See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/330925270

Design of 220kV Substation Grounding grid

Article · February 2019

CITATIONS READS
0 2,602

1 author:

Mohammed Taha
North China Electric Power University
3 PUBLICATIONS   8 CITATIONS   

SEE PROFILE

Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:

lightning protection system View project

All content following this page was uploaded by Mohammed Taha on 07 February 2019.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

 2018 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution Tianjin, 17-19 Sep. 2018

7KH'HVLJQRIN96XEVWDWLRQ*URXQGLQJ
*ULGZLWKGLIIHUHQFHVRLOUHVLVWLYLW\XVLQJZHQQHU
DQG6FKOXPEHUJHU0HWKRGV
Mohammed Abdaldaim Ibrahim, Lin li, and. Ping wang

State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North
China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China

the soil resistivity variables and their effects on the design of

Abstract²This paper presents the design of 220kV substation the ground grid substation with a voltage of 220kV. We focused
grounding grid with difference resistivity soil according to on two methods to reach the real values that help to reduce the
horizontal and vertical two layer soil model is structure using the increase of faults, which in turn to stop the substation or to
MALT program of CDEGS Software. The target of this paper is
to minimize the touch and step voltages when the resistivity soil is cause human damage. This paper aims to present the design of
high, in 220kV urban substation pending a direct lightning stroke. grounding for analyzing the grounding system, must be the
Also, it is shown that for a sensor located on the ground, close to frequency is not variable and limited, which can be calculated
220kV substation, the magnetic field component vertical to the or reduced using numerical methods that in turn eliminate the
structure can also experience a considerable attenuation, perhaps limits of storage and heterogeneous random. To have full
due to the effect of the induced currents in the substation. The stability in the substation and protect from all the effects
results are confirming by numerical simulations, obtained using
NEC-4 and IEEE Guide for Safety in AC Substation Grounding. resulting from the increase of frequency. The study has
The step by step procedure for designing 220kV substation expanded in this field in recent years[4]- [5]-[6]. In this paper
grounding grid has been presented for which design parameters was considering the performance for (uniform, horizontal and
were obtained by CDEGS Software. vertical) soil by using CDEGS program at 220kV substation
which was applied with using wenner and Schlumberger
Index Terms² Resistivity soil, touch and step voltages, CDEGS Methods. The mode used in the program was taken from the
Software.
developed research for the maximum accuracy. The
corresponding analysis was adopted to obtain the step and
I. INTRODUCTION
touch voltages for the grounding grid. It is now possible to

I T IS well known that the electrical characteristics of the

grounding networks require very high protection from the
external effects for example lightning strikes. Therefore, the
compute the ground grid resistance, resistivity and ground
potential rise (GPR) according to MALT program for CDEGS
software.All the above procedures were represented by
resistance of the soil to the different types has to be studied. equations and simulations based on all the selected values in the
Furthermore, the analysis of the performance of substation design of 220kV substation grounding grid. The effects of
grounding grids with difference soil resistivity using wenner lightning and its treatment methods were taken into account to
and Schlumberger Methods has received a lot of attention from ensure safety established. The aims depending on soil
Researchers[1]-[2]-[3].The objective, of design for substation ionization and soil values difference with frequency can be
grounding grid it to include the reliability and safety of the used to account if the idea for a design to determine the
operator in the placement of grounding fault in power system, symmetrical impedance is fit to consider them. In this task they
estimated by the calculation of step and touch voltage critical were not believed because the goal was only the representation
and a maximum mesh. The modeling and simulation for this of the grounding by electrical circuits, regardless of the
paper used by CDEGS (Current Distribution Electromagnetic situations considered, approximations and boundary conditions
Filed Grounding and Soil structure analysis) software. This used. In this paper, we have taken into consideration the
software is a group of incorporated engineering software consequences of the substation of natural factors such as
material designed to rightly resolve problems involving lightning strike and work to reduce them to ensure the safety of
grounding, electromagnetic fields. The analysis was based on all internal and external equipment.

CICED2018 Paper No. 201804270000847 Page1/6 2525

978-1-5386-6775-0/18/$31.00 ©2018 IEEE
 2018 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution Tianjin, 17-19 Sep. 2018

II. DESIGN OF 220KV SUBSTATION GROUNDING GRID B. The resistance of ground grid (Rg)
The substation is designed according to the IEEE &NEC4 The resistance of the ground grid (Rg) is given by[9].
U2 / S A for U2
standards[7]-[8]. Adopted to reduce the damage caused by the
lightning and excessive efforts that lead to negative effects on
Rg U1 hb
the substation and the human element. Assessment design of
220kV substation used MALT model of CDEGS, and adopt the h1 S h1 S
U 20 0.5
optimal measures to procure the safety parameters such as the
( U2 S A  h1U1S (23.16ln( 2 31.9)  78) (11.95e A  0.3e A )
touch and step voltages. The area of the substation is 58.5 U1
x36m, and the soil divided into two layers. The depth of first Rg
horizontal layer is 5 m, and the soil resistivity is variables h1 S h
1 S
U2 20 0.5
between 100 to 5000 ȍ‡P IRU ZHQQHU 0HWKRG DQG WKH VRLO A A )
(4 A 4 h1 S A (23.16ln( 31.9)  78 (11.95e  0.3e
resistivity of the second horizontal OD\HU LV  ȍ‡P 7KH U1
preliminary design of the substation grounding grid is shown in
Fig.1.
(U2 U1 , h1 t hb )

h S h S
U2 15 1 0.25 1
( U2 S A h1U1S (23.16ln( 31.9)78) (11.55 e A 0.1e A 0.2 e h1 S )
U1 A
R
g h1 S h1 S h1 S
U 15 0.25
(4 A4 h1 S A (23.16ln( 2 31.9)78 (11.55 e A 0.1e A 0.2 e A )
U1
Fig1. Grounding grid 220Kv substation using CDEGS software.
(U t U )
2 1
A. Soil resistivity (1)
The performance for the resistance was done by using MALT
module of CDEGS program, is obtained by using differences In Fig.1 the purpose of design for the present work is to
value of resistivity, because this value was reduced the touch improve formulation to calculate with a sensible accuracy the
voltage. The touch voltage was very high for some standard grounding resistance of a rod in a homogeneous and two-layer
value of surface soil resistivity it is so dangers for human but in soil. The result of this paper is two normal formulas to be used
high soil resistivity (3000- ȍ‡P >@ 7KDW PHDQV WKLV over with standard resistance formula (used to calculate the
substation will be protected from the risk of touch voltage and resistance rod in difference resistivity soil) For calculated
lightning. In this substation, the conductor of the grounding grounding resistance and soil resistivity by wenner and
Schlumberger Methods.In this paper, by using CDEGS
grid can safety the 220kV substation on high resistivity.
software to simulate grounding grid in vertical and horizontal
multi-layer soil under different conditions, consequently as to
work out engineering equation and analyze its error range and
presented to obtain the behavior of the test methods in all
conditions, a theoretical analysis is made based on a two-layer
soil status. Uniform soil and multilayer soil can be harmonized.
The procedure explained the accurate computation of earthing
suit resistance and the voltage profile. The obtained results
have been established by comparison with other analytical and
numerical methods[10]. Basic equations for calculation the
resistances were developed in the introduction because they are
the foundation of design and analysis. The theory used in the
Fig.2. Resistivity soils with difference spacing using wenner method. design depends on the electrodes with the least number of
variables.

CICED2018 Paper No. 201804270000847 Page2/6 2526

 2018 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution Tianjin, 17-19 Sep. 2018

III. SAFETY CRITERIA FOR SUBSTATION GROUNDING DESIGN

In substation any human may be subjected to five shock

situations namely, Step voltage, Touch voltage, Mesh voltage,
Metal to metal touch voltage. Step and Touch voltage are
applied to derive the safety criteria for Grounding grid design.
A good grounding system must have the existing mesh and step
voltages well below possible touch and step voltages
respectively. The principal regard that is taken into account for
substation grounding design is that under any condition actual
step, and mesh voltages must not override the tolerable Voltage
limit[11].
TABLE1
MEASUREMENT FOR EARTHING RESISTIVITY USED WENNER METHOD
Measure-
-ment Spacing (m) 5HVLVWLYLW\Ÿ-m) calculated
number (R)
R1 5 10 0.3
R2 10 15 0.2
Fig. 3. Configuration for 220kV substation used MALT program.
R3 20 20 0.15
R4 25 22 0.14
All the discussion were derived based on [13]-[14]-[15], the
R5 30 25 0.13
utilization of grounding grid is defined as the random between
R6 35 30 0.12
the equivalent resistance and resistivity of two or more rod
R7 40 50 0.19
R8 45 100 0.4 electrodes infinitely separated. The principle of the deep
R9 50 100 0.4 ground well is to lead protection the substation; furthermore,
the deep ground for wenner and Schlumberger Methods can be
used in high resistivity soil. in the process of analyzing results
for the previous studies, which were based on the values of
IV. MEASURING RESULTS AND ANALYSIS quality for high resistance, whenever it is high the possibility
of design and stability of the substation is easy . Some
The total soil resistivity data for different electrode by researchers focused on increasing the depth of electrodes to
Wenner and Schlumberger configuration ware measured [12], avoid any similar failures.
too. All the resulted explain measured soil in the west -south of
the substation are different from the results measured in the TABLE 3
north-east of the substation; the intermediate data were shown CONFIGURATION OF MAIN ELECTRODE
in Fig.2. The analyzed results present the soil geological MALT-CDEGS software
structure of the substation can be processed as two horizontal
Original Electrical Current Flowing In Electrode 1000.0 A
-vertical layers, the Distance from the left current probe to
media interface line 11.531m. Current Scaling Factor (SPLITS/FCDIST/specified) 1.000
TABLE2
LAYER CHARACTERISTIC FOR UNIFORM SOIL RESISTIVITY USED CDEGS Adjusted Electrical Current Flowing In Electrode 1000 A
SOFTWARE

Layer Spacing Number of Conductors in Electrode 52

5HVLVWLYLW\Ÿ-m) P.U Ratio
Number (m)
Number of Metallic Plates in Electrode 1
1 Infinite Infinite 0.0 1.0
Resistance of Electrode System 0.71717
2 26.56299 30000.00 -1.0000 0.26563E
Total Number of Metallic Plates Elements 476
3 1000 Infinite 0.94825 73.646
Total Buried Length of Main Electrode 2488.5A

Total Buried Area of Metallic Plates in Main 2106.0 m

CICED2018 Paper No. 201804270000847 Page3/6 2527

 2018 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution Tianjin, 17-19 Sep. 2018

TABLE 4
MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE GRID FOR TOW LAYER SOIL (10 TOP-100 BOTTOM)

Max
Symbol Allowable Computed value grid status
Value
Grid Potential Rise 5000.0000 V 717.1670 V Acceptable

Touch Voltage 180.3544 V 179.8463 V Acceptable

Step Voltage- 253.4711 V 15.6318 V Acceptable

Within Grid

Step Voltage 253.4711 V 15.7057 V Acceptable

-Outside Grid

An analysis of the results showed in Table 4 indicate that the

Fig. 4. Computation plot for Touch voltage used MALT program.
presence of rods in the horizontal and vertical reduced the step,
touch voltage, and Grid Potential Rise more effectively the
performance of substation optimization. Furthermore, when the
Advancement of the design methodology as follows: (a) the aground grid has sufficient electrodes, it must be more effective
planning method can calculate the resistivity soil of ground rod in optimizing, its design than reproducible the electrode
buried in two layer soil. (b) All ground resistance and the step number. The process of increasing the electrodes in the design
voltage can be decreased. In wenner method, the earth surface of the 220kV substation helps to reduce the external influences.
voltage and the touch voltage decrease as the depth of the All the selected values in the design were built by the broader
buried ground rod increases. (c) The numbers of ground rods representation of the conservative for a method of the network,
can be minimization if are buried deep. (d) A layer of high which in turn avoided the substation causing the occurrence of
resistivity material, like as gravel is often high spread on the any defect. Some previous studies were based on this method
HDUWK¶V VXUIDFH RYHU WKH JURXQG JULG URGV WR H[FHVV WKH and ware taken[18]-[19]-[20].The soil resistivity interpretation,
resistance between the soil and the feet of persons in the which was done by using MALT module of CDEGS program,
substation [16]-[17].The layer of high resistivity material can is obtained by using the high value of resistivity because this
be superficial. value is reduced the touch voltage Since in table 4. the touch
voltage is very high for some standard value of surface soil
resistivity this voltage is very dangerous for human, however in
high soil resistivity (10 -100 ȍ‡PWKHWRXFKYROWDJHLVUHGXFHG
that means the substation can be used in the system
.furthermore the step voltage is good for all standard value of
the system. In this substation, the conductor of the grounding
grid can safety the 220kV substation for high resistivity. The
maximum value of the current was estimated based on the
resistance values that the substation needs to perform to repair
the faults. The previous studies indicated the possibility of
changing the current dependent on the grounding potential rise
(GPR). In this paper, we tried to find logical solutions to solve
the problems resulting from the soil were chosen suitable
values for the resistance of the quality of the soil. All the forms
in this paper indicate positive solutions to help in their
implementation. .

Fig.5. Chart between soil temperature and resistivity for differences soil by
CDEGS software

CICED2018 Paper No. 201804270000847 Page4/6 2528

 2018 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution Tianjin, 17-19 Sep. 2018

Fig.9. computation for Touch voltage Magnitude (GPR) by CDEGS software

Fig.6. 3D- regular enhanced for Step voltage resulted used CDEGS software

Fig.10. computation for Step voltage Magnitude (GPR) by CDEGS software

V. CONCLUSION

Fig.7. 3D- regular enhanced for Touch voltage resulted used CDEGS software. In this paper, we focused for design 220kV grounding grid
substation with difference soil resistivity using wenner and
Schlumberger Methods. In the design optimization process, the
step by step transaction for designing earth grid has been
presented for which the design parameters were obtained by
CDEGS Software. It was detected that the touch and step
voltage requires a high increase in the value of soil resistivity.
We adopted the design of this substation to choose suitable
values for quality resistance and resistivity soil to avoid risk for
human and equipment. The high simulation method and the
quantity full equations were used for this purpose. The
suggested technique applies to high and combination earthing
grounding systems furthermore with horizontal and vertical
two-layer soil. The 220kV substation ware built models by the
CDEGS software with the measured data accorded to analysis
design , it results that the Wenner and Schlumberger method
often takes a simple horizontal and vertically layered structure
of upper two layers The consideration was considered that the
earthing for grounding grid substation could be improved by
Fig.8. 3D- computation advanced for step voltage (GPR) by CDEGS software. decrease the grounding potential rise and resistance effect by
controlling the distribution of current injected to the soil.

CICED2018 Paper No. 201804270000847 Page5/6 2529

 2018 China International Conference on Electricity Distribution Tianjin, 17-19 Sep. 2018

REFERENCE [19] 0 $ (OUDKPDQ ³$Q DGYDQFHG WHFKQLTXH IRU HDUWKLQJ V\stem
DQDO\VLV´IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 28, no. 1, pp.
[1] 77DNDKDVKLDQG7.DZDVH³&DOFXODWLRQRIHDUWKUHVLVWDQFHIRUD 268-275, 2013.
deep-driven rod in a multi-OD\HUHDUWKVWUXFWXUH´IEEE Transactions [20] L. Fengjiao, Y. Jiayan, S. Kai, L. Yanqing, L. Yueyu, and W. Yaoxi,
on Power Delivery, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 608-614, 1991. "Research on optimizing visual soil resistivity test method based on
[2] J. Ma, F. DawalibiDQG56RXWKH\³2QWKHHTXLYDOHQFHRIXQLIRUP a theoretical algorithm." pp. 1-6.
and two-layer soils to multilayer soils in the analysis of grounding
V\VWHPV´ IEE Proceedings-Generation, Transmission and
Distribution, vol. 143, no. 1, pp. 49-55, 1996. Mohammed Abdaldaim Ibrahim was born in
[3] P. Lagace, J. Houle, Y. GervaisDQG'0XNKHGNDU³(YDOXDWLRQRI Khartoum, Sudan, in 1985. He received the B.Sc. degree
the voltage distribution around toroidal HVDC ground electrodes in in Electrical & Electronic Engineering from the
N-OD\HUVRLOV´IEEE Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 3, no. 4,
pp. 1573-1579, 1988. Omdurman Islamic University of Sudan in 2008, M.SC
[4] ; /RQJ 0 'RQJ : ;XDQG <: /L ³2QOLQHPRQLWRULQJ RI degree in Control Engineering from the ALNeelain
substation grounding grid conditions using touch and step voltage
VHQVRUV´ IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid, vol. 3, no. 2, pp.
University of Sudan in 2015. Where he is currently
761-769, 2012. pursuing the Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering with
[5] 0 8QGH DQG % .XVKDUH ³*URXQGLQJ JULG SHUIRUPDQFH RI the North China Electric Power University, Beijing,
substation in two layer soil±D SDUDPHWULF DQDO\VLV´ International
Journal of Engineering Sciences & Emerging Technologies, vol. 1, China. His current research interests include the
no. 2, pp. 69-76, 2012. optimized design of substation grounding grid and
[6] -7ULIXQRYLFDQG0.RVWLF³$QDO\VLVRIthe influence of imperfect transmission line depending on parameter magnetic
contact between grounding electrodes and surrounding soil on
HOHFWULFDO SURSHUWLHV RI JURXQGLQJ ORRSV´ Electrical Engineering, components and change variables.
vol. 96, no. 3, pp. 255-265, 2014.
[7] J. Ma, F. Dawalibi, and R. Southey, "Effects of the changes in IEEE
Std. 80 on the design and analysis of power system grounding." pp. Lin Li received the B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in
974-979.
[8] * - %XUNHDQG $ - 3RJJLR ³1XPHULFDO HOHFWURPDJQHWLFV FRGH
automation from the Hebei University of Technology,
(NEC)-PHWKRG RI PRPHQWV´ Rep. UCID18834, Lawrence Tianjin, China, in 1984 and 1991, respectively, and the
Livermore Lab, 1981. Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the North
[9] M. E. Rizk, M. Lehtonen, Y. Baba, and S. Abulanwar,
³3HUIRUPDQFH RI /DUJH-Scale Grounding Systems in Thermal China Electric Power University, Beijing, China, in 1997.
Power Plants Against Lightning Strikes to Nearby Transmission He is currently a Professor with the Department of
7RZHUV´ IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Electrical and Electric Engineering, North China Electric
2018.
[10] -0DDQG)3'DZDOLEL³$QDO\VLVRIJURXQGLQJV\VWHPs in soils Power University, Beijing, China. His research interests
ZLWKILQLWHYROXPHVRIGLIIHUHQWUHVLVWLYLWLHV´IEEE Transactions on include the theory and application of the electromagnetic-
Power Delivery, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 596-602, 2002.
[11] . $ 9\DV DQG - -DPQDQL ³'HYHORSPHQW RI ,((( FRPSODLQW
-eld and electromagnetic compatibility of power systems.
software'economical substation grounding system designer'using
PDWODE JXL GHYHORSPHQW HQYLURQPHQW´ International Journal on Ping wang received the B. Sc. and M.Sc. degrees from
Electrical Engineering and Informatics, vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 335, 2012. North China Electric Power University, Baoding, Hebei,
[12] J. He, G. Yu, J. Yuan, R. Zeng, B. Zhang, J. Zou, and Z. Guan,
³'HFUHDVLQJ JURXQGLQJ UHVLVWDQFH RI VXEVWDWLRQ E\ the China, in 2004 and 2007, respectively, and the Ph.D.
deep-ground-well PHWKRG´ IEEE transactions on power delivery, degree in electrical engineering from the North China
vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 738-744, 2005. Electric Power University, Beijing, China, in 2015. She is
[13] , &RORPLQDV ) 1DYDUULQD DQG 0 &DVWHOHLUR ³$ QXPHULFDO
IRUPXODWLRQ IRU JURXQGLQJ DQDO\VLV LQ VWUDWLILHG VRLOV´ IEEE currently a lecturer with the Department of Electrical and
Transactions on Power Delivery, vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 587-595, 2002. Electric Engineering, North China Electric Power
[14] , &RORPLQDV ) 1DYDUULQD DQG 0 &DVWHOHLUR ³1XPHULFDO
simulation of transferred potentials in earthing grids considering
University, Baoding, China. Her main research interests
OD\HUHG VRLO PRGHOV´ IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER are in the fields of electromagnetic compatibility,
DELIVERY PWRD, vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 1514, 2007. electromagnetic field theory and application.
[15] J. E. Lucius, J. D. Abraham, and B. L. Burton, Resistivity Profiling
for Mapping Gravel Layers that may Control Contaminant
Migration at the Amargosa Desert Research Site, Nevada: US
Geological Survey, 2008.
[16] IEEE, IEEE guide for safety in AC substation grounding: IEEE,
2000.
[17] L.-H. Chen, J.-F. Chen, T.-J. Liang, and W.-,:DQJ³&DOFXODWLRQ
of ground resistance and step voltage for a buried ground rod with
LQVXODWLRQOHDG´Electric Power Systems Research, vol. 78, no. 6,
pp. 995-1007, 2008.
[18] (%HQGLWRÈ&DUPRQD$0(QFLQDVDQG0--LPpQH]³7KH
H[WUHPDO FKDUJHV PHWKRG LQ JURXQGLQJ JULG GHVLJQ´ IEEE
transactions on power delivery, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 118-123, 2004.

CICED2018 Paper No. 201804270000847 Page6/6 2530

View publication stats