NAME: JERRAH MAY A.

DULANAS BS PSYCHOLOGY
FINAL EXAM
TITLE: The Contribution of Jose E. Marco to the Philippines Historiography
SUMMARY:
Jose E. Marco is a Filipino historian and academic who has made significant
contributions to the field of Philippine historiography. Marco's work has focused on the social
and economic history of the Philippines, with a particular emphasis on the colonial period and
the early years of the post-colonial period.
One of Marco's most notable contributions to Philippine historiography is his research on the
colonial period, including the Spanish colonial era and the American colonial era. He has written
extensively about the social, economic, and political changes that occurred during this time and
has provided insights into how these changes affected the lives of ordinary Filipinos.
Marco has also made significant contributions to the study of Philippine economic history. He
has written about the development of the Philippine economy under colonial rule and has
analyzed the impact of various economic policies on the country's development.
In addition to his research on the colonial period and economic history, Marco has also written
about the early years of the post-colonial period in the Philippines. He has analyzed the
challenges and opportunities faced by the country as it transitioned to independence and has
examined the various social, economic, and political changes that occurred during this time.
Overall, Jose E. Marco has made significant contributions to the field of Philippine
historiography through his research on the colonial period, economic history, and the early years
of the post-colonial period. His work has helped to deepen our understanding of the complex and
nuanced history of the Philippines and has shed light on the experiences of ordinary Filipinos
during these times.
DISCUSSION:
Reflecting on the contributions of Jose E. Marco to Philippine historiography, it is clear
that he made significant strides in expanding and deepening our understanding of the country's
past. His emphasis on the importance of indigenous sources was particularly important, as it
helped to challenge the dominant narrative of Philippine history that had been shaped by the
perspectives of colonizers. By incorporating the perspectives and experiences of indigenous
peoples, Marco was able to provide a more complete and nuanced understanding of the colonial
period and the ways in which it impacted the lives of ordinary Filipinos.
In addition to his contributions to historical research, Marco's activism and commitment to social
justice are also noteworthy. His work to promote greater understanding and recognition of the
history and culture of indigenous peoples in the Philippines is particularly important, as it helps
to ensure that the voices and experiences of these groups are not marginalized or forgotten.
Overall, the contributions of Jose E. Marco to Philippine historiography have been invaluable
and have helped to shape the way we think about the country's past. His work continues to
inspire and influence researchers and scholars in the field, and his legacy will likely continue to
be felt for many years to come.

TITLE: Introduction to Philippine historiography: Sources and Discourses

SUMMARY:
Historiography is the study of how historians write about the past, including the sources
and methods they use, as well as the theories and frameworks that influence their interpretation
of events. In the Philippines, the study of history has been shaped by a variety of sources and
discourses, including indigenous oral traditions, colonial accounts, and contemporary
scholarship.
Indigenous oral traditions have played a significant role in the formation of Philippine
historiography. These traditions, passed down through generations by way of storytelling and
other forms of oral communication, offer valuable insights into the pre-colonial history of the
Philippines and the cultural practices of its various ethnic groups. However, these traditions are
often difficult to verify and may be influenced by the biases and perspectives of the narrators.
Colonial accounts have also played a significant role in Philippine historiography. The
Philippines was colonized by Spain in the 16th century and remained under Spanish rule until the
end of the 19th century. During this time, Spanish officials and scholars produced a variety of
written accounts of Philippine history and culture, including histories, chronicles, and
ethnographic studies. These accounts, while valuable sources of information, are also shaped by
the biases and perspectives of the colonizers and may not always accurately reflect the
experiences of the colonized.
Contemporary scholarship has also contributed to the development of Philippine historiography.
In the 20th and 21st centuries, scholars from the Philippines and other countries have conducted
extensive research on a variety of topics related to Philippine history, using a range of sources
including archival documents, oral histories, and other primary and secondary sources. These
studies have helped to deepen our understanding of the country's past and to challenge and
complicate the narratives produced by earlier historians.
Overall, the study of Philippine historiography is complex and multifaceted, reflecting the
diverse sources and discourses that have shaped the way we understand the country's past.
DISCUSSION:
The introduction to Philippine historiography highlights the importance of considering
the sources and discourses that have shaped the way we understand the country's past.
Indigenous oral traditions, colonial accounts, and contemporary scholarship are all sources that
have contributed to the development of Philippine historiography.
Indigenous oral traditions offer valuable insights into the pre-colonial history of the Philippines
and the cultural practices of its various ethnic groups. However, these traditions are often
difficult to verify and may be influenced by the biases and perspectives of the narrators.
Colonial accounts, produced by Spanish officials and scholars during the period of Spanish
colonization, offer valuable information about Philippine history and culture. However, these
accounts are also shaped by the biases and perspectives of the colonizers and may not accurately
reflect the experiences of the colonized.
Contemporary scholarship has helped to deepen our understanding of the country's past and to
challenge and complicate the narratives produced by earlier historians. However, it is important
to recognize that contemporary scholarship is also shaped by the biases and perspectives of the
scholars producing it and may be influenced by the dominant theories and frameworks of the
time.
Overall, it is important to consider the various sources and discourses that have shaped
Philippine historiography in order to understand the complexity and multifaceted nature of the
country's past.

TITLE: The Maragtas

SUMMARY:
The Maragtas is a pre-colonial Philippine history book written by Pedro A. Monteclaro in
1907. It is an important source of information about the early history and culture of the Visayan
people in the central Philippines.
The Maragtas tells the story of the arrival of the ten Bornean datus (chieftains) and their families
in the island of Panay, and their acquisition of the land from the native Ati people through a
treaty known as the "Sandugo" (blood compact). The ten datus and their followers, who were
fleeing from the oppressive rule of a Bornean sultan, settled in the island and established their
own communities.
The Maragtas also describes the social and political structure of the pre-colonial Visayan society,
including the system of government, trade, and religion. It highlights the importance of oral
tradition in preserving the history and culture of the Visayan people, and the role of the babaylan
(shaman) in community life.
Overall, The Maragtas is a valuable resource for understanding the early history and culture of
the Visayan people in the Philippines, and the impact of the arrival of the Bornean datus on the
development of their society.
DISCUSSION:
The Maragtas is a significant historical source for understanding the early history and
culture of the Visayan people in the central Philippines. It was written by Pedro A. Monteclaro in
1907 and is based on the oral traditions of the Visayan people, as well as on the accounts of
Spanish colonial historians.
One of the main themes of The Maragtas is the arrival of the ten Bornean datus and their
acquisition of the land from the native Ati people through the Sandugo treaty. This event is seen
as a significant turning point in the history of the Visayan people, as it marked the beginning of
the formation of the pre-colonial Visayan society.
The Maragtas also provides valuable insights into the social and political structure of the pre-
colonial Visayan society. It describes the system of government, trade, and religion, and the role
of the babaylan (shaman) in community life.
However, it should be noted that The Maragtas has been the subject of criticism and debate
among historians. Some have questioned the accuracy of the accounts in the book, arguing that it
is based on oral traditions that may have been altered or distorted over time. Others have pointed
out that the book was written by a Spanish colonial historian, and may therefore be influenced by
his own biases and perspectives.
Despite these criticisms, The Maragtas remains an important source of information about the
early history and culture of the Visayan people, and is widely studied and cited by scholars
interested in Philippine history. Overall, it offers valuable insights into the development and
evolution of pre-colonial Visayan society, and the impact of the arrival of the Bornean datus on
the island of Panay.

TITLE: Different Versions of The First Cry: Pugad Lawin and Balintawak
SUMMARY:
The "First Cry" or "Cry of Pugad Lawin" and the "Cry of Balintawak" refer to the events
that marked the start of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule in 1896.
The Cry of Pugad Lawin, also known as the Cry of Balintawak, is the event that marks the
beginning of the Philippine Revolution against Spanish colonial rule. It occurred on August 23,
1896, in Pugad Lawin, a village in the municipality of Balintawak, in what is now Quezon City.
The event is named after the village where it took place.
According to popular accounts, the Cry of Pugad Lawin was sparked by the discovery of a cache
of weapons in a house in Balintawak, which was being used as a secret meeting place by
members of the revolutionary group Katipunan. The leader of the Katipunan, Andrés Bonifacio,
called for a mass meeting of the group's members, during which they tore up their cédulas
(personal identification documents) and declared their intention to fight for independence. This
event is considered to be the start of the Philippine Revolution.
The Cry of Balintawak, on the other hand, refers to a different event that is also considered to be
the start of the Philippine Revolution. According to this version of events, the Cry of Balintawak
occurred on August 26, 1896, when a group of Katipunan members led by Bonifacio and his
lieutenant, Teodoro Plata, gathered at a mango grove in Balintawak and declared their intention
to fight for independence. This event is known as the Cry of Balintawak because it took place in
the town of Balintawak.
Both the Cry of Pugad Lawin and the Cry of Balintawak are significant events in Philippine
history, as they marked the beginning of the Philippine Revolution and the fight for
independence from Spanish colonial rule. However, the specific details of these events and the
exact sequence of events are still the subject of debate among historians.
DISCUSSION:
There are two main versions of the events that marked the start of the Philippine
Revolution against Spanish colonial rule in 1896: the Cry of Pugad Lawin and the Cry of
Balintawak.
The Cry of Pugad Lawin, also known as the Cry of Balintawak, occurred on August 23, 1896, in
the village of Pugad Lawin, in the municipality of Balintawak (now Quezon City). According to
this version of events, the cry was sparked by the discovery of a cache of weapons in a house in
Balintawak, which was being used as a secret meeting place by members of the revolutionary
group Katipunan. The leader of the Katipunan, Andrés Bonifacio, called for a mass meeting of
the group's members, during which they tore up their cédulas (personal identification documents)
and declared their intention to fight for independence. This event is considered to be the start of
the Philippine Revolution.
The Cry of Balintawak, on the other hand, refers to a different event that also marks the start of
the Philippine Revolution. According to this version of events, the Cry of Balintawak occurred
on August 26, 1896, when a group of Katipunan members led by Bonifacio and his lieutenant,
Teodoro Plata, gathered at a mango grove in Balintawak and declared their intention to fight for
independence. This event is known as the Cry of Balintawak because it took place in the town of
Balintawak.
There are some differences in the details of these two versions of events, and it is not clear which
version is more accurate. Some historians believe that the Cry of Pugad Lawin and the Cry of
Balintawak refer to the same event, while others believe that they are two separate events. It is
also possible that both versions contain elements of truth and that the events that marked the start
of the Philippine Revolution were a complex and dynamic series of events rather than a single,
defining moment.
Despite the differences in the details of these two versions of events, both the Cry of Pugad
Lawin and the Cry of Balintawak are significant events in Philippine history, as they marked the
beginning of the Philippine Revolution and the fight for independence from Spanish colonial
rule.

BONUS:
Why is it important to be familiar with Philippine historiography?
-It is important to be familiar with Philippine historiography because it helps us
understand the country's past and how it has shaped the present. It allows us to see the patterns
and trends that have influenced the development of the nation, as well as the social, political, and
economic forces that have shaped its history.
By studying Philippine historiography, we can also gain a greater appreciation for the diversity
and complexity of the country's past and the various perspectives and experiences of its people.
This can help us to better understand and appreciate the cultural, social, and political differences
that exist within the Philippines, and how these differences have contributed to the nation's
history.
Furthermore, being familiar with Philippine historiography can help us to better understand the
current issues and challenges facing the country, and how these are connected to its past. This
can enable us to make informed decisions about the future direction of the nation and how to
address the problems it faces.
Overall, familiarity with Philippine historiography is essential for anyone who wants to have a
deeper understanding of the country's past, present, and future.