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Class X - NCERT –Maths EXERCISE NO: 2.1

Question 1:
The graphs of y = p(x) are given in following figure, for some
Polynomials p(x). Find the number of zeroes of p(x), in each case.

(i) (ii) (iii)

(iv) (v) (vi)

Solution 1:
(i) The number of zeroes is 0 as the graph does not cut the x-axis at
any point.
(ii) The number of zeroes is 1 as the graph intersects the x-axis at
only 1 point.
(iii) The number of zeroes is 3 as the graph intersects the x-axis at 3
points.
(iv) The number of zeroes is 2 as the graph intersects the x-axis at 2
points.
(v) The number of zeroes is 4 as the graph intersects the x-axis at 4
points.
(vi) The number of zeroes is 3 as the graph intersects the x-axis at 3
points.

02. Polynomials www.vedantu.com 1

 EXERCISE NO: 2.2

Question 1:
Find the zeroes of the following quadratic polynomials and verify the
relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients.
(i) x2  2x  8 (ii) 4s2  4s 1 (iii) 6x2  3  7x
(iv) 4u 2  8u (v) t 2 15 (vi) 3x2  x  4

Solution 1:
(i) x 2  2x  8   x  4 x  2

The value of x2  2x  8 is zero when x − 4 = 0 or x + 2 = 0, i.e., when x

= 4 or x = −2
Therefore, the zeroes of x2  2x  8 are 4 and −2.
Sum of zeroes = 4  2  2 
 2    Coefficient of x 
1 Coefficient of x 2

Product of zeroes  4x  2  8 

 8  Constant term
1 Coefficient of x 2

(ii) 4s2  4s  1   2s  1
2

1
The value of 4s2 − 4s + 1 is zero when 2s − 1 = 0, i.e., s 
2
1 1
Therefore, the zeroes of 4s2 − 4s + 1 are
and .
2 2
1 1  4   Coefficient of s 
Sum of zeroes =   1 
2 2 4 Coefficient of s2

1 1 1 Constant term
Product of zeroes   
2 2 4 Coefficient of s2
(iii) 6x 2  3  7x  6x 2  7x  3  3x  1 2x  3
The value of 6x2 − 3 − 7x is zero when 3x + 1 = 0 or 2x − 3 = 0, i.e.,
1 3
x or x 
3 2
1 3
Therefore, the zeroes of 6x2 − 3 − 7x are and
3 2

02. Polynomials www.vedantu.com 2

 1 3 7   7    Coefficient of x 
Sum of zeroes =    
3 2 6 6 Coefficient of x 2
1 3 1 3 Constant term
Product of zeroes =    =
3 2 2 6 Coefficient of x 2

(iv) 4u2  8u  4u 2  8u  0
 4u  u  2
The value of 4u2 + 8u is zero when 4u = 0 or u + 2 = 0, i.e., u = 0 or
u = −2
Therefore, the zeroes of 4u2 + 8u are 0 and −2.
Sum of zeroes = 0   2  2 
 8    Coefficient of u 
4 Coefficient of u 2
0 Constant term
Product of zeroes = 0   2  0  =
4 Coefficient of u 2

(v)
t 2  15
 t 2  0t  15
 
 t  15 t  15 
The value of t2 − 15 is zero when t  15 = 0 or t  15 = 0, i.e., when
t  15 or t   15
Therefore, the zeroes of t2 − 15 are and 15 and  15 .
0   Coefficient of t 

Sum of zeroes = 15   15  0  1

Coefficient of t 2

 
Product of zeroes = 15  15  15  15
1

Constant term
Coefficient of x 2

(vi) 3x2  x  4
The value of 3x2 − x − 4 is zero when 3x − 4 = 0 or x + 1 = 0, i.e.,
4
when x  or x = −1
3
4
Therefore, the zeroes of 3x2 − x − 4 are and −1.
3

02. Polynomials www.vedantu.com 3

 4 1   1   Coefficient of x 
Sum of zeroes =   1   
3 3 3 Coefficient of x 2
4 4 Constant term
Product of zeroes    1  
3 3 Coefficient of x 2

Question 2:
Find a quadratic polynomial each with the given numbers as the sum
and product of its zeroes respectively.
1 1 1 1
(i) , 1 (ii) 2, (iii) 0, 5 (iv) 1, 1 (v)  ,
4 3 4 4
(vi) 4, 1

Solution 2:
1
(i) , 1
4
Let the polynomial be ax2  bx  c , and its zeroes be  and  .
1 b
   
4 a
4 c
  1  
4 a
If a = 4, then b = −1, c = -4
Therefore, the quadratic polynomial is 4x2 − x − 4.

1
(ii) 2,
3
Let the polynomial be ax2  bx  c , and its zeroes be  and  .
3 2 b
   2 
3 a
1 c
  
3 a
If a = 3, then b = 3 2 , c = 1
Therefore, the quadratic polynomial is 3x2 − 3 2 x + 1.

(iii) 0, 5
Let the polynomial be ax2  bx  c , and its zeroes be  and  .

02. Polynomials www.vedantu.com 4

 0 b
  0 
1 a
5 c
  5  
1 a
If a = 1, then b = 0, c = 5
Therefore, the quadratic polynomial is x 2  5 .

(iv) 1, 1
Let the polynomial be ax2  bx  c , and its zeroes be  and  .
1 b
   1 
1 a
1 c
   1 
1 a
If a = 1, then b = -1, c = 1
Therefore, the quadratic polynomial is x 2  x  1.

1 1
(v)  ,
4 4
Let the polynomial be ax2  bx  c , and its zeroes be  and  .
1 b
  
4 a
1 c
  
4 a
If a = 4, then b = 1, c = 1
Therefore, the quadratic polynomial is 4x2  x  1 .

(vi) 4, 1
Let the polynomial be ax2  bx  c .
4 b
  4 
1 a
1 c
   1 
1 a
If a = 1, then b = −4, c =1
Therefore, the quadratic polynomial is x2  4x  1 .

02. Polynomials www.vedantu.com 5

 EXERCISE NO: 2.3

Question 1:
Divide the polynomial p(x) by the polynomial g(x) and find the
quotient and remainder in each of the following:

(i) p  x   x3  3x 2  5x  3, g  x   x 2  2
(ii) p  x   x 4  3x 2  4x  5, g  x   x 2  1  x
(iii) p  x   x 4  5x  6, g  x   2  x 2

Solution 1:
(i)
p  x   x 3  3x 2  5x  3,
g  x   x2  2
x 3
x  2 x  3x  5x  3
2 3 2

x3  2x
 
_______________
 3x 2  7x  3
 3x 2 6
 
_______________
7x  9
_______________
Quotient = x – 3
Remainder = 7x – 9

(ii) p  x   x 4  3x 2  4x  5  x 4  0.x3  3x 2  4x  5
g  x   x2  1  x  x2  x  1

02. Polynomials www.vedantu.com 6

Quotient = x 2  x  3
Remainder = 8

(iii)
p  x   x 4  5x  6  x 4  0.x 2  5x  6
q  x   2  x 2  x 2  2
x 2  2
 x 2  2 x 4  0.x 2  5x  6
x 4  2x 2
 
_____________
2x 2  5x  6
2x 2  4
 
_______________
 5x  10
_______________

Quotient = x 2  2
Remainder = −5x + 10

02. Polynomials www.vedantu.com 7

Question 2:
Check whether the first polynomial is a factor of the second polynomial
by dividing the second polynomial by the first polynomial:
(i) t 2  3,2t 4  3t 3  2t 2  9t  l2
(ii) x2  3x  1,3x 4  5x3  7x 2  2x  2
(iii) x 2  3x  1,x5  4x3  x 2  3x  1

Solution 2:
(i) t 2  3,2t 4  3t 3  2t 2  9t  l2
t 2  3  t 2  0.t  3

2t 2  3t  4
t 2  0.t2  3 2t 4  3t 3  2t 2  9t  12
2t 4  0.t 3  6t 2
  
_____________
2t 3  4t 2  9t  12
3t 3  0.t 2  9t
  
_______________
4t 2  0.t  12
4t 2  0.t  12
_______________
0
_______________
Since the remainder is 0,
Hence, t 2  3 is a factor of 2t 4  3t 3  2t 2  9t  12

(ii) x2  3x  1, 3x 4  5x3  7x 2  2x  2

02. Polynomials www.vedantu.com 8

Since the remainder is 0,
Hence, x2  3x  1 is a factor of 3x 4  5x3  7x 2  2x  2

(iii) x 2  3x  1,x5  4x3  x 2  3x  1

Since the remainder  0,

x 2  3x  1,x5  4x3  x 2  3x  1

Question 3:
Obtain all other zeroes of 3x 4  6x3  2x 2  10x  5, if two of its zeroes are
5 5
and 
3 3

02. Polynomials www.vedantu.com 9

Solution 3:
p  x   3x 4  6x3  2x 2  10x  5
5 5
Since the two zeroes areand 
3 3
 5  5   2 5 
 x   x    x   is a factor of 3x  6x  2x  10x  5
4 3 2

 3  3   3 
5
Therefore, we divide the given polynomial by x 2 
3
3x  6x  3
2
5
x  0.x  3x  6x  2x 2  10x  5
2 4 3

3
3x 4  0.x 3  5x 2
  
___________________
6x 3  3x 2  10x  5
6x 3  0x 2  10x
  
_______________
3x 2  0x  5
3x 2  0x  5
  
_______________
0
_____________

 5
3x 4  6x3  2x 2  10x  5   x 2   3x 2  6x  3
 3
 5
 3 x 2    x 2  2x  1
 3
We factorize x  2x  1
2

  x  1
2

Therefore, its zero is given by x + 1 = 0

x = −1

02. Polynomials www.vedantu.com 10

As it has the term  x  1 , therefore, there will be 2 zeroes at x = −1.
2

5 5
Hence, the zeroes of the given polynomial are , , −1 and −1.
3 3

Question 4:
On dividing x3  3x 2  x  2 by a polynomial g(x), the quotient and
remainder were x − 2 and − 2x + 4, respectively. Find g(x).

Solution 4:
p  x   x3  3x 2  x  2 (Dividend)
g(x) = ? (Divisor)
Quotient = (x − 2)
Remainder = (− 2x + 4)
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
x 3  3x 2  x  2  g  x  x  x  2    2x  4 
x 3  3x 2  x  2  2x  4  g  x  x  2 
x 3  3x 2  3x  2  g  x  x  2 
 
g(x) is the quotient when we divide x3  3x 2  3x  2 by  x  2

02. Polynomials www.vedantu.com 11

 x2  x  1
x  2 x 3  3x 2  3x  2
x 3  2x 2
 
_____________
 x 2  3x  2
 x 2  2x
 
_______________
x2
x2
 
_______________
0
_____________
 g  x    x 2  x  1

Question 5:
Give examples of polynomial p(x), g(x), q(x) and r(x), which satisfy
the division algorithm and
(i) deg p(x) = deg q(x)
(ii) deg q(x) = deg r(x)
Solution 5:
According to the division algorithm, if p(x) and g(x) are two
polynomials with
g(x) ≠ 0, then we can find polynomials q(x) and r(x) such that
p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x),
where r(x) = 0 or degree of r(x) < degree of g(x)
Degree of a polynomial is the highest power of the variable in the
polynomial.

(i) deg p(x) = deg q(x)

Degree of quotient will be equal to degree of dividend when divisor is
constant ( i.e., when any polynomial is divided by a constant).

02. Polynomials www.vedantu.com 12

Let us assume the division of 6x2  2x  2 by 2.
Here, p(x) = 6x2  2x  2
g(x) = 2
q(x) = 3x2  x  1 and r(x) = 0
Degree of p(x) and q(x) is the same i.e., 2.
Checking for division algorithm,
p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x)

6x 2  2x  2  2 3x 2  x  1
 6x 2  2x  2
Thus, the division algorithm is satisfied.

(ii) deg q(x) = deg r(x)

Let us assume the division of x3+ x by x2,
Here, p(x) = x3+ x
g(x) = x2
q(x) = x and r(x) = x
Clearly, the degree of q(x) and r(x) is the same i.e., 1.
Checking for division algorithm,
p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x)
x3+ x = (x2 ) × x + x
x3+ x = x3+ x
Thus, the division algorithm is satisfied.

(iii)deg r(x) = 0
Degree of remainder will be 0 when remainder comes to a constant.
Let us assume the division of x3+ 1 by x2.
Here, p(x) = x3+ 1
g(x) = x2
q(x) = x and r(x) = 1
Clearly, the degree of r(x) is 0.
Checking for division algorithm,
p(x) = g(x) × q(x) + r(x)
x3+ 1 = (x2 ) × x + 1
x 3+ 1 = x 3+ 1
Thus, the division algorithm is satisfied.

02. Polynomials www.vedantu.com 13

 EXERCISE NO: 2.4

Question 1:
Verify that the numbers given alongside of the cubic polynomials
below are their zeroes. Also verify the relationship between the zeroes
and the coefficients in each case:
1
(i) 2x3  x 2  5x  2; ,1,2
2 2x3 + x2 – 5x +2; ½, 1, -2
(ii) x3  4x 2  5x  2; 2,1,1
Solution 1:
(i)p(x) = 2x3  x 2  5x  2
1
Zeroes for this polynomial are ,1, 2
2
3 2
1 1 1 1
p    2       5   2
 2  2  2  2
1 1 5
   2
4 4 2
0
p 1  2  13  12  5 1  2
0
p  2   2  2    2   5  2   2
3 2

 16  4  10  2  0

1
Therefore, , 1, and −2 are the zeroes of the given polynomial.
2
Comparing the given polynomial with ax3  bx 2  cx  d , we obtain a = 2,
b = 1, c = −5, d = 2
1
We can take   ,   1, y  2
2
1 1 b
       1   2    
2 2 a
1 1 5 c
       1  1 2    2   
2 2 2 a
1 1   2  d
   1   2    
2 1 2 a
Therefore, the relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients is
verified.

02. Polynomials www.vedantu.com 14

(ii) p  x   x3  4x 2  5x  2
Zeroes for this polynomial are 2, 1, 1
 
p  2   23  4 22  5  2   2
 8  16  10  2  0
p 1  13  4 12   5 1  2
1 4  5  2  0
Therefore, 2, 1, 1 are the zeroes of the given polynomial.
Comparing the given polynomial with ax3  bx 2  cx  d , we obtain a = 1,
b = −4, c = 5, d = −2.

Verification of the relationship between zeroes and coefficient of the

given polynomial
  4 b
Sum of zeroes  2  1  1  4  
1 a
Multiplication of zeroes taking two at a time = (2)(1) + (1)(1) + (2)(1)
=2 + 1 + 2 = 5 
 5  c
1 a

  2 d
Multiplication of zeroes = 2 × 1 × 1 = 2  
1 a
Hence, the relationship between the zeroes and the coefficients is
verified.

Question 2:
Find a cubic polynomial with the sum, sum of the product of its zeroes
taken two at a time, and the product of its zeroes as 2, − 7, − 14
respectively.

Solution 2:
Let the polynomial be ax3  bx 2  cx  d and the zeroes be  ,  , and  .
It is given that
2 b
     
1 a

02. Polynomials www.vedantu.com 15

 7 c
      
1 a
14 d
  
1 a
If a = 1, then b = −2, c = −7, d = 14
Hence, the polynomial is x3  2x 2  7x  14 .

Question 3:
If the zeroes of polynomial x3  3x 2  x  1are a  b,a,a  b , find a and b.

Solution 3:
p  x   x3  3x 2  x  1
Zeroes are a − b, a + a + b
Comparing the given polynomial with px3  qx 2  rx  t , we obtain
p = 1, q = −3, r = 1, t = 1
Sum of zeroes = a – b + a + a + b
q
 3a
p
  3
 3a
1
3  3a
a 1
The zeroes are 1 – b, 1 + b.

Multiplication of zeroes = 1(1 – b)(1 + b)

t
 1  b2
p
1
 1  b2
1
1  b 2  1
1  1  b2
b 2
Hence, a = 1 and b = 2 or− 2 .

02. Polynomials www.vedantu.com 16

Question 4:
It two zeroes of the polynomial x4  6x3  26x2  138x  35 are 2  3 , find
other zeroes.

Solution 4:
Given that 2 + 3 and 2− 3 are zeroes of the given polynomial.
  
Therefore, x  2  3 x  2  3 = x2 + 4 − 4x − 3
= x2 − 4x + 1 is a factor of the given polynomial
For finding the remaining zeroes of the given polynomial, we will find
the quotient by dividing x4  6x3  26x2  138x  35 by x2 − 4x + 1.
x 2  2x  35
x 2  4x  1 x 4  6x 3  26x 2  138x  35
x 4  4x 3  x 2
  
 2x 3  27x 2  138x  35
 2x 3  8x 2  2x
  
 35x 2  140x  35
 35x 2  140x  35
  
0


Clearly, = x4  6x3  26x2  138x  35 = x 2  4x  1 x 2  2x  35  
 
It can be observed that x 2  2x  35 is also a factor of the given
polynomial.
 
And = x 2  2x  35  (x  7)(x  5)
Therefore, the value of the polynomial is also zero when or x – 7 = 0
Or x + 5 = 0
Or x = 7 or −5
Hence, 7 and −5 are also zeroes of this polynomial.

02. Polynomials www.vedantu.com 17

Question 5:
If the polynomial x4  6x3  16x2  25x  10 is divided by another
Polynomial x2  2x  k , the remainder comes out to be x + a, find k and
a.

Solution 5:
By division algorithm,
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
Dividend − Remainder = Divisor × Quotient
x4  6x3  16x2  25x  10  x  a  x 4  6x3  16x 2  26x  10  a will be
perfectly divisible by x2  2x  k .
Let us divide by x4  6x3  16x2  26x  10  a by x2  2x  k

x 2  4x   8  k 
x 2  2x  k x 4  6x 3  16x 2  26x  10  a
x 4  2x 3  kx 2
  
 4x 3  16  k  x 2  26x
 4x 3  8x 2  4kx
  
8  k  x 2   26  4k  x  10  a
8  k  x 2  16  2k  x  8k  k 2 
  
 10  2k  x  10  a  8k  k 2 
x 2
 4x  1 x 2  2x  35  (x  7)(x  5)


It can be observed that  10  2k  x  10  a  8k  k 2 will be 0. 

Therefore,  10  2k  = 0 and 10  a  8k  k 2 = 0 
For  10  2k  = 0,
2 k =10

02. Polynomials www.vedantu.com 18

And thus, k = 5
 
For 10  a  8k  k 2 = 0
10 − a − 8 × 5 + 25 = 0
10 − a − 40 + 25 = 0
−5−a=0
Therefore, a = −5
Hence, k = 5 and a = −5

02. Polynomials www.vedantu.com 19

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