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SEMIRATA- International Conference on Science and Technology 2018 IOP Publishing
IOP Conf. Series: Journal of Physics: Conf. Series 1116 (2018) 052045 doi:10.1088/1742-6596/1116/5/052045
Implementation of zero waste concept in waste management of

Banda Aceh City
M Nizar1,2, E Munir3, E Munawar4 dan Irvan5*

1
Department of Natural Resource Management and Environment, Universitas
Sumatera Utara, Medan
2
Environmental Engineering Department, Universitas Serambi Mekkah, Banda Aceh
3
Biology Department, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas
Sumatera Utara, Medan
4
Chemical Engineering Department, UniversitasSyiah Kuala, Banda Aceh
5
Chemical Engineering Department, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan
*E-mail: irvan@usu.ac.id
Abstract. This study aims to find out how far the implementation of the concept of Zero Waste
in waste management in Banda Aceh City. The problem of increasingly complex garbage due
to the increasing amount of waste along with population growth. During this time generally
waste is transported and disposed to the Final Processing Place (TPA) so that all garbage piled
up in the landfill. Most of the waste handling is done after the garbage appears so it is difficult
to manage it. Handling of garbage from scratch is still minimal so the TPA becomes full fast.
The concept of Zero Waste is to minimize waste generation so that less waste is wasted to the
landfill. This is so as not to waste resources and prevent environmental damage. Handling of
waste from the beginning of waste avoidance, waste sorting, producer responsibility, waste
levies according to the amount of disposal, waste management by the community and the
provision of incentives and disincentives is the implementation parameter of Zero Waste. This
concept should be integrated into local policy so it becomes an obligation for the government
and the community to implement it. A number of cities around the world have implemented
Zero Waste policies and set a target to reduce waste disposal to TPA as small as possible.
Banda Aceh as a medium-sized city in Indonesia has integrated a number of Zero Waste
concepts in its local regulations. Some of these concepts are difficult to implement due to a
number of socio-political factors.
1. Introduction
Urban waste that can be transported and disposed to the landfill or TPA amounts to between 60% -70%
of the total urban trash and the remainder scattered in polluting the environment [6]. The Government
of Indonesia mandates the closure of TPA using the open dumping system through Law No. 18/2008
on Waste Management as the legal basis. This mandate must be implemented by the district or city
government within a maximum of 5 years (until 2013) since the law is ratified. Furthermore, it is
required to build a new landfill that must use the Sanitary Landfill system in accordance with
applicable standards and regulations [21].
However, the open dumping landfill rule did not work well because most of the landfill in
Indonesia remained in operation as before, as the research findings conducted by [17]. Though the
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landfill is planned to run the system Sanitary Landfill [19].The open dumping disposal system implies
that the amount of greenhouse gases produced by the landfill increases as well as the leachate water
that is a toxic waste from the landfill.
On the other hand, the issue of global warming and climate change and its impacts on humans has
led people to think about sustainable natural resources. Limited non-renewable resources allow people
to think hard about how to save the remaining natural resources. Zero Waste management system (ZW)
or "no of Waste" becomes one of the holistic solutions in managing waste and resources in a city on an
ongoing basis [36].
Waste management is still a big challenge for the government of Banda Aceh. These challenges
include community awareness is still relatively low, especially the people who trading in the market,
the lack of garbage collection facilities, and the limited number of counseling workers so that the
campaign intensity is still relatively low [11]. Several programs in the Banda Aceh Solid Waste
Management Masterplan since 2007 have been implemented, such as the introduction of recycling of
waste, the rehabilitation of the old TPA in KampungJawa, as well as the construction of a new Sanitary
Landfill in Aceh Besar district [7]
TPA KampungJawa belonging to the Banda Aceh Government has now over capacity so it is time
to move another place. The landfill can be longer if the concept of waste management from upstream
applied. Banda Aceh's waste policy has included several principles of Zero Waste in the handling of
municipal solid waste. This study was conducted to find out how far the concept of Zero Waste is
implemented in the city of Banda Aceh for better handling of waste.
2. Discussion
2.1. The development of Zero Waste concept
Eliminating waste from production process to costumer usage is a waste minimization strategy
[38]. Waste is more often regarded as useless goods by society and even industry. This is actually a
false view if humans understand and realize how waste has a price and can also harm environment. A
global understanding has emerged, widely accepting the effects of climate change, including loss of
biodiversity, increased air pollution, water and soil, deforestation and reduced resources and materials,
as a consequence of excessive consumption of unsustainable production processes.
About 20% of the waste can be recycled or recovered annually where the world's waste generates
four billion metric [3]. Increased waste generation is caused by linear material flow rate system where
the waste ends in the landfill. Currently the world is more run a linear economic system where the
product will end up just like that in the landfill. While the concept of Zero Waste (ZW) is the opposite
of linear circular system is the flow rate of material is a circular system where the end of the product
becomes the beginning of the another product as well (nothing is wasted). Figure 1 shows the
comparison of the material flow rate between linear and circular systems.
2
Linear
Figure 1. Flow rate of material according to the concept of circular (Zero Waste) and linear
Source: [28]
[20] was the first to use the term Zero Waste in 1973 as a term to recover resources from chemical
waste. A number of cities in the world in 1995 adopted No Waste legislation to achieve the 2010
targets and Canberra became the first city in the world to successfully achieve ZW targets [5, 26]
The emergence of ZW regulations in New Zealand in 1997 supported the initiative to minimize
waste through the ZW movement in the country. This movement voiced intensive "closed loop material
economy system in which a product is made for reuse, repair and recycling, an economic system that
minimizes and ultimately closed circle of the economy; one in which products are made for reuse,
repair and recycling, economies that minimize and ultimately eliminate waste” [31]. In 2000, Del
Norte County, California became the first state in the USA to implement a comprehensive ZW plan
and in 2001, the California Integrated Waste Management Board adopted the ZW goal as a strategic
waste management plan [5]. Achievements and events related to ZW development can be seen in
Table 2. Applying ZW means eliminating all disposal in soil, water or air which is a threat to the
planet, human health, animals or plants [39]
3
Table 1. Achievements and events related to ZW

Year Country Milestone/event
1970s USA The term 'Zero Waste' was introduced by Paul Palmer
1986 USA The National Coalition against Mass Burn Incineration was formed
1988 USA Seattle introduced the Pay-As-You-Throw (PAYT)
1989 USA The California Integrated Waste Management Act was passed to
achieve the 25% target of waste diversification from landfills in
1995 and 50% in 2000
1990 Sweden Thomas Lindhqvist introduced 'Extended Producer Responsibility.'
1995 Australia Canberra passes Act No Waste by 2010
1997 New Zealand The Zero Waste New Zealand Trust was established
USA The California Resource Recovery Association (CRRA) held a Zero
Waste conference
1998 USA Zero Waste is included as a key principle of waste management in
North Carolina, Seattle, Washington, & Washington DC
1999 USA CRAA conducted a Zero Waste conference in San Francisco
2000 USA The Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives was formed
2001 USA GrassRoots Recycling Network published ‘A Citizen's Agenda for
Zero Waste.’
2002 New Zealand The Cradle-to-Cradle book was published
USA Zero Waste International Alliance (ZWIA) was formed
The first Zero Waste Summit was held in New Zealand
2004 USA ZWIA defines Zero Waste
GRRN adopts Zero Waste business principles
Australia Zero Waste SA was established in South Australia
2008 USA The Sierra Club adopted the Zero Waste producer responsibility
policy
2012 USA The documentary Trashed premiered at the Cannes film festival
The Zero Waste Business Council was founded in the United States.
Source: [34] adaptation from [5].
Eliminating incinerators, landfills, throwaway societies and creating communities that manage
sustainable waste are ideals of ZW. ZW implementation can not be expected to run in short time or for
example within a year, but we can plan a situation that is very close to ZW in the next five or ten years
[4]. Excessive exploitation causes the natural resources to become increasingly limited in number,
creating uncertain future development. This should be prevented, therefore humans should engage in
sustainable consumption and waste management strategies based on (1) waste avoidance, (2) material
efficiency and (3) restoration of resources [15].
The ZW concept continues to grow, not stopping just as recycled but also restructuring the product
design to prevent the issue of waste in the early stages [33]. Figure 2. shows the steps that can be done
if the city implements ZW well then the city can be turned into a city of ZW.
4
Figure 2. Steps to implement the Zero Waste action plan

Source: [35]
2.2. Municipal Solid Waste

Waste sector gets the very less attention than other urban issues. Yet managing waste is always the
most challenging thing in managing a city. The quality of waste services is one of the indicators good
governance of the city [1]. Waste avoidance is should a top priority, followed by recycling and material
engineering to minimize the amount of waste that is eventually disposed of into landfills or burned in
incinerators.
Approximately 75% of natural resources are spent by urban areas covering only about 2% of the
world's surface but generating 70% of waste globally [24, 32]. Creating waste means depleting natural
resources, using energy and water, pressuring the land, polluting the environment and ultimately
creating additional costs for managing waste. We have to move to a position where there is no more
material to be waste, everything has to be converted into useful goods, this is called Zero Waste.
Total cities around the world produce approximately 1.3 billion tons of waste per year and this
will increase to 2.2 billion tons by 2025. The rate of waste generation becomes doubled over a 20-year
period in low-income countries [12].
The implementation of ZW requires a preliminary asessment preliminary step (it can be seen
clockwise in Figure 2) to the ongoing solid waste conditions. Preliminary assessment and evaluation is
very important to know the performance of municipal solid waste management. Identification of types
of waste and problems is essential so that the goals of ZW can be achieved well in this step. After this
step is the ZW framework can be applied in accordance with local conditions. Local governments
5
should prioritize and leverage ZW into a comprehensive strategic work plan. After implementing the
ZW work plan, ZW performance evaluation is done to know the extent of its success [35].
A number of factors contribute to influence waste generation and composition of urban solid
waste such as norms and culture, waste management policy and coverage area. One of the main factors
affecting is the income of the community where the income of the community influences because the
habit of consumptive and lifestyle is very dependent on income.
The World Bank estimates that in developing countries, municipalities typically spend 20-50
percent of their budgets on solid waste management, yet 30-60 percent of municipal solid waste is not
transported and less than 50 percent of the population is served. In low-income countries, garbage
collection alone accounts for 80-90 percent of the waste management budget. While in middle-income
countries, the cost of collecting 50-80 percent of the total budget and in high-income countries, garbage
collection takes up less than 10 percent of the waste budget, resulting in large funds allocated to
sewage treatment facilities. Upstream community participation in developed countries reduces
collection costs and can establish waste recycling and recovery facilities [23].
2.3 Zero Waste Initiative in the World

Canberra became the first city in the world to enact Zero Waste laws in 1996. In 2004, the city of
Canberra has reached 70% of waste diversification. One of Canberra's programs is to establish a place
called "Resource Recovery Park" to help industry creates products from separate materials and they
can market reusable materials.
Adelaide, a city in South Australia has developed and implemented a Zero Zaste strategy. The
waste composting program is increasing significantly and they are targeting by 2015, the compost
volume must be higher than the waste sent to the landfills. The city has a high percentage of waste
diversification, reaching 82 percentage.
Stockholm is one of Europe's leading cities and environmental standards are very high and have
ambitions to improve the quality of the environment. Stockholm has already implemented its goal of
being a fossil-free city in 2050 [29]. One of the key goals of this 2030 vision is to transform Stockholm
city into a resource-efficient area [25].
The city of Halifax-Nova Scotia, Canada reaches 60 percentage of the rate of waste
diversification. The ZW program creates 1000 jobs in garbage collection and processing. In addition
2000 jobs were created in the sector of used goods collection industry. Almost all separately-used
goods are reused by industry in Nova Scotia.
The most progressive city is San Francisco, with a population of 850.000, has reached 77
percentage of waste diversification, the highest in the United States, with a three-pronged approach:
enforcing strict waste reduction laws, partnering with waste management companies to innovate new
programs, and work to create a culture of recycling and composting through incentives and working
with communities. San Francisco strives to adopt the Zero Waste goal to be achieved by 2020 [37].
2.4. Waste Management in Indonesia

Population census in year 2010 shows the total population of Indonesia is 237.5 million people, when
compared with year 2000 population census of 205.1 million people, then over the last ten years the
population of Indonesia increased by about 32.5 million people with a growth rate of 1,49 percentage
per year [27]. Problems encountered at every stage of solid waste management such as temporary
disposal, collection, transportation and final disposal where these problems tend to increase in the end
point of landfill [16]. Indonesia's Ministry of Environment and Forestry mentioned total waste in
Indonesia reaches 64 million tons per year. A total of its 14 percentage is plastic waste [30].
6
Based on a waste management study conducted by the UNEP in 2004, it shows that only 33
percentage of solid waste management service indicators are met by the government. This means that
the level of waste services carried out by the Indonesian government is still low. There are many
factors that affect this low service. The existing waste management laws were inadequate, leading to
inefficient waste management in Indonesia. This law does not specifically regulate solid waste
management.
Many cities face landfill problems due to limited availability of land and open dumping sites with
no sanitation systems, such as soil cover, leachate collection and environmental pollution treatment
systems through CH4 emissions and leach intrusion into groundwater and surface. This situation is a
challenge but it also offers the potential to better manage municipal solid waste. The potential and
challenges in municipal solid waste in Indonesia are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Potentials and challenges on waste management in Indonesia

Potential Challenges
1. Waste Act. No. 18/2008 1. Enactment of Law No. 18/2008,
accommodate a greater role for local forces local governments to propose
government. plans and implementations to close
open dumping no later than 1 year
and 5 years from the enactment of
the Waste Law (May 2008)
2. Community participation has been 2. Developers of Landfill are required
indirect. This can be improved through to build waste separation facilities
direct involvement, for example in waste
separation.
3. Incentive and disincentive scheme 3 . The target to achieve the MDGs in
which is included in the Waste Act the community waste sector is 70%
could encourage the enforcement of in year 2015
4. Recycling policies in 3R can increase the 4. Low community awareness in
potential for waste reduction, waste separating waste
recovery and profit
5. Waste with high organic content is a main 5. Low priority in local uthorities
source for composting. allocation annual finances.
6. The projected increase in plastic 6. Low participation from the non-
consumption has the potential to achieve public sector
waste-added value as it may become the
raw material for recycling plants and
7. Lack of waste infrastructure
8. Despite the enactment of the Waste
Act, there is no policy on solid
waste management and most of the
municipal waste is solid waste.
Source: [16]
7
3. Implementasi Zero Waste di Banda Aceh

3.1. Kebijakan Persampahan Nasional dan Banda Aceh
The percentage of organic waste, paper and plastic produced by Banda Aceh were 89.1%; 2.5%;
0.74%. The weight of garbage produced by Banda Aceh City is 86057,64 ton / month and produce
carbon emission of 83726,6 ton / month. While the amount of waste generated by the population of the
city of Banda Aceh 0.58 kg / person / day with the population of Banda Aceh as many as 242,943
inhabitants [11].
The following Table 3 shows the comparison of structures between the Law of the Republic of
Indonesia Number 18 Year 2008 on Waste Management and Qanun Banda Aceh No. 1 of 2017 on
Waste Management.
Table 3. Comparison of structures between National and Regional waste policies

No. Description UU No.18 Qanun No. 1
1. Chapter 18 19
2. Article 49 42
3. Clause 99 117
4. Applied May 7, 2008 July 3, 2018
since
The compilation of the national waste law itself was triggered by the occurrence of landslide of
the final waste processing site located in BantarGebang which had killed thousands [2].
3.2. Waste Avoidance

Waste avoidance is to prevent waste generation starting from the beginning of a product or activity
takes place. Qanun Banda Aceh No.1/2017 is more advanced than national waste law because it has
explicitly mentioned the handling of plastic waste sources. Qanun cites restrictions on the use of plastic
bags in supermarkets, malls, stores and other waste sources; and restrictions on paper waste generation
in offices both public and private offices. While for supermarkets, malls, shops, and other business
places that provide plastic bags to consumers must use environmentally friendly plastic bags.
Qanun Banda Aceh No.1/2017 is authorized in 2017 which previously has been published also
Circular Letter from Directorate General of Waste Management, Waste and Hazardous and Toxic
Substances, the Ministry of Environment and Forestry, Number: S.1230 / PSLB3-PS / 2016 on Pricing
and Mechanism of Implementation of Paid Plastic Bags. This letter contains the restrictions on the use
of plastic bags by consumers where they must pay a minimum of Rp.200 for each use of plastic bags
[14].
Unfortunately, the practice of plastic bag restrictions has ceased since the beginning of 2016. There
are several reasons for the cessation of these restrictive practices, such as the lack of a legal basis (only
the Minister's Circular Letter), the objections of a number of retail entrepreneurs resulting in less
effectiveness. Banda Aceh City Government can not force entrepreneurs to carry out this Circular
Letter so that the program of plastic bag restrictions stop until now.
3.3. Extended Produsen Responsibility

Extended Produsen Responsibility (EPR) requires producer or person in charge of the area participate
in managing the waste they produce in a sustainable program. This is very important in order to reduce
waste generation and as evidence of corporate responsibility that has contributed to reduce waste
generation. The Qanun of Banda Aceh does not mention EPR specifically but only the Qanun charges
the producers (factories) and / or the distributors based in Banda Aceh. Large industries are responsible
for the distribution of products in Banda Aceh.
8
This EPR practice has never been implemented in Banda Aceh even at the national level.
Instruments reinforcing EPR policy have not yet been established but 28 large companies in Indonesia
have voluntarily implemented EPR [10]. Local companies in Banda Aceh have not implemented this
rule at all.
3.4. Pay as You Throw Retribution

Retribution is very important to finance waste management of a city. In addition to funding
management, user charges can also be a factor in waste disposal control. Ideally, the more waste
generated, the more restribution must be paid by people. Unfortunately, the policy at both national
level and Banda Aceh does not include this formula either explicitly or implicitly.
The Municipal Government of Banda Aceh obligates people who receiving waste services pay
retribution based on the size or type of home or building in accordance with Qanun Kota Banda Aceh
Number 5 Year 2017 on the Retritbution Waste Service [9]. Table 4 shows the fees for recipients of
the Banda Aceh City waste service.
Table 4. Tarif for recipients Banda Aceh waste service

Retribution/month (Rp)
Retribution
Building/unit size Main road & Sub main road
No Object type
downtown & village area
2
House >150 m 20.000,-
1 36–150 m2 15.000,-
<36 10.000,-
Shop >64m2 25.000,- 20.000,-
2 48-64m2 20.000,- 15.000,-
<48m2 15.000,- 10.000,-
Restaurant/ > 200m2 80.000,-
Café shop 100 - 200m2 60.000,-
3 65 – 100 m2 45.000,-
48 – 64 m2 35.000,-
< 48 m2 30.000,-
Hotel /motel / 5 stars 800.000,-
Boarding 4 stars 650.000,-
3 stars 450.000,-
2 stars 350.000,-
4
1 stars 300.000,-
MelatimotelBoardin 250.000,-
g 150.000,-
100.000,-
School / >1000students 250.000,-
Madrasah 500-1000students 200.000,-
5 200-500students 150.000,-
100- 200 students 75.000,-
< 100students 40.000,-
Source: [9]
Payments as regulated by Qanun above do not consider the amount of waste disposed of which
is less consideration of the principle of fairness. It could be that the service recipient pays cheaper even
though the garbage is more than the other party who pays more for the money even though the garbage
is less. This EPR scheme, when combined with good infrastructure to separate different waste and
9
good citizens awareness, can improve the recycling [18]. Banda Aceh government can not apply this
rule due to the lack of support from the legislative and the low willingness of the community to pay
retribution [13].
3.5. Community Waste Management

Waste management by community plays an important role in waste management based on Zero Waste
concept. The existence of waste management can prevent the material to end up in the landfill because
the actual material is not waste but can still be processed into other useful objects. An easy-to-reach
community garbage management site provides people with the opportunity to utilize their "junk" into
useful objects again.Banda Aceh has 3 community waste management sites in the villages of
AlueDeyahTengoh Village, DeyahGeulumpang Village (this system is called Waste Collecting Point /
WCP) and Lambung Village (TPS3R), 4 rural garbage banks and 35 school waste banks [8]. The
government of Banda Aceh has a legal basis for establishing the WCP, namely the Mayor Regulation
of Banda Aceh Number 7 of 2017 on Guidelines for Community-Based Waste Management with
Waste Collecting Point System [22].
3.6. Incentives and Disincentives

Awarding in the form of incentives or sanctions (disincentives) in the Zero Waste concept is
commonplace. This effort is done to encourage people to do their own waste processing so that it can
reduce waste disposed to the landfill. In addition, this also shows government support to waste
management. Rewards and sanctions are given not only in the form of money but also in terms of
granting facilities, tax deductibility and so on. The principle of incentive given first to the community
then if people violate the rules of waste management then the incentives are revoked or turned into a
disincentive. However, from the results of interviews with a number of parties, this scheme has not
been fully applied by the Banda Aceh Government [13].In some waste management community,
municipal gives regular fee to the managers but not systematic, while the disincentive has never been
applied.
4. Conclusion
1. Zero Waste can be analternative concept in waste management in Indonesia because Zero Waste is a
concept that starts from, prevents waste in "upstream" to "downstream", not just handling waste by
dumping it tolandfil.
2. Require the involvement of all parties in implementing the concept of Zero Waste, ranging from
private parties, governments and communities in the implementation of this concept.
3. Policy support from the national government in the form of a firmer regulation is required for ZW to
be implemented properly.
4. The Municipal Government of Banda Aceh has included a number of ZW principles and
implemented some of them. The implementation of ZW still needs to be improved again in order to
really reduce waste.
Suggestion
1. The municipal government in Indonesia should immediately apply the concept of Zero Waste in
waste management where it is also a mandate of Law No.18 Year 2008 on Persampahann.
2. Zero Waste management campaigns can be implemented in the community so that awareness
appears to not create waste.
3. The waste management program should focus on increasing the role of the community in handling
waste, not just adding garbage collection equipment.
10
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Journal of Physics: Conference Series

PAPER • OPEN ACCESS

- Fen Bilgisi Öretmen Adaylarnn Sfr Atk

This content was downloaded from IP address 106.51.232.19 on 01/09/2021 at 11:16

Implementation of zero waste concept in waste management of

M Nizar1,2, E Munir3, E Munawar4 dan Irvan5*

Table 1. Achievements and events related to ZW

Figure 2. Steps to implement the Zero Waste action plan

2.2. Municipal Solid Waste

2.3 Zero Waste Initiative in the World

2.4. Waste Management in Indonesia

Table 2. Potentials and challenges on waste management in Indonesia

3. Implementasi Zero Waste di Banda Aceh

Table 3. Comparison of structures between National and Regional waste policies

3.2. Waste Avoidance

3.3. Extended Produsen Responsibility

3.4. Pay as You Throw Retribution

Table 4. Tarif for recipients Banda Aceh waste service

3.5. Community Waste Management

3.6. Incentives and Disincentives

Wetlands (COP11 DR11). Retrieved from http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/cop11/doc/cop11-doc23-

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