 100.0

In this table the first column lists the labels we assigned to the four levels
of this variable i.e. 1: floral; 2: oriented, 3: woody, 4: fresh and 5: others.
The Frequency column displays the frequency of each score (in this case,
category). This shows that out of the 30 people 6 people like floral , only 1
person like oriental , 2 people like woody , 17 people like fresh and the
rest 4 people chose others option . These frequencies are converted to
percentages in the Percent column i.e. 18.2% for 1st category , 3.0% for 2nd
category, 6.1% for 3rd category, 51.5% for 4th category and 12.1% for 5th category.
Valid Percent column shows values 20.0% for 1st category , 3.3% for 2nd
category, 6.7% for 3rd category, 56.7%% for 4th category and 13.3% for others.

Which type of perfume do you prefer

Frequen Valid Cumulative
cy Percent Percent Percent
Valid Parfum 10 30.3 33.3 33.3
Eau de Parfum 4 12.1 13.3 46.7
Eau de Cologne 2 6.1 6.7 53.3
Don't know (unsure of 14 42.4 46.7 100.0
the difference)
Total 30 90.9 100.0
Missin System 3 9.1
g
Total 33 100.0
In this table the first column lists the labels we assigned to the four levels
of this variable i.e. 1: parfum; 2: eau de parfum, 3: eau de cologne and 4:
don’t know. The Frequency column displays the frequency of each score
(in this case, category). This shows that out of the 30 people 10 people
prefer parfum , 4 people prefer eau de parfum , 2 people prefer eau de
cologne and the rest 14 people don’t know . These frequencies are
converted to percentages in the Percent column i.e. 30.3% for 1st category ,
12.1% for 2nd category, 6.1% for 3rd category and 42.4% for 4th category. Valid
Percent column shows values 33.3% for 1st category , 13.3% for 2nd category,
6.7% for 3rd category and 46.7% for 4th category.

How often do you use perfumes/fragrances

Frequen Valid Cumulative
cy Percent Percent Percent
Valid often( daily) 13 39.4 43.3 43.3
Sometimes (3 to 5 9 27.3 30.0 73.3
times a week)
Rarely 2 6.1 6.7 80.0
Only on special 4 12.1 13.3 93.3
occasions
not at all 2 6.1 6.7 100.0
Total 30 90.9 100.0
Missin System 3 9.1
g
Total 33 100.0
In this table the first column lists the labels we assigned to the four levels
of this variable i.e. 1: often(daily); 2: sometimes, 3: rarely, 4: only on
special occasions and 5: not at all. The Frequency column displays the
frequency of each score (in this case, category). This shows that out of the
30 13 people use perfume often(daily) , 9 people uses sometimes, 2 people
rarely use perfume, 4 people uses only on special occasions and the rest 2
people doesn’t uses it at all. These frequencies are converted to
percentages in the Percent column i.e. 39.4% for 1st category , 27.3% for 2nd
category, 6.1% for 3rd category, 12.1% for 4th category and 6.1% for 5th category.
Valid Percent column shows values 43.3% for 1st category , 30.0% for 2nd
category, 6.7% for 3rd category, 13.3%% for 4th category and 6.7% for others.
 HISTOGRAM
 CROSSTABS
Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid Missing Total
N Percent N Percent N Percent
What is your gender * 30 90.9% 3 9.1% 33 100.0%
How much do you
typically spend on one
perfume/fragrance
What is your gender * 30 90.9% 3 9.1% 33 100.0%
What is your age
What is your gender * 30 90.9% 3 9.1% 33 100.0%
Where do you typically
purchase your perfumes
from
What is your gender * 30 90.9% 3 9.1% 33 100.0%
How do you like
purchasing your scents
What is your gender * 30 90.9% 3 9.1% 33 100.0%
Which scent(s) do you
like best
What is your gender * 30 90.9% 3 9.1% 33 100.0%
Which type of perfume
do you prefer

 The Case Processing Summary tells us what proportion of the

observations had non missing values for both  the variables. In this
case, there were 3 cases that had a missing value for  all the
variables i.e. 1). What is your gender * What is your gender * How much do
you typically spend on one perfume/fragrance 2). What is your gender * What is
your age 3). What is your gender * Where do you typically purchase your
perfumes from 4). What is your gender * How do you like purchasing your scents
5). What is your gender * Which scent(s) do you like best 6). What is your gender *
Which type of perfume do you prefer.
What is your gender * How much do you typically spend on one
perfume/fragrance
Crosstab
How much do you typically spend on
one perfume/fragrance
3000-
1000-2000 2000-3000 4000 Total
What is your m Count 15 0 1 16
gender a % within What 93.8% 0.0% 6.3% 100.0%
l is your gender
e % within How 62.5% 0.0% 25.0% 53.3%
much do you
typically spend
on one
perfume/fragran
ce
f Count 9 2 3 14
e % within What 64.3% 14.3% 21.4% 100.0%
m is your gender
a % within How 37.5% 100.0% 75.0% 46.7%
l much do you
e typically spend
on one
perfume/fragran
ce
Total Count 24 2 4 30
% within What 80.0% 6.7% 13.3% 100.0%
is your gender
% within How 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
much do you
typically spend
on one
perfume/fragran
ce

So here we can conclude that:

62.5% and rest 37.5% of male & females respectively spend rs

1000 to 2000 on perfume , 100% of female 2000 to 3000 rs
whereas 25% of male and 75% of female spend 3000 to 4000 rs.
 Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance
Value df (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 4.386a 2 .112
Likelihood Ratio 5.202 2 .074
Linear-by-Linear 2.942 1 .086
Association
N of Valid Cases 30
a. 4 cells (66.7%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is .93.

 The Pearson Chi-spare indicates that there are no significant

differences between groups, given by the p-value more than 0.05
which is 0.112 therefore we can reject the alternative hypothesis.

What is your gender * What is your age

Crosstab
What is your age
18 to 24 25 to 30 Total
What is your male Count 14 2 16
gender % within What is your 87.5% 12.5% 100.0%
gender
% within What is your 50.0% 100.0% 53.3%
age
femal Count 14 0 14
e % within What is your 100.0% 0.0% 100.0%
gender
% within What is your 50.0% 0.0% 46.7%
age
Total Count 28 2 30
% within What is your 93.3% 6.7% 100.0%
gender
% within What is your 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
age
 So here we can conclude that:

50% of male and 50% of females are of age 18 to 24

years whereas in age group 25 to 30 years there are
only males i.e. 100% .

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance Exact Sig. Exact Sig.
Value df (2-sided) (2-sided) (1-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 1.875a 1 .171
Continuity Correctionb .404 1 .525
Likelihood Ratio 2.639 1 .104
Fisher's Exact Test .485 .276
Linear-by-Linear 1.813 1 .178
Association
N of Valid Cases 30
a. 2 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count
is .93.
b. Computed only for a 2x2 table

 The Pearson Chi-spare indicates that there are no

significant differences between groups, given by the
p-value more than 0.05 which is 0.171 therefore we
can accept the alternative hypothesis.
 What is your gender * Where do you typically purchase your
perfumes from

Crosstab
Where do you typically purchase your
perfumes from
The
The fragrance Perfume body
shop Shop shop onlineshop Total
What is your gender m Count 3 5 0 8 16
a % within What is 18.8% 31.3% 0.0% 50.0% 100.0%
l your gender
e % within Where 42.9% 45.5% 0.0% 72.7% 53.3%
do you typically
purchase your
perfumes from
f Count 4 6 1 3 14
e % within What is 28.6% 42.9% 7.1% 21.4% 100.0%
m your gender
a % within Where 57.1% 54.5% 100. 27.3% 46.7%
l do you typically 0%
e purchase your
perfumes from
Total Count 7 11 1 11 30
% within What is 23.3% 36.7% 3.3% 36.7% 100.0%
your gender
% within Where 100.0% 100.0% 100. 100.0% 100.0%
do you typically 0%
purchase your
perfumes from

So here we can conclude that:

 42.9% and 57.1% of male and female purchase perfume from

fragrance shop respectively . 45.5% and 54.5% of male and female
purchases from perfume shop respectively. Only female purchases
from bodyshop i.e. 100% whereas 72.7% of male and 27.3% of
females purchases from online shop.
 Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance
Value df (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 3.388a 3 .336
Likelihood Ratio 3.846 3 .279
Linear-by-Linear 1.783 1 .182
Association
N of Valid Cases 30
a. 4 cells (50.0%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is .47.

 The Pearson Chi-spare indicates that there are no

significant differences between groups, given by the
p-value more than 0.05 which is 0.336 therefore we
can accept the alternative hypothesis.

What is your gender * How do you like purchasing your scents

Crosstab
How do you like purchasing your scents
Deodorants
Single /Body
bottles Gift sets Hampers sprays Total
What is your gender m Count 9 0 0 7 16
a % within What is 56.3% 0.0% 0.0% 43.8% 100.0%
l your gender
e % within How do 47.4% 0.0% 0.0% 87.5% 53.3%
you like
purchasing your
scents
f Count 10 2 1 1 14
e % within What is 71.4% 14.3% 7.1% 7.1% 100.0%
m your gender
 a % within How do 52.6% 100.0% 100.0% 12.5% 46.7%
l you like
e purchasing your
scents
Total Count 19 2 1 8 30
% within What is 63.3% 6.7% 3.3% 26.7% 100.0%
your gender
% within How do 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
you like
purchasing your
scents

 So here we can conclude that:

47.4% and 52.6% of males and females prefer single bottles of

perumes respectively . only females prefer gifts and hampers of
purfumes i.e. 100% whereas 53.3% of males and 46.7% females
prefer deodarants/body sprays .

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance
Value df (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 7.452a 3 .049
Likelihood Ratio 9.140 3 .027
Linear-by-Linear 2.756 1 .097
Association
N of Valid Cases 30
a. 6 cells (75.0%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is .47.

 The Pearson Chi-spare indicates that there are

significant differences between groups, given by the
p-value less than 0.05 which is 0.049 therefore we
can reject the alternative hypothesis.
What is your gender * Which scent(s) do you like best
Crosstab
Which scent(s) do you like best
Floral Oriental woody fresh others Total
What is your m Count 0 1 2 9 4 16
gender a % within What is 0.0% 6.3% 12.5% 56.3 25.0% 100.0%
l your gender %
e % within Which 0.0% 100.0% 100.0% 52.9 100.0% 53.3%
scent(s) do you like %
best
f Count 6 0 0 8 0 14
e % within What is 42.9% 0.0% 0.0% 57.1 0.0% 100.0%
m your gender %
a % within Which 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 47.1 0.0% 46.7%
l scent(s) do you like %
e best
Total Count 6 1 2 17 4 30
% within What is 20.0% 3.3% 6.7% 56.7 13.3% 100.0%
your gender %
% within Which 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100. 100.0% 100.0%
scent(s) do you like 0%
best
 so here we can conclude that :
only females prefer floral perfume whereas only males prefer oriental
and woody perfumes. 52.9% and 47.1% of males and females prefer
fresh perfumes whereas only males chose others option.

Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance
Value df (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 12.983a 4 .011
Likelihood Ratio 17.947 4 .001
Linear-by-Linear 6.728 1 .009
Association
N of Valid Cases 30
a. 8 cells (80.0%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is .47.
 The Pearson Chi-spare indicates that there are
significant differences between groups, given by the
p-value less than 0.05 which is 0.011 therefore we
can reject the alternative hypothesis.

What is your gender * Which type of perfume do you prefer

Crosstab
Which type of perfume do you prefer
Don't know
Eau de Eau de (unsure of the
Parfum Parfum Cologne difference) Total
What is your m Count 5 3 1 7 16
gender a % within What is 31.3% 18.8% 6.3% 43.8% 100.0%
l your gender
e % within Which 50.0% 75.0% 50.0% 50.0% 53.3%
type of perfume
do you prefer
f Count 5 1 1 7 14
e % within What is 35.7% 7.1% 7.1% 50.0% 100.0%
m your gender
a % within Which 50.0% 25.0% 50.0% 50.0% 46.7%
l type of perfume
e do you prefer
Total Count 10 4 2 14 30
% within What is 33.3% 13.3% 6.7% 46.7% 100.0%
your gender
% within Which 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0% 100.0%
type of perfume
do you prefer

 so here we can conclude that:

Both males as well as females prefer parfum equally i.e. 50% each .
75% of males and 25% of females prefer eau de parfum respectively
whereas eau de cologne is preferred by both men and females equally
i.e. 50% each .
 Chi-Square Tests
Asymptotic
Significance
Value df (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square .871a 3 .833
Likelihood Ratio .913 3 .822
Linear-by-Linear .068 1 .794
Association
N of Valid Cases 30
a. 5 cells (62.5%) have expected count less than 5. The
minimum expected count is .93.

 The Pearson Chi-spare indicates that there are no

significant differences between groups, given by the
p-value more than 0.05 which is 0.336 therefore we
can accept the alternative hypothesis.

 ONE WAY ANNOVA

ANOVA
How often do you use perfumes/fragrances
Sum of Mean
Squares df Square F Sig.
Between 1.736 1 1.736 1.035 .318
Groups
Within 46.964 28 1.677
Groups
Total 48.700 29

ANOVA Effect Sizesa,b

95% Confidence
Point Interval
Estimate Lower Upper
How often do you use Eta-squared .036 .000 .229
perfumes/fragrances Epsilon-squared .001 -.036 .202
Omega-squared .001 -.034 .196
Fixed-effect
 Omega-squared .001 -.034 .196
Random-effect
a. Eta-squared and Epsilon-squared are estimated based on the fixed-effect
model.
b. Negative but less biased estimates are retained, not rounded to zero.

 A one-way ANOVA was performed to compare the effect of

frequency of usage of perfumes on different gender. It
revealed that there was no statistically significant
difference in mean exam score between at least two
groups (F(1, 28) = [1.035], p = 0.318).Therefore we can
accept the alternative hypothesis.
 

 T-Test

Group Statistics
What is your Std. Std. Error
gender N Mean Deviation Mean
How often do you use male 16 1.88 1.088 .272
perfumes/fragrances female 14 2.36 1.499 .401

Independent Samples Effect Sizes

95% Confidence
Standardiz Point Interval
era Estimate Lower Upper
How often do you use Cohen's d 1.295 -.372 -1.093 .355
perfumes/fragrances Hedges' 1.331 -.362 -1.063 .345
correction
Glass's delta 1.499 -.322 -1.043 .412
a. The denominator used in estimating the effect sizes.
Cohen's d uses the pooled standard deviation.
Hedges' correction uses the pooled standard deviation, plus a correction factor.
Glass's delta uses the sample standard deviation of the control group.
 Independent Samples Test
Levene's
Test for
Equality of
Variances t-test for Equality of Means
95%
Confidence
Interval of the
Significance Difference
On
e- Std.
Sid Mean Error
ed Two- Differen Differen
F Sig. t df p Sided p ce ce Lower Upper
How Equal 1.86 .18 -1.017 28 .15 .318 -.482 .474 -1.453 .489
often do variance 1 3 9
you use s
perfum assumed
es/fragr Equal -.996 23.429 .16 .330 -.482 .484 -1.483 .519
ances variance 5
s not
assumed

 An independent-samples t-test was conducted to determine whether

there is a difference in usage of perfumes between males and females.
The results indicate a not significant difference between male (M=1.88,
SD=1.088) and female (M=2.36, SD=1.499), [t(28) = -1.017, p = o.159 >
0.05]. The 95% confidence interval of the difference between means
ranged from [-1.453 to 0.489] and it indicate a difference between the
means of the sample. Consequently, we can accept the alternative
hypothesis .
 Correlations
Correlations
How often
do you use
What is your perfumes/fra
gender grances
What is your gender Pearson 1 .189
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .318
N 30 30
How often do you use Pearson .189 1
perfumes/fragrances Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed) .318
N 30 30

 This table gives us the results of our procedure.  It

tells us that there is a strong and positive
association between gender and frequency of usage
of purfumes of 0.189, and that it is statistically
significant p value is more than 0.05 therefore we
can accept the alternative hypothesis.