SCIENCE 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY

D life more and more

UNIT II: NATURE OF SCIENCE
MODULE 4

LESSON LEARNING OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this lesson, you will be able to:
A. Should be able to categorize what are the social, abstract and natural science;
B. Compare the different achievements of scientists during the different ages or civilization;
C. To recognize the different scientist during the different civilization.

TOPICS:

1. Major branches of Science

A. Social science
B. Abstract science
C. Natural science

2. History of science and technology

A. The dawn of the first civilization
B. Pre-historic time
C. Ancient civilization
D. Science and technology during the Pre-columbian times
E. Middle ages
F. The advances of science and technology during the renaissance
G. Science and technology during the scientific revolution
H. Science and technology during the age of industrialization
I. Ancient scientist and their achievement

TOPIC PRESENTATION

MAJOR BRANCHES OF SCIENCE

I. Social science
- deals with human beings and their interactions with each other

1. History – deals with past occurrence

2. Psychology – the science of human mind and its functions or the study of human behavior
3. Sociology- relationship of man with other men toward society
4. Economics – refers to the production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services and
with the theory and management of economies and economic systems
5. Political – study of the processes, principles, and structure of government and of political
institution
6. Anthropology – holistic discipline that deals with the integration of different aspects of the social
sciences, humanities, and human biology
7. Demography – the science of vital and social statistics such as birth and marriage, etc., of the
population

II. Abstract Science

- deals with abstract ideas and employ the mental faculties
1. Computer – deals with mathematics & technology of computers and their application
2. Geometry – a form of mathematics , that deals with among others, the deduction of properties,
measures and relationship of parts, lines and angles in space
3. Logic – correct or reliable reasoning
4. Logistics – military science dealing with the procurement, maintenance, and transportation of
facilities
5. Philosophy – the study of the truth and principles of being, knowledge and conduct
6. Mathematics – deals with numbers and measurements

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SCIENCE 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY

III. Natural Science

- Classified as either Pure or Applied, and divided into physical or biological Science
- Are part of the interplay between nature and man and describe nature as exposed to our
method of questioning
A. Earth Sciences
- Fields which deal with the structure of the earth and nature of the Universe
1. Astronomy – deals with the material universe beyond the earth’s atmosphere
2. Astronautics – the science of travel beyond the earth’s atmosphere including interplanetary
and interstellar flights
3. Geology – study of the earth and its history, including its rocks and its physical changes
4. Meteorology- deals with atmosphere and its phenomena, including weather and climate
5. Seismology – earthquakes and their phenomena
6. Volcanology – volcanoes and of eruptive phenomena
7. Oceanography – deals with the biology and chemistry of the oceans
8. Physiography – study of the surface features of the earth and the effect of the relationship
between air and land
9. Petrology – deals with the study of rocks
10. Mineralogy – chemical composition and structure of minerals
11. Cosmology –refers to the origin and mode of formation of various celestial objects
12. Glaciology – concerns about icecaps and glaciers

B. Biological Sciences
-living things /organisms
- plants ( Botany ) and animals ( Zoology )
1. Microbiology – microscopic organisms
Anton van Leeuwenhoek - the father of microbiology
2. Anatomy – structures or parts
Andreas Vesalius - the father of anatomy
3. Genetics – genes and heredity
Gregor Mendel - the father of Genetics
3. Ecology – relationship between organisms and their environment
Ernst Haeckel - the father of ecology
4. Cytology – cells
Robert Hooke - discovered the cell and the father of cytology

6. Histology – tissues
Marie Francois Bichat - the father of modern histology
7. Evolution – origin of life
Charles Darwin - the father of evolution
8.Taxonomy – classifications, naming and identification of organisms
Carolus Linnaeus
9. Physiology – functions and processes
10. Paleontology – fossils
Georges Cuvier - founding father of paleontology
11.Pathology – origin and nature of diseases
Rudolf Virchow - the father of modern and cellular pathology
12. Biogeography –distributions of organisms
13. Embryology – development
Karl Ernst von Baer- the father of embryology
14. Biochemistry – chemical composition of living things
15. Morphology – forms and structures
Wilhelm Hofmeister - the father of morphology
16. Molecular biology - the study of biochemical molecular processes within cells especially the
processes of replication, transcription, and translation
17. Biophysics – deals with the application of physics in the study of biological processes in
living organisms

C. Physical sciences
- Fields which have something to do with the physical nature of matter with atoms and
molecules and the manner they react together
1. Aerometry – science of weighing and measuring air and other gases

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SCIENCE 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY

2. Astronautics – science of travel beyond the earth’s atmosphere including interplanetary and
interstellar flights
3. Chemistry – deals with matter and its properties, composition, and its structures
4. Physics- science dealing with the properties, changes, interaction of matter and energy
5. Engineering – deals with design and building of machines, devices, and structures
6. Ballistics – concerns with the dynamics of the path taken by an object moving under the
influence of a gravitational field such as missile
7. Dynamics – refers to the behaviour of material objects under the action of external forces
8. Electronics – behaviour of electrons and other carriers of electric charge as they flow
9. Mechanics – study of the behaviour of physical system in terms of their position in space,
under the action of external forces which may be equal or different from zero
10. Metallurgy – study of metals
11. Optics – light and vision
12. Radiology – X-rays or rays from radioactive substances especially for medical uses
13. Thermodynamics – mechanical properties of matter related to heat energy
14. Statics – equilibrium of external forces acting on material objects
15. Robotics – design and use of robots particularly their application in manufacturing

HISTORY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Technology went through phases of times before finally reached its peak. Just like anything in
this world, it all started with uncomplicated and simple ones. There are five eras of history in the field of
Technology:

I. The Dawn of the First Civilization

- People of the first civilization discovered, learned, and develop Science and Technology essentially
as the consequences of their search for food and other survival needs, for practical reasons as well as
curiosity

II. Pre-Historic Times ( 3000 – 1000B.C.)

A. Stone Age
- Old stone age is known as Paleolithic Period
- New stone Age or Neolithic Period
- This is the time when tools and weapons were made of stone, animal bones and wood such as
axes, arrowheads, hammers, chisels, javelins, and harpoons
- It was during this period when Java man, Peking man, Neanderthal man, and Cro-Magnon
man existed. They began to use ornaments, paint pictures and carved figures of clay, bone
and ivory.
- Later, as they learned domestication of plants and animals, they began to engage in
agriculture and improved crude stone implements by polishing them.
- They developed pottery, weaving and other industries.
- They made dugouts, the first boats made out of jungle trees and with these, they were able to
navigate rivers and lakes.
- Human began farming about 12,000 years ago. The ability to control their food supply freed
people from nomadic lifestyle, w/c allowed for the beginning of cities and towns.

B. Bronze Age
- Usage of bronze as tools and weapons

III. Ancient Times ( 3500 B.C. –A.D. 1200 in the old World)

A. Sumerians, First Builders of Civilization

- an ancient civilization founded in Mesopotamian region
- These ancient people of Western Asia used cuneiform, a system of writing made of clay or
stone tablets with wedge shaped characters.
- Aside from inventing writing, Sumerians invented the plow and the wheel
- They built the first cities, first schools and temples and wrote the first history, poetry, epics,
and law codes.
- Sumerians were also the first people in the world to mix copper and tin, thereby producing
an alloy called bronze, a metal w/c is harder and more durable than copper.

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SCIENCE 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY

B. Babylonian Civilization
- was state in ancient Mesopotamia
- Babylonians excelled in mathematics.
- They invented the sexagesimal system of calculation by sixties
- They were the first people in history to divide the circle into 360 degrees
- They also divided the hour into minutes and each minutes into seconds
- First people to devise the twelve signs of the zodiac and they believed that every planet is
God
- The crowning glory of Babylon was the fabulous Hanging gardens w/c was built by
Nebuchadnezzar to please his favourite wife Amythist.

C. Egyptian Civilization
- Made the world’s pyramids, the oldest man made stone monuments in history that still exists
to the present time. No wonder an Arab proverb says: “All the world fears Time, but Time
fears the Pyramids.
- The ancient Egyptians erected palaces, obelisks, and temples of granite and stone, whose
splendor has amazed all men up to the present time.
- Devised the first 365-day calendar
- Produced the first seagoing ships made of buoyant papyrus plants that sailed to Phoenicia,
Mesopotamia and Iran, and to the islands of the Mediterranean Sea carrying trading goods.
- First people to develop geometry because of the need to restore the land boundaries erased by
the annual flood of the Nile River.
- Egyptians writing was in the form of pictorial symbols known as Hieroglyphics, representing
individual objects or actions
- Egypt increased man’s knowledge of medicine, surgery, and embalming
- They gave mankind various practical inventions such as the inclined plane and pulley w/c
enable builders to construct colossal structures like the pyramids, sundial, and water clock
w/c are used to measure time.
- They mummified their dead to preserve the body and keep it intact forever

D. Cretan or Minoan Civilization

- They had a script system of writing known as Linear A
- LInear A - form of writing used in Crete from the 18 th to the 15th centuries
- Crete is the longest island in Greece and the fifth largest of the Mediterranean
E. Greek Civilization

1. Hippocrates
o was the first Greek to challenge the notion that disease was punishment sent by the
Gods.
o He discovered the connection between human disease and poor environmental
conditions.
o His accurate clinical observation led him to be considered as the Father of medicine

2. Pythagoras
o Established a movement in the 16th century B.C. that emphasized the study of
mathematics as a means to understand all relationships in the natural world.
o Pythagoreans, were the first to teach that the earth is a sphere revolving around the
sun.
3. Archimedes
o He was credited with important contributions to the development of physics.
- develop practical inventions such as the lever and screw
o discovered the principle of water displacement while taking a bath when he realized
that his body caused the level of water to rises
o Lever is a strong bar that is used to lift and move something heavy
o Screw - simple machine of inclined plane
4. Empedocles
o Taught that nature was a mixture of 4 elements: earth, fire, air, and water
5. Anaxagoras
o Argued that matter was composed of or convertible to water

F. Persian Civilization

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SCIENCE 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY

- Introduced a uniform system of gold and silver coinage, a standard of weights and measures,
a postal service, a code law and a common calendar

G. Roman civilization
- Romans were poor in science and the only celebrated Roman Scientist was Pliny the Elder
1. Pliny the Elder
-he is a naturalist and scientific worker ( Natural History )
- Natural history - is the study of plants, animals and sometimes ancient human
civilization
2. Galen
-the famous physician, he wrote more than 150 books on medicine
3. Cleopatra
-
- Roman queen who used cosmetics and bathed in milk before the science of cosmetology
was known and developed

 Medicine – through the scientific achievements of the Romans, they established clinics and
hospitals, as well as baths and sewers to safeguard health
 The aqueducts were marvellous achievements of Roman engineers, including the Parthenon, the
Coliseum, baths, roads, and other infrastructure.
 Parthenon - doric temple of Athena built on the Acropolis at Athens in the 5 th centuries

H. Arabic or Islamic Civilization

- Introduced Arabic system of numbers, although it was Hindu in origin

I. Chinese Civilization
- People built walled settlements with heavy gates and made bronze weapons, tools, and
ornament
- Used a photographic and ideographic script
- Learned technology of silk production
- Created magnificent bronze vessels, discovered lacquer, developed horse drawn chariots
- Develop calligraphy( the art of making beautiful handwriting), water color painting and block
painting
- Invented printing press
- Their apothecaries ( a pharmacy or a person who prepared and sold medicine) and
acupuncture proved to be effective cures to most known disease
- Invented gunpowder, used coal as fuel, used water wheel, wheelbarrow, and the flexible
bamboo pole that speedily enchanted the transport of heavy loads, engaged in technology of
copper coinage, artistry of wall paper and porcelain

J. Indus-Hindu Civilization
- Constructed layout of its cities which featured water wells, bathroom, waste pipe or drains in
nearly every house
- SANSKRIT is the classical language in India

IV. Science & Technology During the Pre-Columbian Times (1500 B.C. – 1500 A.D. in the New
World)
A. Olmec Civilization
-used calendar and a developed counting system
B. Mayan Civilization
-develop mathematical system that was based on the number 20
C. Aztec Civilization
-prepared and ate spicy tacos and tortillas, the original corn chips
D. Inca Civilization
-transformed steep mountainsides of their highlands into networks of terraced fields
linked by a system of miles-long irrigation canal

V. Middle Ages (1300 -1600 A.D. in the Western World)

- Monasteries established during this time became center of learning and the source of relief
for the sick and the poor

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SCIENCE 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY

VI. The Advance of S & T during the Renaissance

- Technology for printing books
- Translation of scientific knowledge from Greek to Latin

1. Leonardo da Vinci
-Left behind thousands of pages of notes where historians found the plans he drew up that
anticipated such inventions as the helicopter, the submarine, the machine gun, and the motor
car
2. Copernicus
-proposed the theory that the sun is the center of the universe
3. Vesalius
-founder of modern medicine, laid out the first scientifically accurate description of
human anatomy

VII. Science & Technology during the Scientific Revolution (1600 -1700 A.D.: Europe Century of
Genius)

1. Bacon
-promoted the new scientific method because it involved the process of empirical
inductive method
2. Galilei
-used the telescope to observe satellite circling Jupiter, the first to make detailed drawings
of the surface of the moon
3. Descartes
-strengthened the power of reason against the unverified arguments based on Aristotle’s
philosophy and Ptolemy’s astronomy
4. Kepler
-made the crucial discovery that the orbits of the planets were not circular but elliptical
5. Huygens
-started the use of the pendulum as a time controller in clocks
7. Leeuwenhoek
-used simple microscope to observe protozoa and bacteria
8. Harvey
-discovered the blood circulation

9. Malpighi
-discovered capillary connection
10. Hooke
- discovered the cell
11. Torricelli
- invented the barometer

VIII. Science & Technology During the Age of Industrialization (1703 -1930 A.D. in the Modern
World)
1. Kay –flying shuttle
2. Watt –first satisfactory condensing steam engine
3. Black – discovered latent heat ( heat given off or absorbed in a process such as fusion or
evaporation
4. Franklin
– demonstrated that lightning is electricity by flying a wired kite in a thunderstorm
which led him to invent the lightning rod to prevent houses from getting burned when struck
by lightning
5. Galvani
-discovered that electric current could be generated by putting two different metals in
contact with the muscle of a frog
6. Volta – electric battery
7. Faraday – experimented on electromagnetism ( a magnetic field that is produced by electric
current
8. Edison – electric light bulb
9. Hertz-first to broadcast and receive radio waves
10. Marconi –created system of radiotelegraphy, a mass communication device
11. Roentgen – x-rays

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SCIENCE 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY

ANCIENT SCIENTISTS AND THEIR ACHIEVEMENTS

SCIENTISTS ACHIEVEMENTS
Astronomer, predicted eclipse of sun
1. Thales of Miletus Geometry of circle in 585 B.C.

2. Anaximander Cartography- the art and science of graphically

representing a geographical area usually on a flat
surface such as maps or charts,
Ogliquity of the ecliptic
Ogliquity - astronomical term describing the angle
of tilt of the earth’s orbit around the sun

3. Anaximenes Laws of conservation of matter & energy

4. Pythagoras Relations between sides of right angled triangle

5. Meton of Athens Metonic cycle- period of 19 calendar years ( 235

lunar mos) after which the new and full moons
return to the same or nearly the same dates of the
year

6. Philolaus of Croton Phythagorean Cosmology - astronomical system

positing that the Earth, moon, sun and planets
revolve around an unseen “central fire” was
developed in the 5th century B.C.

7. Democritus Atomic Theory

His ideas is more on reasoning than science

8. Hippocrates Father of Medicine

9. Eudoxus Theories on planetary motion theory

Classified plants & animals.
10. Aristotle Father of biology
Human dissection, brain as the center of thought
11. Herophilus

12. Crates Globe

13. Philon Flow of liquids and gases

14. Diocles First Greek Treatise on Medicine

15. Euclid - the father of geometry Systematized Geometry

16. Apollonius Conic section

Area of circle, Principles of Lever, screw,
17. Archimedes buoyancy

18. Eratosthenes Ptolemaic system

19. Theodorus Size of earth, climate

Pattern of Cosmos, latitude, longitude, triangular
20. Hipparchus measure
Ptolemaic system, mathematics, Geography, Optics
21. Ptolemy

22. Julius Caesar Calendar reform

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SCIENCE 100: SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY and SOCIETY

CECILIA K. POGONGAN