CHAPTER – 8

BIOMECHANICS
AND
SPORTS
 CONTENTS
• MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF BIOMECHANICS IN SPORTS
8.1

• TYPES OF MOVEMENTS (FLEXION, EXTENSION, ABDUCTION &

8.2 ADDUCTION)

• NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION & ITS APPLICATION IN SPORTS

8.3

• FRICTION & SPORTS

8.4
8.1 MEANING AND IMPORTANCE OF
BIOMECHANICS IN SPORTS

MEANING OF BIOMECHANICS

❖ The Study And Analysis Of Human

Movement Patterns In Sports Is Called
Biomechanics
❖ The Primary Purpose Of Biomechanics Is
To Evaluate Living Organism’s Motion As
Well As Its Application Of Forces
❖ The Application Of Mechanical Laws To
Living Structures
IMPORTANCE OF BIOMECHANICS IN SPORTS

A. Helps In Improving Technique

B. Helps In Improving Equipment
C. Helps In Improving The Performance
D. Helps In Preventing Injuries
E. Helps In Promoting Safety
F. Helps In The Improvement Of The Training
G. Helps In Understanding Of Human Body
H. Helps In Improving Teaching And Learning Process
 A. HELPS IN IMPROVING
TECHNIQUE

❖ Correct Or Rectify The Errors Of A Sports

Person To Improve The Execution Of ASkill
❖ Discover A New And More Effective Technique
For Performing A Sport Skill
❖ Qualitative Biomechanical Analysis For
Correction
❖ Quantitative Biomechanical Analysis For
Discovering New Techniques
❖ Fosbury Flop Technique And Straddle
Technique ( Example)
B. HELPS IN IMPROVING
EQUIPMENT

❖ Helps In Improving The Designs Of The

Equipment
❖ Shoes & Sports Clothes Design Improved
❖ Better Equipment Improves Performance
And Reduces The Risk Of Injury
❖ Better Rackets In Racket Games
❖ Better Helmets To Reduce Risk Of Injury In
Ice Hockey, Cricket And Many Other
Games
❖ Aerodynamic Clothing In Skiing, Speed
Skating, Cycling, Swimming Etc.
 C. HELPS IN IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE

❖ By Utilizing Biomechanics To
Improve An Individual’s
Technique
❖ By Utilizing Biomechanics To
Improve Equipment
❖ By Utilizing Biomechanics To
Reducing The Risk Of Sports
Related Injuries
D. HELPS IN PREVENTING
INJURIES

❖ Identifies The Causes Of Injury

❖ Helps In Process Of
Rehabilitation
❖ By Identifying Cause And
Rehabilitation Exercises
Changes Are Made In
Techniques, Equipment To
Reduce The Risk Of Sports
Related Injuries
 E. HELPS IN PROMOTING
SAFETY

❖ It Helps In Promoting Safety Of

Sportsperson Along With The Enhancement
Of Their Sports Performance
❖ Teachers Are Impart Training To Sports
Person Then They Responsible To Not Only
Guide Them To Enhance Their Performance
But Do So In Safe And Effective Manner.
❖ Understanding Of How The Human Body Is
Meant To Move And More Importantly,
Which Movement Should Be Avoided And
Why.
F. HELPS IN THE IMPROVEMENT OF THE
TRAINING

❖ Mechanical Analysis Of The

Technical Deficiencies Of A Sports
Person Helps Identify The Type Of
Training Required
❖ The Weak Areas May Be
Strength, Endurance, Speed Of
Movement Or Body Actions
❖ Customized Training Can Be
Imparted To The Sports Person
 G. HELPS IN UNDERSTANDING OF HUMAN
BODY

❖ Helps In Understanding The

Complete Human Body
❖ Knowledge Of Various Internal
And External Forces That Affect
Human Movement
❖ Teachers Come To Know About
Various Systems (Nervous
System, Muscular System Etc.,)
And Their Mutual Relationship
H. HELPS IN IMPROVING TEACHING
AND LEARNING PROCESS

❖ Biomechanics Helps In Moving The Body

With Precision
❖ Understanding Of Biomechanics Helps
The Teacher To Take Right Decisions
❖ Understanding Of Biomechanics Helps
Sports Person To Learn His Weaker
Areas And Provides Motivation To
Correct The Actions/ Postures To
Enhance Performance And Prevent
Injuries
8.2 TYPES OF MOVEMENTS (FLEXION, EXTENSION,
ABDUCTION & ADDUCTION)

Gliding Angular Circumduction Rotation Other

Movement Movement Movements

Flexion Extension Abduction Adduction

 GLIDING MOVEMENTS

❖ Gliding Movements Is The Simplest Kind

Of Movement That Can Take Place In A
Joint
❖ One Surface Gliding Or Moving Over
Another Without Any Angular Or Rotator
Movement.
❖ In Most Of Articulations Of The Carpus
And Tarsus ( Example)
 ANGULAR MOVEMENT

❖ Are Produced When The Angle Between The Bones Of A Joint Changes. By Angular Movement
The Angle Between The Two Bones Increased Or Decreased. The Various Movements Which
Fall Under Angular Movements Are DescribedBelow:
a) Flexion: Bending Parts At A Joint So That The Angle Between Them Decreases And Parts
Come Closer Together (Bending The Lower Limb At The Knee).
b) Extensions: Straightening Parts So That The Angle Between Them Increases And Parts
Moves Farther Apart (Straightening The Lower Limb At The Knee).
c) Abduction: Means Moving A Part Away From The Midline (Lifting The Upper Limb
Horizontally To Form A Right Angle With The Side Of The Body)
d) Adduction: Means Moving A Part Towards The Midline ( Returning The Upper Limb From
The Horizontal Position To The Side Of The Body).
ANGULAR MOVEMENT
 CIRCUMDUCTION
MOVEMENT
❖ Circumduction Is That Movement
Which Takes Place Between The
Head Of A Bone And Its Articular
Cavity.
❖ This Kind Of Motion Is Best Seen
In The Shoulder And Hip Joints.
ROTATION MOVEMENT
❖ Rotation Is A Form Of Movement
In Which A Bone Moves Around A
Central Axis Without Undergoing
Any Displacement From The Axis.
❖ Moving A Part Around An Axis Is
Called Rotation.
❖ Example Twisting The Head From
Side To Side.
OTHER MOVEMENT

❖ Hypertension- Excess Extension Of Parts At A Joint, Beyond The Anatomical

Position ( Bending The Head Back Beyond The Upright Position)
❖ Dorsiflexion- Bending The Foot At TheAnkle Towards The Chin ( Bending
The Foot Upward)
❖ Plantar Flexion- Bending The Foot At The Ankle Towards The Sole (Bending
The Foot Downward)
❖ Inversion- Turning The Foot So The Sole Faces Medially.
❖ Protraction- Moving A Part Forward ( Thrusting The Chin Forward)
❖ Retraction- Moving A Part Backward ( Pulling The ChinBackward)
❖ Elevation- Raising A Part ( Shrugging The Shoulder)
❖ Depression- Lowering A Part ( Drooping The Shoulder)
❖ Supination- Turning The Hand So He Palm Is Upward
❖ Pronation- Turning The Hand So He Palm Is Downward
❖ Eversion- Turning The Foot So The Sole Faces Laterally
8.3 NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION & ITS
APPLICATION IN SPORTS

III Law Of
I Law Of II Law Of
Motion- Law Of
Motion- Law Of Motion- Law Of
Action
Inertia Acceleration
Reaction
 I LAW OF MOTION- LAW OF
INERTIA
❖ According To This Law A Body At Rest Will
Remain At Rest And A Body In Motion Will
Remain In Motion At The Same Speed And In
The Same Direction Unless Acted Upon By
An External Force.
❖ Basically If An Object Is In Motion, It Remains
In Motion Unless Something Or Some
External Force Stops It. The External Force
May Be Gravitational Force, The Surface Of
Playing Field Or A Defensive Player Etc.
❖ Examples- Starting In Rowing, Starting In
Sprinting, Starting In Throwing The Hammer.
II LAW OF MOTION- LAW OF ACCELERATION

❖ According To This Law, A Change In Motion

Is Directly Proportional To The Force
Producing It And Inversely Proportional To Its
Mass.
❖ If Two Unequal Forces Are Applied To
Objects Of Equal Mass, The Object That Has
Greater Force Applied Will Move Faster.
❖ Conversely, If Two Equal Forces Are Applied
To Objects Of Different Masses, The Lighter
Mass Will Travel At A Faster Speed.
❖ Example- Hammer Throw, A Thrower Who Is
Stronger Will Throw The Hammer Farther
Than A Thrower Who Is Less Stronger.
 III LAW OF MOTION- LAW OF ACTION
REACTION

❖ According To This Law ‘ For Every

Action There Is An EqualAnd
Opposite Reaction.’
❖ Examples- In Swimming A Swimmer
Pushes The Water Backwards
(Action) And The Water Pushes The
Swimmer Forward (Reaction) With
The Same Force. In Swimming, A
Swimmer Pushes The Water
Backwards(action). The Water
Pushes The Swimmer Forward(
Reaction) With The Same Force.
8.4 FRICTION & SPORTS

MEANING OF FRICTION AND TYPES

❖ Opposing Force Between The Two Surfaces That
Come In Contact.
❖ Always Acts In The Opposite Direction Of The Applied
Force
❖ Allows Us To Walk, Run, Play Sport Lubricants
Reduce Friction
❖ Types Of Friction
➢ Static Friction
➢ Dynamic Friction
✓ Sliding Friction
✓ Rolling Friction
 STATIC FRICTION

❖ Opposite Force That Comes Into Play

When One Body Tends To Move Over The
Surface Of Another, But The Actual Motion
Has Not Yet Started
❖ Static Friction Is The Friction That Exists
Between A Stationary Object And The
Surface On Which It's Resting
❖ Once The Object Starts Moving, Dynamic
(Kinetic) Friction Takes Over
 DYNAMIC FRICTION

❖ The Opposing Force That Comes Into Play When One

Body Is Moving Over The Surface Of Another Body.
❖ Types Of Dynamic Friction
❖ ROLLING FRICTION: Opposing Force That Comes Into
Play When One Body Is Rolling Over The Surface Of
ROLLING FRICTION
Another Body. For Example, Wheel, Rolling Skates
❖ SLIDING FRICTION: Opposing Force That Comes Into
Play When One Body Is Sliding Over The Surface Of
Another Body. For Example- Ice Skating.  Rolling
Friction Is Less Than Sliding Friction.
SLIDING FRICTION
 ADVANTAGES OF FRICTION DISADVANTAGES OF FRICTION
Due To Friction The Objects Can Be Placed At Position Due To Friction, There Is Wear And Tear Of Objects.
And Shaped Lubrication Is Used To Allow The Parts To Move Easier
& To Prevent Wear And Tear. Greasing Is Done In The
Moving Parts Of Bicycle.

Frictional Forces Help To Move The Object By Friction. Friction Makes It More Difficult When One Has To
It Helps In Running, Walking. Frictional Force Helps To Move The Object. Excess Friction Can Make It Difficult
Move The Object With High Speed. For Example:- To Slide A Box Across The Floor, Walk Through Deep
Spikes Are Used By The Athletes To Run Fast. Studs In Snow
Soccer.
With The Help Of Friction, The Ridges Of Skin Of Our In The Roller Skating, Rolling Shoes And Smooth
Fingers And Our Palm Enable Us To Grab And Hold Surface Are Used To Minimize Friction. Wooden Floor
Objects. For Example- In Badminton The Players Use Used For Cycling
Grip To Hold It.
The Energy Lost Due To Friction In Trying To Move The Excess Of Friction Means Extra Energy, Thus Energy
Object Is Turned Into Heat Energy. Is Being Wasted.