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Monicaa Abhijit
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New Delhi  Mumbai  Chennai  Kolkata  Bengaluru  Hyderabad  Kochi  Guwahati

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Copyright © Viva Education

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All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recorded or otherwise, without the written permission of the publishers.

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Information contained in this book has been obtained by its authors from sources believed to be reliable and is correct to
the best of their knowledge. However, the publisher and its authors shall in no event be liable for any errors, omissions or
damages arising out of use of this information and specifically disclaim any implied warranties or merchantability or fitness
for any particular use.

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Every attempt has been made to trace holders of copyright. Where the publishers have not heard from them at the
time of going to press or where, in the absence of complete information, it has not been possible to identify the sources
of materials used, the publishers would be grateful for any information that would enable them to make appropriate
acknowledgements in future reprints/editions of this book.

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First Published 2013; Reprinted 2013
Second Edition 2014; Reprinted 2014
a
Third Edition 2017
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Viva Education
V

a unit of Viva Books Private Limited

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©

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ISBN: 978-81-309-????-?

Published by Vinod Vasishtha for Viva Education, a unit of Viva Books Private Limited
4737/23, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi 110 002.
Printed and bound in China.
 Preface
Start Up Mathematics is a sincere effort to fulfill the requirements and meet the
expectations of students and teachers. Children should learn to enjoy Mathematics
rather than fear it. They should pose and solve meaningful problems with ease. The

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content of the series has been designed keeping this in mind.
The series conforms to the latest NCF guidelines with careful grading of interdisciplinary

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and thematic linkages. The books are carefully planned to give comprehensive coverage

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to all the topics through clear explanations and sound supporting examples. There
is ample focus on activities and exercises to develop logical thinking and reasoning.
The contents flow from known to unknown, simple to complex and concrete to

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abstract. Continuity from one level to another is maintained. A recall section is given
at the beginning of every concept already taught because revision is a must before

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starting a new concept, particularly in Mathematics.

Vision of Start Up Mathematics

a
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• To develop numerical ability in a child
• To make a child capable of deciding which approach is best for problem solving
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• To pursue assumption to a child’s logical conclusion

• To equip a child to co-relate the four fundamental operations in everyday life
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• To allow a child to articulate reasons behind doing a particular exercise

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• To nurture a child’s mathematical thinking and systematic reasoning

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• To help a child to observe relationships and to find connections

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• To help a child to use the concepts confidently in day-to-day life

• To arouse a child’s interest and curiosity in geometrical facts and figures
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• To inspire critical thinking and widen a child’s scope in problem solving

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It is our belief that regular practice will not only inculcate interest in students, but
also lay a strong foundation at an early stage.
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A feedback from students and teachers for further improvement of the books will be
highly appreciated.
Detailed Contents
Chapter Content Activity/Worksheet
1. Numbers beyond • 5-Digit and 6-Digit Numbers • Group Activity—Team Spirit,
9999 • Numbers and Number Names Conceptual Understanding
• Face Value and Place Value
• International Number System

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• Standard Form and Expanded Form
• Comparison of Numbers
• Predecessor and Successor
• Ordering of Numbers

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• Juggling with Numbers
• Rounding Off Numbers

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2. Roman Numerals • Roman Numerals up to Hundred • Worksheet—Application of
• Conversion of Roman Numeral to Hindu-Arabic Numeral Concepts, Observation Skills
• Conversion of Hindu-Arabic Numeral to Roman Numeral
• Addition and Subtraction of Roman Numerals

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• Modern Usage
3. Addition • Addition of Numbers (without carry over) • Individual Activity—
• Addition of Numbers (with carry over) Observation Skills, Conceptual

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• Addition of Three or More Numbers Understanding
• Finding the Missing Digits
• Estimating the Sum

4. Subtraction
a
• Solving and Framing Word Problems
• Subtraction of Numbers (without borrowing or regrouping) • Group Activity—Team Spirit,
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• Subtraction of Numbers (with borrowing or regrouping) Application of Concepts
• Subtraction with Zeros
• Subtraction: Input/Output
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• Checking Subtraction
• Finding the Missing Digits
• Estimating Differences
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• Solving and Framing Word Problems

• Addition and Subtraction Together
5. Multiplication • Multiplication Tables from 16 to 20 • Worksheet—Thinking Skills,
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• Properties of Multiplication Conceptual Understanding

• Multiplication by Numbers Ending with Zero
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• Multiplication by 1-Digit, 2-Digit and 3-Digit Numbers

• Multiplication with Zero in the Multiplier
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• Estimating Product of Two Numbers

• Multiplication Tricks
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• Solving and Framing Word Problems

• Mixed Problems
• Lattice Multiplication
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6. Division • Division of a 4-Digit Number by a 1-Digit Number • Worksheet—Conceptual

• Division by a 2-Digit Number up to 20 Understanding, Observation
• Division by a 2-Digit Number More Than 20 Skills
• Short Division Method
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• Division of a Number by 10, 100 and 1,000

• Division When Dividend and Divisor end With Zero(s)
• Estimating the Quotient
• Solving and Framing Word Problems
• Unitary Method
• Mixed Problems

contd…
contd…

Chapter Content Activity/Worksheet

7. Factors and • Factors • Worksheet—Observation Skills,
Multiples • Prime Factorization Application of Concepts
• Common Factors
• Multiples

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• Tests of Divisibility
8. Fractions • Equivalent Fractions • Group Activity—Team Spirit,
• Checking the Equivalence of Two Fractions Application of Concepts,
• Types of Fractions Observation Skills

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• Converting Mixed Fraction to Improper Fraction
• Converting Improper Fraction to Mixed Fraction

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• Comparing Like and Unlike Fractions
• Comparing Mixed Fractions
• Ordering of Fractions
• Finding Fraction of a Number

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• Lowest Term of Fractions
• Addition and Subtraction of Fractions
• Word Problems
9. Measurement • Smaller Units of Measurement • Worksheet—Observation Skills,

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• Addition and Subtraction Conceptual Understanding
10. Time and Calendar • Reading Time to the Exact Minute • Worksheet—Observation Skills,
• Time in A.M. and P.M. a Interpretation
• 24-Hour Clock
• Conversion of Time
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• Converting Hours into Minutes and Vice Versa
• Addition and Subtraction of Time
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• Duration of Time
• Calendar
11. Money • Conversion of Money • Field Work—Observation Skills
• Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication and Division of Money
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• Word Problems and Price Lists

12. Basic Geometry • Point • Individual Activity—
• Line Segment Conceptual Understanding,
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• Ray Observation Skills

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• Line
• Angles
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13. Shapes and Patterns • Open and Closed Shapes • Individual Activity—Creativity,
• Polygons Application of Concepts
• Circle
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• Solid Shapes
• Nets
• Tiling and Tessellation
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• Perimeter
• Symmetry
• Reflections
• Patterns
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• Casting out Nine

• Coding and Decoding
14. Data Handling • Pictographs and Tally Marks • Individual Activity—
• Bar Graphs Application of Concepts
 Contents
1. Numbers beyond 9999 1
2. Roman Numerals 17
3. Addition 23
4. Subtraction 35

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Assessment Sheet 1 53
5. Multiplication 54

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6. Division 73
7. Factors and Multiples 89

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8. Fractions 99
Assessment Sheet 2 118

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Let’s Review–1 119
9. Measurement 121
10. Time and Calendar 130

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11. Money 147
Assessment Sheet 3 a 156
12. Basic Geometry 157
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13. Shapes and Patterns 162
14. Data Handling 186
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Assessment Sheet 4 195

Let’s Review–2 196
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Vedic Mathematics 199

Problem-Based Learning 200
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Answers 203
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Special Features of Start Up Mathematics 3–5

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Remember and Mental Maths

Scratch Your Brain Let’s Evaluate
Let’s Recall ... Quick Tip Questions to
Question based Chapter-end
Review exercises Important points strengthen
on thinking skills exercises
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and tips concepts

Questions based Assessment Sheets Vedic Mathematics

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Concept-based Practice Questions

on and Let’s Review Tricks to sharpen
Activities and for Problem-Based
Values and Life Term-wise Mathematical
Worksheet Learning
Skills evaluation Skills

Some NCERT textbook questions given

 1
Numbers beyond 9999
Let’s Recall ...

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  •  10 ones = 1 ten
  •  10 tens = 1 hundred
  •  10 hundreds = 1 thousand

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• Adding 1 to the largest 1-digit number gives the smallest 2-digit number. 9 + 1 = 10

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• Adding 1 to the largest 2-digit number gives the smallest 3-digit number. 99 + 1 = 100
• Adding 1 to the largest 3-digit number gives the smallest 4-digit number. 999 + 1 = 1000

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1 Write the following numbers in expanded form. Also write their number names.
(a) 2809 = + + + = ________________________________

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(b) 6174 = + + + = ________________________________

(c) 9875 = + +
a
+ = ________________________________
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2 Circle the largest number.
(a) 4268  4175  4628  4186 (b) 379  397  387  378
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3 Write the predecessor and successor of the given numbers.

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(a) 6280 (b) 2010

(c) 9979 (d) 8349

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4 Complete the series.

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(a) 3245; 3250; ________; ________; 3265; ________

(b) 1060; 1070; ________; 1090; ________; ________
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(c) 8686; 8688; ________; ________; ________; 8696

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5 Using the digits 4, 8, 0 and 7, form the largest and the smallest 4-digit numbers.

6 Put the correct sign > or <.

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(a) 4683 4863 (b) 3107 3007

(c) 9819 9189 (d) 8876 8786

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 5-Digit and 6-Digit Numbers
The largest 4-digit number is 9999.
9999 + 1 = 10000 which is the smallest 5-digit number.
Also, 10000 = 10 thousands = 1 ten thousand
The largest 5-digit number is 99999.

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99999 + 1 = 100000 which is the smallest 6-digit number.
Also, 100000 = 10 ten thousands = 1 lakh, and so on.

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Numbers and Number Names

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To write a 5-digit number, we need any five digits from 0 to 9. These digits are written under
TTh (Ten thousands), Th (Thousands), H (Hundreds), T (Tens) and O (Ones).
TTh Th H T O

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3 6 8 7 5 = 3 ten thousands + 6 thousands + 8 hundreds + 7 tens + 5 ones
On an abacus, 36875 is shown as:

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TTh Th H T O
Rod TTh reads in ten thousands.
Rod Th reads in thousands.
a
Rod reads in hundreds.
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H
Rod T reads in tens. Remember
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We cannot write 0 at
Rod O reads in ones.
the thousands place
Similarly, to write a 6-digit number we need six digits, written
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as it will then become

under L (Lakhs), TTh (Ten thousands), Th (Thousands), a 4-digit number.
H (Hundreds), T (Tens) and O (Ones).
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L TTh Th H T O
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2  lakhs + 1 ten thousand + 9 thousands + 4 hundreds +

1 9 4 6 3 = 2
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6 tens + 3 ones
On an abacus, 219463 is shown as
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L TTh Th H T O
Rod L reads in lakhs.
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Rod TTh reads in ten thousands.

Rod Th reads in thousands.
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Rod H reads in hundreds.

Rod T reads in tens.
Rod O reads in ones.

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To write the number name of large numbers, we divide them into groups. Each group
is called a period. Follow the given steps to group numbers. Let’s consider the number
8137546.
1. Start from extreme right and make a group of three digits. 8137546
This is the first group. It consists of ones, tens and hundreds and is called the Ones
Period.

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2. The second group consists of the next two digits, i.e., thousands and ten thousands.
It is called the Thousands Period. 8137 546

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3. The third group consists of the next two digits, i.e., lakhs and ten lakhs. It is called the
Lakhs Period. 81 37 546

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Thus, 8137546 is written as eighty-one lakh thirty-seven thousand five hundred
forty-six.

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Periods → LAKHS (L) THOUSANDS (Th) ONES (O)
Ten Lakhs Ten Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones

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Lakhs Thousands
Number (TL) (L) (TTh) a (Th) (H) (T) (O)
81,37,546 8 1 3 7 5 4 6
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Example 1: Group the given numbers by separating them using commas. Also, write the
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number names.
(a) 82675   (b) 
398104   (c) 
540327   (d) 
1725945
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Solution: (a) 82,675 → It is read as eighty-two

thousand six hundred
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seventy-five.
Quick Tip
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(b) 3,98,104 → It is read as three lakh

ninety-eight thousand one • The digits in the same period
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hundred four. are read together.

(c) 5,40,327 → It is read as five lakh forty • In a number, two
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periods are separated

thousand three hundred
by a comma.
twenty-seven.
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(d) 17,25,945 → It is read as seventeen lakh

twenty-five thousand nine
hundred forty-five.
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Face Value and Place Value

We know that the face value of a digit is the value of the digit itself, while the place value
of a digit depends on its face value and its place or position in a number.

3
 Consider the number 2,89,053. Let’s determine the place value of its digits.

Periods → LAKHS (L) THOUSANDS (Th) ONES (O)

Place Ten Lakhs Ten Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones
Value → Lakhs Thousands
(TL) (L) (TTh) (Th) (H) (T) (O)

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10,00,000 1,00,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1
2,89,053 2 8 9 0 5 3

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The place value of 2 is 2 lakhs, i.e., 2,00,000.
The place value of 8 is 8 ten thousands, i.e., 80,000.

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The place value of 9 is 9 thousands, i.e., 9,000.
The place value of 0 is 0 hundreds, i.e., 0.

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The place value of 5 is 5 tens, i.e., 50.
The place value of 3 is 3 ones, i.e., 3.

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Relations between the value of the places a
There is a relation between the value of each place in a number with the other places. Let’s
know more about it.
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10 = 10 × 1 = 10 ones
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100 = 10 × 10 = 10 tens Mental Maths

100 = ______ tens
= 100 × 1 = 100 ones
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10,000 = ______ hundreds

1,000 = 10 × 100 = 10 hundreds ______ = 10,000 tens
= 100 × 10 = 100 tens ______ = 100 hundreds
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= 1,000 × 1 = 1,000 ones ______ = 1,000 ones

10,00,000 = ______ thousands
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10,000 = 10 × 1,000 = 10 thousands

= 100 × 100 = 100 hundreds
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= 1,000 × 10 = 1,000 tens

= 10,000 × 1 = 10,000 ones
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1,00,000 = 10 × 10,000 = 10 ten thousands

= 100 × 1,000 = 100 thousands
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= 1,000 × 100 = 1,000 hundreds

= 10,000 × 10 = 10,000 tens
= 1,00,000 × 1 = 1,00,000 ones

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 10,00,000 = 10 × 1,00,000 = 10 lakhs
= 100 × 10,000 = 100 ten thousands
= 1,000 × 1,000 = 1,000 thousands
= 10,000 × 100 = 10,000 hundreds
= 1,00,000 × 10 = 1,00,000 tens

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= 10,00,000 × 1 = 10,00,000 ones

International Number System

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The system of writing numbers we have learnt is called the Indian Number System. It is used

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only in India. It can further be extended to crores and ten crores. There is another number
system called the International Number System which is used all over the world.
The table below shows the place value and the periods in the International Number

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System.

Periods

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MILLIONS (M) THOUSANDS (Th) ONES (O)
→
Place Hundred Ten Millions Hundred Ten Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones
Value → Millions Millions Thousands Thousands
(HM) (TM) (M)
a
(HTh) (TTh) (Th) (H) (T) (O)
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To read large numbers as per the International Number System, we group them into three
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periods. Let’s consider the number 8137546.

1. Start from the extreme right and make a group of three digits. This is the first group.
©

It consists of ones, tens and hundreds and is called the Ones Period. 8137 546
2. The second group consists of the next three digits, i.e., thousands, ten thousands and
t

hundred thousands. It is called the Thousands Period. 8 137 546

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3. The third group consists of the next three digits, i.e., millions, ten millions and hundred
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millions. It is called the Millions Period. 8 137 546

Thus, 8137546 is read as eight million one hundred thirty-seven thousand five hundred
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forty-six.
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Periods
MILLIONS (M) THOUSANDS (Th) ONES (O)
→
Number Hundred Ten Millions Hundred Ten Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones
Millions Millions Thousands Thousands
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(HM) (TM) (M) (HTh) (TTh) (Th) (H) (T) (O)

100,000,000 10,000,000 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1

8,137,546 8 1 3 7 5 4 6

5
 Example 2: Group the given numbers by putting commas according to the International
Number System. Also, write the number names.
(a) 43825   (b) 619807   (c) 2864317
Solution: (a) 43,825 → It is read as forty-three thousand eight hundred twenty-five.
(b) 619,807 → It is read as six hundred nineteen thousand eight hundred

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seven.
(c) 2,864,317 → It is read as two million eight hundred sixty-four thousand

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three hundred seventeen.
Let’s determine the place value of the digits of the number 2,864,317.

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Periods MILLIONS (M) THOUSANDS (Th) ONES (O)
→

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Number Hundred Ten Millions Hundred Ten Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones
Millions Millions Thousands Thousands
(HM) (TM) (M) (HTh) (TTh) (Th) (H) (T) (O)

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100,000,000 10,000,000 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1

2,864,317 2 a8 6 4 3 1 7
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The place value of 2 is 2 millions, i.e., 2,000,000.
The place value of 8 is 8 hundred thousands, i.e., 800,000.
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The place value of 6 is 6 ten thousands, i.e., 60,000.

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The place value of 4 is 4 thousands, i.e., 4,000.

The place value of 3 is 3 hundreds, i.e., 300.
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The place value of 1 is 1 ten, i.e., 10.

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The place value of 7 is 7 ones, i.e., 7.

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Comparing Indian and International Number Systems

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Periods → CRORES (C) LAKHS (L) THOUSANDS (Th) ONES (O)

Place Value Ten Crores Ten Lakhs Ten Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones
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→ Crores Lakhs Thousands

10,00,00,000 1,00,00,000 10,00,000 1,00,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1
C

Periods → MILLIONS (M) THOUSANDS (Th) ONES (O)

Place Hundred Ten Millions Hundred Ten Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones
Value → Millions Millions Thousands Thousands
100,000,000 10,000,000 1,000,000 100,000 10,000 1,000 100 10 1

6
 Numbers Indian Number System International Number System
(a) 92168 92,168 92,168
Ninety-two thousand one Ninety-two thousand one hundred
hundred sixty-eight sixty-eight
(b) 543296 5,43,296 543,296

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Five lakh forty-three thousand Five hundred forty-three thousand
two hundred ninety-six two hundred ninety-six
(c) 7834265 78,34,265 7,834,265

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Seventy-eight lakh thirty-four Seven million eight hundred thirty-
thousand two hundred sixty-five four thousand two hundred sixty-five

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EXERCISE 1.1

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1. Represent the following numbers on the abacus.
(a) (b)

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L TTh Th H T O L TTh Th H T O

a
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63,842 9,01,675
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2. Write the number represented by the abacus.

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(a) L TTh Th H T O (b) L TTh Th H T O

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3. Write the number names in the Indian Number System.

(a) 14,269 (b) 2,34,075 (c) 29,708 (d) 4,81,167
4. Write the number names in the International Number System.
(a) 27,430 (b) 9,16,752 (c) 35,089 (d) 5,731,684

7
 5. Write the place value of 5 in the following numbers.
(a) 6,53,127 (b) 95,072 (c) 590,783 (d) 5,821,074
6. Group the numbers by putting commas as per the Indian Number System and write
their number names.
(a) 97638 (b) 121375 (c) 4068179 (d) 534912
(e) 76209 (f ) 6398705 (g) 8905678 (h) 2351645

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7. Group the numbers by putting commas as per the International Number System and
write their number names.

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(a) 23427 (b) 998916 (c) 820756 (d) 9087501
(e) 50249 (f ) 543486 (g) 4819675 (h) 645678

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8. Write numerals for the following number names.
(a) Two million thirty-seven thousand five hundred twenty-six _____________

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(b) Fifty-four lakh seventy-five thousand six hundred eighty-nine _____________
(c) Twenty-two crore eight lakh nine hundred sixteen _____________
(d) Seventy-eight lakh thirty-three thousand sixty-eight _____________

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(e) Nine million twenty-eight _____________
9. Fill in the blanks.
a
(a) In the Indian Number System, the place which is just to the left of thousands place
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is ________________.
(b) 10,000 can also be written as ________________ hundreds.
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(c) Six million two hundred five thousand ninety-eight in numeral is written as
________________.
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(d) The place value of 6 in 2,86,304 is ________________.

(e) 1,00,000 can also be written as ________________ thousands.
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Standard Form and Expanded Form

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Writing a number as the sum of the place values of its digits is called the expanded form
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of that number.
To write the short form of an expanded number, write the face value of each digit in its
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correct place.
Example 3: Write 63,872 and 4,90,518 in the expanded form.
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Solution: Standard form Expanded form Expanded form in words

63,872 = 60,000 + 3,000 + 800 + = 6 ten thousands +
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70 + 2 3 thousands + 8 hundreds
+ 7 tens + 2 ones
4,90,518 = 4,00,000 + 90,000 + 0 + = 4 lakhs + 9 ten thousands +
500 + 10 + 8 5 hundreds + 1 ten +
8 ones

8
Comparison of Numbers
You already know how to compare numbers upto four digits. Let’s now learn how to compare
numbers with five or six digits.

Comparison of numbers with different number of digits

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If two numbers have different number of digits, the number with more digits is greater.
Consider the numbers 1,34,791 and 8,264.
The number of digits in 1,34,791 = 6 and in 8,264 = 4

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Since 6 > 4, therefore, 1,34,791 > 8,264.

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Comparison of numbers with the same number of digits
1. Compare the face values of the leftmost digits, i.e., the digits at the lakhs place.

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L TTh Th H T O Remember

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7 9 2 8 4 3 To compare numbers
8 0 7 6 4 2 having the same number of
a digits, always start from the
8>7 leftmost digit.
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So, 8,07,642 > 7,92,843.
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2. If the face values of the digits at the lakhs place are the same, then compare the face
values of the digits at the ten thousands place.
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L TTh Th H T O
7 9 2 8 4 3
Same
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7 6 3 2 1 4
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9>6
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So, 7,92,843 > 7,63,214.

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3. If the face values of the digits at the lakhs and ten thousands place are the same, then
compare the face values of the digits at the thousands place.
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L TTh Th H T O
7 9 2 8 4 3
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7 9 3 2 1 4

Same 3>2
So, 7,93,214 > 7,92,843.

9
 4. If the face values of the digits at the lakhs, ten thousands and thousands place are
the same, then compare the face values of the digits at the hundreds place.
L TTh Th H T O
7 9 2 8 4 3
7 9 2 3 1 5

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Same 8>3
So, 7,92,843 > 7,92,315.

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Similarly, we can compare the face values of the digits at the tens and ones place to know

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which number is greater.

Predecessor and Successor

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A number one less than a given number comes just before it and is called its predecessor.
A number one more than a given number comes just after it and is called its successor.

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Consider a 5-digit number 16,832.
Its predecessor = 16,832 – 1 = 16,831 and its successor = 16,832 + 1 = 16,833.
a
16,831 16,832 16,833
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↓ ↓ ↓
predecessor is between successor
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16,831 and 16,833

Ordering of Numbers
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Numbers can be arranged either in ascending order (smaller to bigger) or descending order
(bigger to smaller). For example,
t

28,963; 28,972; 29,531; 29,537 are in ascending order.

h

78,421; 78,375; 76,240; 75,189 are in descending order.

ig

EXERCISE 1.2
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1. Write in the expanded form.

op

(a) 71,428 (b) 63,907 (c) 89,991 (d) 40,052

(e) 3,92,145 (f ) 9,06,784 (g) 6,59,122 (h) 5,84,096
C

2. Write in the standard form.

(a) 8,00,000 + 70,000 + 3,000 + 400 + 80 + 2
(b) 8,00,000 + 10,000 + 900 + 50 + 4
(c) 5 lakhs + 3 thousands + 9 hundreds + 4 ones

10
 (d) 4 TTh + 4 Th + 2 T + 6 O
(e) 9,000,000 + 600,000 + 50,000 + 7,000 + 200 + 10 + 3
3. Put the correct sign >, < or =.

(a) 5,681 5,816 (b) 69,410 69,342 (c) 42,215 43,402

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(d) 9,00,375 9,00,375 (e) 907,632 815,426 (f ) 3,92,085 3,93,805
4. Arrange in ascending order.

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(a) 4,281; 3,971; 4,183; 2,697; 3,824
(b) 9,984; 10,426; 7,480; 11,397; 10,269

ca
(c) 84,631; 83,462; 85,316; 83,625; 94,940
(d) 3,20,284; 3,19,706; 3,42,053; 3,39,513; 3,07,654

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(e) 6,125,041; 6,215,104; 5,031,325; 4,106,219; 718,045
5. Arrange in descending order.
(a) 7,063; 7,128; 8,375; 8,503; 7,219

E
(b) 18,234; 17,945; 17,946; 18,432; 18,963
(c) 2,23,705; 2,32,817; 2,40,098; 2,54,419; 2,17,390
a
(d) 9,08,743; 9,14,827; 8,23,999; 9,99,872; 8,13,948
iv
(e) 8,132,415; 8,132,306; 9,015,246; 9,510,163; 8,312,415
V

6. Write the predecessor and successor of the following numbers.

(a) 8,679 (b) 23,080 (c) 45,199 (d) 4,98,998 (e) 5,00,899
©

7. Fill in the blanks.

(a) The number that is between 8,999 and 9,001 is ___________.
t

(b) The predecessor of 6,89,490 is __________.

h

(c) The successor of 82,769 is ____________.

(d) Writing a number as the sum of the place values of its digits is called the _________
ig

form of that number.

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8. Complete the series.

(a) 1,635; 1,636; 1,637; _________; _________; _________
op

(b) 25,044; 25,046; 25,048; _________; _________; ________

(c) 3,72,150; 3,72,160; 3,72,170; _________; _________; _________
(d) 8,95,720; 8,95,725; 8,95,730; _________; _________; _________
C

(e) 4,42,141; 5,42,141; 6,42,141; _________; _________; _________

Forming with Numbers

Look at the number 68,715. This number is made up of five digits namely, 6, 8, 7, 1 and 5.

11
 By arranging these digits in different positions, many Remember
numbers can be formed.
• To form the greatest number,
68,751; 68,175; 68,157; 67,851; 67,158; 67,518 and so on. arrange the given digits in
descending order.
The smallest 5-digit number that can be formed using
• To form the smallest
these digits is 15,678 and the greatest 5-digit number that
number, arrange the given
can be formed is 87,651.

on
digits in ascending order.

Example 4: Write the smallest and the greatest 5-digit Quick Tip

ti
numbers formed using the digits 2, 0, 8, 6
To form the smallest 5-digit
and 4.

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number never place 0 at the
Solution: The smallest 5-digit number formed using ten thousands place, as
the digits 2, 0, 8, 6 and 4 is 20,468 and the it will then become a
4-digit number. So, place

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greatest 5-digit number formed is 86,420.
0 at the thousands place.

Example 5: Write the smallest and the greatest 6-digit

E
Mental Maths
numbers formed using the digits 9, 3, 4, 3,
7 and 5. a Form the smallest 5-digit
number using the digits 0,
Solution: The smallest 6-digit number formed using 0, 1, 6 and 4.
iv
the digits, 9, 3, 4, 3, 7 and 5 is 3,34,579
and the greatest 6-digit number formed is
V

9,75,433.
This rack has
Rounding Off Numbers
©

about 100 books.

When we are not sure of the exact number, we use
the word about. It gives a rough estimation of the
t

number. We can also say that the number has been

h

rounded off.
ig

Rounding off to the nearest 10

yr

To round off a number to the nearest 10, look at the digit at the ones place.
• If it is 4 or less, then replace it with 0 without changing the digit at the tens place.
op

• If it is 5 or more, then place a 0 at the ones place and add 1 to the digit at the tens
place.
Example 6: Round off (a) 154, (b) 2,356 and (c) 30,795 to the nearest 10.
C

Solution: (a) 154 is rounded off to 150 since the digit at the ones place is 4.
(b) 2,356 is rounded off to 2,360 since the digit at the ones place is 6.
(c) 30,795 is rounded off to 30,800 since the digit at the ones place is 5.

12
Rounding off to the nearest 100
To round off numbers to the nearest 100, look at the digits at the tens place.
• If it is 4 or less, then place zeros at the tens and ones place. The digit at the hundreds
place remains the same.
• If it is 5 or more, then place zeros at the tens and ones place. Add 1 to the digit at the

on
hundreds place.
Example 7: Round off (a) 826, (b) 4,768 and (c) 2,80,934 to the nearest 100.
Solution: (a) 826 is rounded off to 800 since the digit at the tens place is 2.

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(b) 4,768 is rounded off to 4,800 since the digit at the tens place is 6.

ca
(c) 2,80,934 is rounded off to 2,80,900 since the digit at the tens place is 3.

Rounding off to the nearest 1,000

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To round off numbers to the nearest 1,000, look at the digits at the hundreds, tens and ones place.
• If it is 4 or less, then place zeros at the hundreds, tens and ones place. Keep the digit

E
at the thousands place as it is.
• If it is 5 or more, then place zeros at the hundreds, tens and ones place. Also, add 1 to
the digit at the thousands place.
a
Example 8: Round off (a) 6,578 and (b) 24,352 to the nearest 1,000.
iv
Solution: (a) 6,578 is rounded off to 7,000 since the digit at the hundreds place is 5.
V

(b) 24,352 is rounded off to 24,000 since the digit at the hundreds place is 3.
©

EXERCISE 1.3
t

1. Write the smallest and the greatest 5-digit numbers formed using the given digits.
h

(a) 7, 4, 3, 1, 8 (b) 5, 0, 2, 8, 3
ig

(c) 9, 1, 6, 2, 0 (d) 8, 0, 7, 0, 4
2. Write the smallest and the greatest 6-digit numbers formed using the given digits.
yr

(a) 2, 3, 7, 8, 5, 1 (b) 6, 0, 9, 3, 0, 4
(c) 8, 2, 1, 3, 2, 5 (d) 9, 4, 6, 5, 0, 9
op

3. Round off the given numbers to the nearest 10.

(a) 547 (b) 6,912 (c) 43,785 (d) 1,90,273
C

4. Round off the given numbers to the nearest 100.

(a) 496 (b) 7,319 (c) 75,849 (d) 4,46,755
5. Round off the given numbers to the nearest 1,000.
(a) 7,435 (b) 12,752 (c) 4,75,926 (d) 8,99,128

13
 LET’S EVALUATE

1. Represent the following numbers on the abacus.

on
(a)
TTh Th H T O (b)
L TTh Th H T O

ti
ca
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54,208 8,42,739

E
2. Write the number names in the Indian and International Number System.
a
(a) 6475 (b) 92087 (c) 549306 (d) 1274583
iv
3. Write in the expanded form.
(a) 8,347 (b) 15,209 (c) 7,53,621 (d) 37,35,438
V

4. Write the smallest and the greatest 6-digit numbers that can be formed using the
digits 8, 4, 0, 7, 5, 2. Use each digit only once.
©

5. Arrange in ascending order.

(a) 32,491; 31,491; 38,149; 32,149; 31,941
t

(b) 9,82,467; 9,82,476; 8,93,756; 8,99,324; 9,92,946

h

6. Arrange in descending order.

ig

(a) 66,075; 69,328; 69,915; 66,208; 67,143

yr

(b) 10,081; 10,180; 10,089; 10,918; 10,810

7. Arjun wants to treat his friends on his birthday. Using the given information, estimate
op

the total amount he needs for the treat.

• 4 packets of chips costing ` 78 (rounded off to the nearest 10)
• 6 samosas costing ` 62 (rounded off to the nearest 10)
C

• 4 pizzas costing ` 1,549 (rounded off to the nearest 1,000)

• 5 plates of momos costing ` 135 (rounded off to the nearest 100)
• 3 cartons of juice costing ` 178 (rounded off to the nearest 100)

14
 8. Write True or False.
(a) The successor of 2,86,789 is 2,86,788.

(b) The smallest 6-digit number is 1,00,000.

(c) 82,354 rounded off to the nearest hundred is 92,400.

on
(d) Number of tens in ten thousand is 100.

(e) The place value of 4 in 4,826,139 is four millions.

ti
9. Choose the correct answer.

ca
(a) 50,000 + 700 + 80 + 4 in standard form is:
(i) 50,784 (ii) 57,084 (iii) 57,804
(b) The predecessor of 1,20,980 is:

du
(i) 1,20,981 (ii) 1,20,990 (iii) 1,20,979
(c) The place value of 5 in 15,68,324 is:

E
(i) 50,000 (ii) 5,00,000 (iii) 5,000
(d) 8,939 rounded off to the nearest 100 is:
a
(i) 8,900 (ii) 8,800 (iii) 8,940
iv
(e) The largest 6-digit number formed using the digits 2, 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 is:
(i) 8,42,120 (ii) 8,42,210 (iii) 8,41,220
V

10. Fill in the blanks.

(a) Two million sixty-seven thousand one hundred thirty-five is written in numbers as
©

______________.
(b) 7,84,920 is ____________ than 7,85,647.
t

(c) The successor of 472,199 is _____________.

h

(d) The predecessor of 35,906,187 is _____________.

(e) The largest number among 7,20,147; 7,02,147; 7,10,417; 7,02,714 is _____________.
ig

(f ) _____________ comes between 872,379 and 872,381.

yr

(g) 10,000 = ___________ hundreds

(h) 1 million = __________ lakhs
op

SCRATCH YOUR BRAIN

C

1. Rohit is shorter than Tia but taller than Karishma. Tia is not as tall as Varun but she is
taller than Karishma. Arrange them from tallest to shortest.

15
 2. Arushi has 5,625 stamps. Honey has 35 stamps more than Arushi. Devesh has 120
stamps less than Honey. Aditya has 50 more stamps than Devesh. Who has the largest
and the smallest number of stamps?
3. List all the numbers that can be rounded off to the given numbers.
(a) 150 (b) 400 (c) 80 (d) 1,200

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GROUP ACTIVITY

ti
ca
To check the understanding of number names and place value
Things We Need: C
 hart paper (old greeting cards or visiting cards can also be used), a pencil

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and crayons
How To Do:

E
1. Make a set of 10 number cards from 0 to 9, by
writing one number on each card. Shuffle the 0 1 2 3 4 … 9
cards and place them facing down. a
2. Also, make 6 place value cards from ones to Lakhs Ten thousands Thousands
iv
lakhs, by writing one place value on each
card. Hundreds Tens Ones
V

3. Divide the class into groups of four.

4. Call a group and ask a child from the group to come and pick any 5 number cards.
©

Ask the child to form the greatest 5-digit number using the cards. For example, if the
number cards picked up are 4, 2, 5, 1 and 0 then the greatest 5-digit number formed
will be 54210.
h t

5. Ask the second child to write the place value of all the digits of the greatest 5-digit
number using the place value cards.
ig

5 4 2 1 0
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Ten thousands Thousands Hundreds Tens Ones

op

6. The third child will form the smallest 5-digit number using the same cards.
7. The fourth child will write the number name of the smallest 5-digit number.
C

8. Repeat the same activity with all the groups. Ask some groups to pick 6 number cards
and form 6-digit numbers.
9. Give marks to each group on the basis of their answers. The group with the maximum
marks will be the winner.

16
 2
Roman Numerals
Let’s Recall ...

on
Roman numeral system was developed by the ancient Romans. It is based on
seven letters of the alphabet. All the numbers are written using either one
letter or a combination of letters. However, there is no letter representing zero.

ti
Roman Numeral I V X L C D M

ca
Hindu-Arabic Numeral 1 5 10 50 100 500 1,000

1 Which of the following is not a valid Roman numeral?

du
(a) VV (b) XIX (c) VIII (d) XXX
2 Put the correct sign >, < or =.

E
(a) 25 XV (b) XIX 38 (c) 18 XVIII

Roman Numerals up to Hundred a

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
iv
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
V

XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX

21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
©

XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII XXVIII XXIX XXX
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
t

XXXI XXXII XXXIII XXXIV XXXV XXXVI XXXVII XXXVIII XXXIX XL

h

41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
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XLI XLII XLIII XLIV XLV XLVI XLVII XLVIII XLIX L

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
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LI LII LIII LIV LV LVI LVII LVIII LIX LX

61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
op

LXI LXII LXIII LXIV LXV LXVI LXVII LXVIII LXIX LXX
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
LXXI LXXII LXXIII LXXIV LXXV LXXVI LXXVII LXXVIII LXXIX LXXX
C

81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
LXXXI LXXXII LXXXIII LXXXIV LXXXV LXXXVI LXXXVII LXXXVIII LXXXIX XC
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
XCI XCII XCIII XCIV XCV XCVI XCVII XCVIII XCIX C

17
 In modern Roman numeral system, for large numbers a bar is placed above the base numeral
indicating multiplication by 1,000, although the ancient Romans themselves often just used
M for it.

V Five thousand
Maths Fun
X Ten thousand

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How can half of
L Fifty thousand XII be 7?
C One hundred thousand

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D Five hundred thousand

ca
M One million

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Conversion of Roman Numeral to Hindu-Arabic Numeral
1. If a smaller number is to the left of a larger number, subtract the value of the smaller
number from the larger number.

E
Consider the number IX. Since I < X, 10 – 1 = 9. Therefore, IX = 9.
Also, in XL, X < L. Therefore, XL = 50 – 10 = 40.
a
2. Subtract only the values of letters I, X and C. Values of V, L and D cannot be subtracted.
iv
Consider the numeral 45.
45 = XLV [(50 – 10) + 5] 45 ≠ VL (50 – 5)
V

3. Subtract the value of only a single smaller numeral from a single bigger numeral. In
other words, you can subtract only once from a numeral.
©

Consider the numeral 8.

8 = VIII (5 + 3) 8 ≠ IIX (10 – 1 – 1)
t

4. Do not subtract a numeral from another numeral which is more than 10 times greater,
h

i.e., I can be subtracted from V and X but not from L, C, D and M. Similarly, X can be
ig

subtracted from L and C but not from D, M and so on.

5. If a smaller number is to the right of a larger number, add the value of the smaller
yr

number to the larger number.

Consider the number XI.
op

Since X > l, 10 + 1 = 11. Therefore, XI = 11.

Remember
6. If the number has more than two letters, add the
value of each letter to find the number. • We cannot repeat a symbol
C

more than 3 times to write a

Consider the number LXVIII.
Roman numeral.
LXVIII = 50 + 10 + 5 + 1 + 1 + 1 • Symbols V, L and D cannot
= 68 be repeated at all.

18
 Also, CDI = (CD) + 1
= (500 – 100) + 1
= 400 + 1 = 401

Conversion of Hindu-Arabic Numeral to Roman Numeral

on
Numbers 1, 2, 3 are written in Roman numerals as I, II and III, respectively. Now 4 cannot be
written as IIII since the symbol I can be repeated only three times in a row.
As, 4 < 5 and 4 = 5 – 1 = V – I

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Therefore, 4 = IV.

ca
Numbers 6, 7, 8 are written as VI, VII and VIII.
But 9 cannot be written as VIIII as I cannot be repeated more than three times.

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As, 9 < 10 and 9 = 10 – 1 = X – I
Therefore, 9 = IX.
Similarly, 40 = 50 – 10 = L – X = XL and 90 = 100 – 10 = C – X = XC

E
To convert a large Hindu-Arabic numeral to a Roman numeral, convert each digit separately
and then combine the letters. a A Challenge!
Example 1: Convert 752 into Roman numeral.
iv
Write 999 in Roman
Solution: 752 = 700 + 50 + 2 = DCC + L + II = DCCLII numerals.
V

Addition and Subtraction of Roman Numerals

To add or subtract Roman numerals, follow these steps.
©

• Change the number into Hindu–Arabic numbers.

• Add or subtract accordingly.
t

• Convert the answer into Roman numeral.

h

Example 2: XLV + LXIII

ig

Mental Maths
Solution: XLV = 45 Find the sum.
yr

LXIII = 63 (a)  MIX + I =

45 + 63 = 108 = CVIII
(b)  MIX – I =
op

Therefore, XLV + LXIII = CVIII

Example 3: CCXCVI – CLXXIV
C

Solution: CCXCVI = 296

CLXXIV = 174
296 – 174 = 122 = CXXII
Therefore, CCXCVI – CLXXIV = CXXII

19
 Modern Usage
Roman numerals were commonly used until 14th century. Since they were not enough to
write large numbers, they were replaced by Hindu-Arabic numbers. However, we still see
them being used in certain places in modern times. Some of them are given below.
• Names of Monarchs and Popes like, Elizabeth II and Benedict XVI
XII

on
• Recurring grand event such as Olympic games X
XI I
II

• Hour marks on clock faces and timepieces IX

VIII
III
IV

• Sometimes page numbering and chapter numbering VII V

ti
VI

ca
LET’S EVALUATE

du
E
1. Convert the following Hindu-Arabic numbers to Roman numerals.
(a) 15 = _______ (b) 49 = _______
a (c) 103 = _______
(d) 305 = _______ (e) 228 = _______ (f ) 450 = _______
iv
(g) 637 = _______ (h) 989 = _______ (i) 354 = _______
(j) 509 = _______ (k) 83 = _______ (l) 179 = _______
V

2. Convert the following Roman numerals to Hindu-Arabic numbers.

(a) XIV = _______ (b) LXII = _______ (c) XCVIII = _______
©

(d) CCCXXXI = _______ (e) CDV = _______ (f ) CMLXXVI = _______

t

(g) DCCI = _______ (h) CMXV = _______ (i) CD = _______

h

(j) LIII = _______ (k) XLIX = _______ (l) DCII = _______

ig

3. Find the value of the following Roman numerals.

(a) LXXXIV + XXVI (b) XCIII + LXXI (c) CCXCI – CVI
yr

(d) DXLVI – CDXX (e) LX + XII (f ) XXIX + XIV

(g) XL – XIX (h) XCIX – XIII (i) XXXIX – XIX
op

4. What comes before or after the given Roman numerals?

(a) ________, XXXIV (b) ________, C (c) XXXIX, ________
C

(d) CCCXCIX, _________ (e) XXI, ________ (f ) XLIX, ________

(g) ________, LXX (h) ________, XC (i) ________, DXLVI

20
 5. Put the correct sign <, > or =.

(a) 46 XXV (b) CCLV 245 (c) XC CX

(d) CL 150 (e) XLII + 12 LXXIV – XXXVIII (f ) C 50

6. Change the Hindu-Arabic numerals to Roman numerals and solve the following. Write

on
the answer in Roman numerals.
(a) 400 + 13 (b) 50 – 27 (c) 37 + 12 (d) 29 – 9

ti
(e) 733 – 20 (f ) 100 + 65 (g) 80 – 30 (h) 250 + 45

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SCRATCH YOUR BRAIN

du
E
1. There are seven letters used as Roman numerals I, V, X, L, C, D and M.
(a) Which is the biggest correctly formed Roman numeral using each numeral once?
a
(b) Which is the smallest correctly formed Roman numeral using each numeral once?
iv
2. Form two Roman numerals that are also words in English. For example, MIX is a Roman
numeral and an English word.
V
©
h t
ig
yr
op
C

21
 Worksheet
Roman Numerals
Rishabh and Arpita have completed their worksheets on Roman numerals. Check them by
putting  for correct and  for wrong answers.

on
ti
ca
1. Write Roman numeral for the 1. Write Roman numeral for the

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following. following.
(a) 53 = LIII (a) 53 = LIII
(b) 178 = CLXXVIII (b) 178 = LCXXVIII

E
(c) 225 = CCXXV (c) 225 = CCXVX
(d) 433 = CDXXIII a (d) 433 = CDXXXIII
iv
2. Convert the following Roman 2. Convert the following Roman
numerals to Hindu-Arabic numerals to Hindu-Arabic
V

numerals. numerals.
(a) LX = 60 (a) LX = 40
©

(b) LXXIX = 59 (b) LXXIX = 79

(c) CDXX = 420 (c) CDXX = 620
t

(d) XXXVIII = 38 (d) XXXVIII = 38

h
ig

Who has given more correct answers? ____________________

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op
C

22
 3
Addition
Let’s Recall ...
  • Addition means finding the total of two or more numbers. This total is

on
called sum.
  •  The numbers which are added are called addends.

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• The sum of two numbers remains same even if the order of addends is changed.
• Adding 0 to a number gives the same number.

ca
• Adding 1 to a number gives the next number.
• Any number except 1 can be written as the sum of two or more numbers in many

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different ways.
1 Add the following numbers.

E
(a) 224 + 887   (b)  485 + 505 + 975   (c)  8,462 + 4,596   (d)  9,084 + 7,638
2 Add using expanded form. a
(a) 376 + 958 (b) 1,632 + 4,789
iv
(c) 2,691 + 350 (d) 132 + 5,701 + 3,526
V

3 Find the estimated sum of the following numbers by rounding off the numbers to the
nearest 100.
©

(a) 643 + 482 (b) 1,708 + 2,436

(c) 1,451 + 9,824 (d) 2,516 + 938 + 187
t

4 Sukrit travelled 1,578 km by train, 1,036 km by bus and another 729 km by car. How much
h

distance did he travel in his whole journey?

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5 What number is 2,045 more than 6,287?

6 Fill in the blanks.

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(a) 7,532 + 0 = _____________

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(b) Sum of 438 and 527 is an ___________ number. (odd/even)

(c) 1,823 + 6,479 = ___________ + 1,823
(d) 9,987 + 100 = __________
C

Addition of Numbers (without carry over)

To add large numbers, first add the ones, then the tens, the hundreds, the thousands and
continue moving to the left.

23
 Example 1: Find the sum of 37,241 and 21,356. Write the addends and the sum obtained
in words.
Solution: Step 1: Add the ones.  1 + 6 = 7 Step 2: Add the tens.  4 + 5 = 9
TTh Th H T O TTh Th H T O
3 7 2 4 1 3 7 2 4 1

on
+ 2 1 3 5 6 + 2 1 3 5 6
7 9 7

ti

ca
Step 3: Add the hundreds.  2 + 3 = 5 Step 4: Add the thousands.  7 + 1 = 8
TTh Th H T O TTh Th H T O
3 7 2 4 1 3 7 2 4 1

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+ 2 1 3 5 6 + 2 1 3 5 6
5 9 7 8 5 9 7

E

Step 5: Add the ten thousands.  3 + 2 = 5
a
TTh Th H T O
iv
3 7 2 4 1 So, 37,241 + 21,356 = 58,597.
V

+ 2 1 3 5 6
addends sum
5 8 5 9 7
©

Addends
t

37,241 → Thirty-seven thousand two hundred forty-one

h

21,356 → Twenty-one thousand three hundred fifty-six

ig

Sum
58,597 → Fifty-eight thousand five hundred ninety-seven
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Example 2: Find the sum of 1,62,875 and 4,15,123. Write the sum obtained in words.
Solution: L TTh Th H T O
op

1 6 2 8 7 5 So, 1,62,875 + 4,15,123 = 5,77,998.

+ 4 1 5 1 2 3
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addends sum
5 7 7 9 9 8

Sum
→ Five lakh seventy-seven thousand nine hundred ninety-eight
5,77,998

24
Addition of Numbers (with carry over)
Look at the given examples to see how to add large numbers with carry over.
Example 3: Find the sum of 42,618 and 37,956.
Solution: Step 1: Add the ones. Step 2: 14 is a 2-digit number. Keep 4 in
8 + 6 = 14 the ones place and carry over 1

on
to the tens place. Add the tens
and the 1 carried over.
1 +1+5=7

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TTh Th H T O TTh Th H T O

ca
1
4 2 6 1 8 4 2 6 1 8
+ 3 7 9 5 6 + 3 7 9 5 6

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1
4 7 4

Step 3: As nothing is carried over, Step 4: 15 is a 2-digit number. Keep 5 in

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we add the hundreds. the hundreds place and carry
6 + 9 = 15 over 1 to the thousands place.
Add the thousands and the 1
a
carried over. 1 + 2 + 7 = 10
iv
TTh Th H T O TTh Th H T O
1 1 1
4 2 6 1 8 4 2 6 1 8
V

+ 3 7 9 5 6 + 3 7 9 5 6
©

1 1
5 7 4 0 5 7 4

Step 5: 10 is a 2-digit number. TTh Th H T O
t

Keep 0 in the thousands 1

4 12 6
h

11 8
place and carry over 1 to the
ten thousands place.
ig

+ 3 7 9 5 6
Add the ten thousands and the
1 carried over.  1 + 4 + 3 = 8 8 0 5 7 4
yr

So, 42,618 + 37,956 = 80,574

Example 4: Find the sum of 5,70,183 and 2,69,476.
op

Solution: L TTh Th H T O
1 1
5 7 0 1 8 3
C

Remember
+ 2 6 9 4 7 6 Addition using carry over
8 3 9 6 5 9 method is also called
addition by regrouping.
So, 5,70,183 + 2,69,476 = 8,39,659.

25
 EXERCISE 3.1

1. Add the following numbers.

(a) 25,173 and 37,045 (b) 3,09,278 and 5,63,197 (c) 63,971 and 2,108
(d) 1,38,026 and 219 (e) 4,20,153 and 75,692 (f ) 84,736 and 99

on
(g) 14,285 and 1,834 (h) 37,542 and 8,01,342 (i) 85,321 and 7,037
2. Write the addends and the sum obtained.

ti
(a) 4,00,723 + 3,68,912 (b) 2,89,916 + 6,30,249 (c) 75,648 + 28,503

ca
(d) 63,254 + 29,046 (e) 2,20,496 + 3,406 (f ) 6,10,420 + 2,42,108
3. Add and write the answer in words.
(a) Thirty-five thousand four hundred twelve and fifty-two thousand six hundred

du
ninety
(b) Four lakh ninety thousand three hundred sixty and two lakh twenty-six thousand

E
seven hundred eighty-four
(c) Three lakh forty-six thousand seven hundred forty-two and two lakh sixty-seven
thousand eight hundred fifty-nine
a
4. Tick the number in the inner circle which is the sum of the numbers given in the outer
iv
circle.
(a) (b)
V

23,175 6,50,250
32,925 6,90,275
©

32,295 6,90,750
33,295 6,91,550
h t

9,120 40,025
ig

Addition of Three or More Numbers

We add three or more large numbers in the same way we add two numbers.
yr

Example 5: Add 7,26,438; 2,19,756 and 38,437. Common Mistake!

Solution: L TTh Th H T O
op

1 1 1 1
2 1 1 2 8 2 6 4 5
7 2 6 4 3 8
+ 7 9 8 6
2 1 9 7 5 6 1 8 0 6 3 1 ()
C

+ 3 8 4 3 7 Add the carry over and

do not combine it with
9 8 4 6 3 1 the digit to form a 2-digit
number.
So, 7,26,438 + 2,19,756 + 38,437 = 9,84,631.

26
Example 6: Add 6,34,925; 1,47,156; 79,685 and 1,03,219.
Solution: L TTh Th H T O
1 2 1 1 2
6 3 4 9 2 5
1 4 7 1 5 6
7 9 6 8 5

on
+ 1 0 3 2 1 9
9 6 4 9 8 5

ti
So, 6,34,925 + 1,47,156 + 79,685 + 1,03,219 = 9,64,985.

ca
Finding the Missing Digits
We can find the missing digits in an addition sum by following the given formula:

du
Sum – one addend = the other addend
Example 7: Find the missing digits.

E
TTh Th H T O
1 ? 3 ? 4 a
+ ? 6 2 5 ?
iv
6 8 ? 4 1
V

Solution: Step 1: Look at the ones column.

4 + ? = 1 TTh Th H T O
©

1
1 is smaller than 4. 1 ? 3 ? 4
So, we find a number which when added + ? 6 2 5 7
t

to 4 gives a sum whose unit digit is 1.

h

6 8 ? 4 1
4 + 7 = 11
ig

11 is a 2-digit number. Keep the 1 one and carry over the 1 ten.
So, we write 7 in the blank space.
yr

TTh Th H T O
Step 2: Look at the tens column.
1 ? 1 3 18 4
1 + ? + 5 = 4
op

+ ? 6 2 5 7
6 + ? = 4 6 8 ? 4 1
C

4 is smaller than 6.
So, we find a number which when added to 6 gives a sum whose unit
digit is 4.
6 + 8 = 14

27
 14 is a 2-digit number. Keep the 4 ones and carry over the 1 ten.
So, we write 8 in the blank space. TTh Th H T O
Step 3: A
 dd the hundreds including the 1 1 1
1 ? 3 8 4
carried over.
1 + 3 + 2 = 6 + ? 6 2 5 7

on
So, we write 6 in the blank space. 6 8 6 4 1
Step 4: Look at the thousands column.
? + 6 = 8 TTh Th H T O

ti
1 1
8 is more than 6. 1 2 3 8 4

ca
Also, sum – one addend = other addend + ? 6 2 5 7
? = 8 – 6 = 2 6 8 6 4 1

du
So, we write 2 in the blank space.
Step 5: Look at the ten thousands column.
TTh Th H T O
1 + ? = 6

E
1 1
1 2 3 8 4
6 is more than 1.
a + 5 6 2 5 7
? = 6 – 1 = 5
6 8 6 4 1
iv
So, we write 5 in the blank space.
Example 8: Find the missing digits.
V

L TTh Th H T O
5 ? 3 2 6 ?
©

? 5 ? 3 ? 3
+ 2 0 2 ? 0 0
h t

8 8 9 8 8 9
ig

Solution: L TTh Th H T O
yr

5 3 3 2 6 6
1 5 4 3 2 3
op

+ 2 0 2 3 0 0
8 8 9 8 8 9
C

Estimating the Sum

Estimation gives a rough (or approximate) value of the sum. We can round off a number to
any place depending upon the degree of accuracy required.

28
Estimating the sum means rounding off the given numbers to the nearest 10; 100; 1,000,
etc. and then adding the numbers obtained.
Example 9: A box contains 2,645 red balls, 1,378 blue balls and 1,798 green balls. How
many balls are there in the box? Calculate using estimation method by
rounding off to the nearest 100. Check whether the estimated sum is close
to the actual sum or not.

on
1
Solution: Number of red balls (rounded off ) = 2 6 0 0
Number of blue balls (rounded off ) = 1 4 0 0

ti
Number of green balls (rounded off ) = + 1 8 0 0

ca
Total balls in the box = 5 8 0 0
There are approximately 5,800 balls in the box.

du
Let’s now find the actual number of balls in the box.
1 2 2
Red balls = 2 6 4 5

E
Blue balls = 1 3 7 8
Green balls = + 1 7 9 8 a
Total balls = 5 8 2 1
iv
5,821 when rounded off to the nearest 100 gives 5,800.
So, the estimated number of balls is very close to the actual number of balls
V

in the box.
©

Solving Word Problems

Example 10: A publisher sold 46,750 books in the month of January; 1,52,430 books in the
t

month of February and 1,60,000 books in the month of March. How many
h

books did the publisher sell in 3 months?

ig

L TTh Th H T O
1 1
Solution: Number of books sold in January = 4 6 7 5 0
yr

Number of books sold in February = 1 5 2 4 3 0

= + 1 6 0 0 0 0
op

Number of books sold in March

Total number of books sold = 3 5 9 1 8 0
C

So, the publisher sold 3,59,180 books in 3 months.

Example 11: The population of a small town in the year 2011 was 2,35,170. In the next year,
the population of the town increased by 62,000. What was the population in
the year 2012?

29
 L TTh Th H T O
Solution: Population of the town in 2011 = 2 3 5 1 7 0
Increase in population in 2012 = + 6 2 0 0 0
Population of the town in 2012 = 2 9 7 1 7 0

on
So, the population of the town in the year 2012 was 2,97,170.

Framing Word Problems

ti
We already know how to frame word problems for given addition facts. Let’s see an example
to review it.

ca
Example 12: Frame 2 word problems for 1,289 + 1,364 = ?
Solution: 1. There are 1,289 students in school A

du
Quick Tip
and 1,364 students in school B. How
many students are there in the two Be logical when you frame
schools? word problems. For example,

E
2. Raju had ` 1,289 in his account. He 1,289 students in a school 
deposited ` 1,364 more. How much
a 1,289 chips in a packet 
money does he have in his account
iv
now?
V

EXERCISE 3.2
©

1. Find the sum.

(a) TTh Th H T O (b) TTh Th H T O
t

2 1 4 0 6 5 2 0 0 7
h

3 7 5 8 2 4 6 8 1
ig

+ 1 0 2 7 5 + 1 3 9 2 5
yr
op

(c) TTh Th H T O (d) L TTh Th H T O

4 6 3 1 0 7 1 3 2 4 6
C

8 5 7 9 3 2 7 0 8
+ 6 2 2 + 1 5 0 0 1

30
 (e) L TTh Th H T O (f ) L TTh Th H T O
1 0 5 0 3 2 8 7 5 0 6 1
2 6 7 9 1 4 4 2 8 9
+ 3 1 0 5 7 8 + 3 5

on
(g) TTh Th H T O (h) TTh Th H T O

ti
9 4 3 1 2 5 8 7 6 4

ca
6 8 7 1 0 2 5
+ 4 9 + 8 8

du
2. Find the missing digits.

E
(a) TTh Th H T O (b) L TTh Th H T O
? 4 ? 6 ? a 2 7 ? 4 ? 2
+ 1 ? 6 ? 8 + ? 6 4 ? 9 ?
iv
3 7 2 0 1 8 ? 3 2 4 8
V

(c) TTh Th H T O (d) L TTh Th H T O

3 ? 7 ? 2 ? 6 3 ? ? 5
©

? 5 3 4 ? 2 ? 4 7 0 ?
t

+ 2 1 ? 6 8 + 3 2 ? 0 8 1
h

7 9 6 2 5 7 0 1 6 2 9
ig

3. Solve the following word problems.

(a) A manufacturer sold 23,650 kg of sugar to shopkeeper A; 51,173 kg of sugar to
yr

shopkeeper B and 60,850 kg of sugar to shopkeeper C. How much sugar did the
manufacturer sell in all?
op

(b) A businessman buys two cars for his office. Car A costs ` 3,75,496 and car B costs
` 4,50,675. How much does the businessman pay for both the cars?
(c) The population of a city was 5,34,296 in the year 2010. It increased by 45,125 in
C

the year 2011. What was the population of the city in the year 2011?
(d) Poonam’s annual income was ` 6,42,970 in the year 2011. She got an annual
increment of ` 1,00,550 in the year 2012. What was her annual income in the year
2012?

31
 (e) For a family function, Mr Malik spent ` 2,75,600 on food, ` 1,25,750 on arrangements
and decoration and ` 96,275 on gifts. How much did Mr Malik spend for the
function?
(f ) Consider a 6-digit number 7,99,835. If you increase it by 35,768, what will be the
new 6-digit number?
4. Estimate the sum by rounding off to the nearest 1,000. Then, check the result by

on
finding the actual sum.
(a) There are 1,23,465 red roses, 1,10,250 white roses and 96,752 pink roses in a garden.
Estimate the total number of roses in the garden.

ti
(b) The population of village A is 53,628 and village B is 78,426. Estimate the total

ca
population of the two villages.
5. Frame two word problems for the following sums. Then solve to find the answer.

du
(a) 37,260 + 28,450 = ? (b) 1,23,000 + 2,75,000 = ?
(c) 65,190 + 1,20,075 = ? (d) 75,364 + 82,915 = ?

E
LET’S EVALUATEa
iv
1. Find the sum.
V

(a) 2,68,754 + 1,37,972 (b) 4,07,682 + 2,58,196 (c) 7,53,432 + 3,09,758

(d) 3,92,854 + 2,75,694 + 1,57,346 (e) 4,76,199 + 2,87,438 + 2,54,759
©

(f ) 6,08,027 + 3,92,568 + 2,87,115 (g) 8,34,567 + 9,305 + 25,009

2. Mr Bhatia had ` 3,70,495 in his account. He deposited ` 1,52,600 more on Monday and
t

` 2,64,750 on Friday. How much money is there in his account now?

h

3. Find the missing digits.

ig

(a) L TTh Th H T O (b) L TTh Th H T O

4 ? 7 ? 9 3 4 5 2 ? 8 9
yr

2 8 ? 4 ? 6 ? ? 0 2 1 ?
op

+ ? 1 9 2 3 ? + 3 ? 5 3 4
8 7 1 9 5 3 5 9 9 4 ? 7
C

4. Estimate the sum by rounding off to the nearest 100. Then check the result by finding
the actual sum.
(a) 46,316 + 3,17,956 (b) 4,21,832 + 5,36,122 (c) 7,29,818 + 64,481
5. Find the sum of the largest 6-digit, 5-digit, 4-digit and 3-digit numbers.

32
 VALUES AND LIFE SKILLS

1. 2,46,710 people casted their votes in an election in Bihar; 1,85,920 people casted their

on
votes in Odisha and 3,25,375 people casted their votes in Delhi. How many people
casted their votes in the three states? Why is it important to vote?
2. Sandeep goes to an electronic goods showroom and purchases a television for

ti
` 1,52,375; a refrigerator of ` 92,750 and a washing machine for ` 28,635. How much

ca
does Sandeep pay in all? Why do we need to be careful while handling electronic
goods?

du
SCRATCH YOUR BRAIN

E
1. Complete the following addition sequence.
a
iv
(a) + 5 = 13 (b) 4 + = 11

+ 50 = 130 40 + = 110
V

+ 500 = 1,300 400 + = 1,100

©

+ 5,000 = 13,000 4,000 + = 11,000

2. Choose two numbers from the box which add up to the given sum and fill them in
t

the boxes. Take help of the solved example.

h
ig

438 724 132 56
438 + 132 = 570

572 600 398 356
(a) + = 928
yr

1,435 1,325 1,705 1,825 +
(b) = 3,140
op

3. Fill in the box with the number which makes the given equation true.

(a) 47,213 + 21,051 = + 22,051

C

(b) 68,198 + = 67,198 + 35,246

(c) + 2,43,650 = 3,50,625 + 2,33,650

33
 INDIVIDUAL ACTIVITY
\
To check the understanding of number names and addition of 6-digit numbers

on
Things We Need: A pencil
How To Do:

ti
1. Using the internet, write the pincodes of General Post Office or Head office of any 6
states.

ca
2. Arrange the pincodes in ascending order.
3. Find the sum of the first three pincodes and the sum of the next three pincodes.

du
4. Write the number names of the two sums obtained.

City Pincode

E
a
iv
V
©
t

Ascending order: _________________________________________________________

h
ig
yr

+ +
op
C

Number names: __________________________________________________________

__________________________________________________________

34
 4
Subtraction
Let’s Recall ...
  •  Subtraction means finding the difference between two numbers.

on
  •  Minuend – Subtrahend = Difference
↓ ↓ ↓

ti
(Number from (Number which (Result or
which we subtract) is subtracted) answer)

ca
• When zero is subtracted from a number, we get the number itself and when a number
is subtracted from itself, we get zero.
• When 1 is subtracted from a number, we get its predecessor.

du
• We cannot subtract a bigger number from a smaller number.
1 Solve the following.

E
(a) Th H T O (b)
H T O
8 2 6 5
a 7 0 8
iv
– 4 3 9 1 – 5 9 6
V

2 Find the missing digits.

©

(a) H T Th H
O (b) T O
8 ? 6 8 2 7 ?
t

– ? 3 4 – 4 ? ? 4
h

3 1 ? ? 6 9 1
ig

3 Two persons A and B stood for elections. Total votes were 6,875. Person A got 4,235 votes.
yr

How many votes did person B get?

4 The difference between two numbers is 7,546. If one of the numbers is 1,509, find the
op

other number.
5 Subtract.
C

(a) 79 from 632 (b) 148 from 5,307

(c) 54 from 7,815 (d) 4,312 from 5,216
(e) 7,800 from 9,890 (f ) 1,299 from 2,000

35
 Subtraction of Numbers (without borrowing or regrouping)
We follow the same steps to subtract large numbers as we do for smaller numbers.
Example 1: Find the difference between 87,632 and 42,102.
Solution: Step 1: Subtract the ones. 2 – 2 = 0 Step 2: Subtract the tens. 3 – 0 = 3

on
TTh Th H T O TTh Th H T O
8 7 6 3 2 8 7 6 3 2

ti
– 4 2 1 0 2 – 4 2 1 0 2
0 3 0

ca

Step 3: Subtract the hundreds. Step 4: Subtract the thousands.
6 – 1 = 5 7–2=5

du
TTh Th H T O TTh Th H T O

E
8 7 6 3 2 8 7 6 3 2
– 4 2 1 0 2 a – 4 2 1 0 2
5 3 0 5 5 3 0

iv
Step 5: Subtract the ten thousands. 8 – 4 = 4
V

TTh Th H T O Mental Maths

8 7 6 3 2
©

– 4 2 1 0 2 50,250 – 40,200 =
t

4 5 5 3 0

h

So, 87,632 – 42,102 = 45,530.

ig

Example 2: Subtract 2,30,452 from 5,46,793.

yr

Solution: L TTh Th H T O
5 4 6 7 9 3
op

– 2 3 0 4 5 2
3 1 6 3 4 1
C

So, 5,46,793 – 2,30,452 = 3,16,341.

Subtraction without borrowing can also be done by writing numbers in the expanded form
and then subtracting.

36
Example 3: Subtract 53,121 from 87,462.
Solution: TTh Th H T O
8 7 4 6 2 80,000 + 7,000 + 400 + 60 + 2
–
– 5 3 1 2 1 50,000 + 3,000 + 100 + 20 + 1
(–) (–) (–) (–) (–)
3 4 3 4 1

on
30,000 + 4,000 + 300 + 40 + 1

ti
EXERCISE 4.1

ca
1. Solve and identify the minuend, subtrahend and difference. Write in the given table.
(a) 57,487 – 26,312 = Minuend Subtrahend Difference

du
(a)
(b) 68,716 – 32,405 =
(b)

E
(c) 9,28,492 – 7,16,430 = (c)
(d)
(d) 5,45,169 – 3,10,023 = a
iv
2. Subtract the numbers.
(a) TTh Th H T O (b) TTh Th H T O
V

7 6 5 3 2 6 2 1 8 5
– 4 3 1 0 2 – 2 0 1 3 4
©
h t

(c) L TTh Th H T O (d) L TTh Th H T O

4 3 0 5 9 7 9 8 6 3 5 2
ig

– 1 2 0 3 5 2 – 7 5 2 1 4 0
yr
op

3. Change to numbers and solve. Write the answer in words.

(a) Thirty-five thousand seven hundred thirty-five minus Twenty-four thousand three
hundred one
C

(b) Fifty-seven thousand six hundred ninety-two minus Thirty-four thousand three
hundred fifty-one
(c) Four lakhs fifty-nine thousand three hundred four minus One lakh twenty-six
thousand one hundred two

37
 Subtraction of Numbers (with borrowing or regrouping)
Look at the given examples to see how to subtract large numbers with borrowing.

Example 4: Subtract 32,179 from 61,452.

Solution: TTh Th H T O

on
4 12
6 1 4 5 2 Step 1: Subtract the ones.
But, 2 – 9 is not possible.
– 3 2 1 7 9
Borrow 1 ten or 10 ones from the tens

ti
3 place and add it to 2 ones.

ca
10 ones + 2 ones = 12 ones
Thus, 12 – 9 = 3.

du
TTh Th H T O
14 Step 2: Subtract the remaining tens.
3 4 12
6 1 4 5 2 But, 4 – 7 is not possible.

E

– 3 2 1 7 9 Borrow 1 hundred or 10 tens from the
hundreds place and add it to 4 tens.
a
7 3
10 tens + 4 tens = 14 tens
iv
Thus, 14 – 7 = 7.
V

TTh Th H T O
14 Step 3: Subtract the remaining hundreds.
©

3 4 12
6 1 4 5 2 3–1=2
– 3 2 1 7 9
t

2 7 3
h
ig
yr

TTh Th H T O
14 Step 4: Subtract the thousands.
5 11 3 4 12
op

6 1 4 5 2 But, 1 – 2 is not possible.


– 3 2 1 7 9 Borrow 1 ten thousand from the ten
thousands place and add it to
9 2 7 3
C

1 thousand.
10 thousands + 1 thousand =
11 thousands
Thus, 11 – 2 = 9.

38
 TTh Th H T O
14 Step 5: Subtract the remaining ten thousands.
5 11 3 4 12
6 1 4 5 2 5–3=2
– 3 2 1 7 9
2 9 2 7 3

on
So, 61,452 – 32,179 = 29,273.
A Challenge!
Example 5: Subtract 40,856 from 92,714.

ti
Complete the pattern.
Solution: TTh Th H T O 6 – = 5

ca
16 10
1 6 0 14 60 – = 50
9 2 7 1 4
600 – = 500
– 4 0 8 5 6

du
6,000 – = 5,000
5 1 8 5 8
60,000 – = 50,000

E
So, 92,714 – 40,856 = 51,858.
Example 6: Subtract 2,69,358 from 5,40,267. Write the problem with the answer in words.
a
Solution: L TTh Th H T O
iv
13 9
4 3 10 12 5 17
5 4 0 2 6 7
V

– 2 6 9 3 5 8
2 7 0 9 0 9
©

So, 5,40,267 – 2,69,358 = 2,70,909.

t

Writing in words, we have:

h

Five lakh forty thousand two hundred sixty-seven minus Two lakh sixty-nine
ig

thousand three hundred fifty-eight gives Two lakh seventy thousand nine
hundred nine
yr

Subtraction with Zeros

op

Example 7: Subtract 48,256 from 87,002.

Solution: TTh Th H T O
9 9 Step 1: Subtract the ones.
C

6 10 10 12
8 7 0 0 2 But, 2 – 6 is not possible.
– 4 8 2 5 6
6

39
 (a) Borrow 1 ten from the tens place. Since the digit at the tens place is 0,
we cannot borrow.
(b) Shift to borrowing 1 hundred from the hundreds place. But again the
digit at the hundreds place is 0.
(c) Shift to borrowing 1 thousand from the thousands place. Add 1 thousand
or 10 hundreds to the hundreds place.

on
10 hundreds + 0 hundreds = 10 hundreds
(Now we have 6 at the thousands place).

ti
(d) Borrow 1 hundred or 10 tens from the hundreds place and add to 0 tens.

ca
10 tens + 0 tens = 10 tens
(Now we have 9 at the hundreds place).

du
(e) Borrow 1 ten or 10 ones from the tens place and add to 2 ones.
10 ones + 2 ones = 12 ones
12 is bigger than 6.

E
Thus, 12 – 6 = 6.
(Now we have 9 at the tens place.)
a
iv
Step 2: Subtract the remaining tens. Step 3: Subtract the remaining
9 – 5 = 4 hundreds.  9 – 2 = 7
V

TTh Th H T O TTh Th H T O
9 9 9 9
6 10 10 12 6 10 10 12
©

8 7 0 0 2 8 7 0 0 2
– 4 8 2 5 6 – 4 8 2 5 6
t

4 6 7 4 6
h

ig

TTh Th H T O
Step 4: Subtract the remaining thousands.
yr

16 9 9
7 6 10 10 12
8 7 0 0 2 But, 6 – 8 is not possible.

– 4 8 2 5 6 Borrow 1 ten thousand or 10 thousands
op

from the ten thousands place and add

8 7 4 6
it to 6 thousands.
C

10 thousands + 6 thousands =

16 thousands
16 is bigger than 8.
Thus, 16 – 8 = 8.

40
 TTh Th H T O
16 9 9 Step 5: Subtract the remaining ten thousands.
7 6 10 10 12
8 7 0 0 2 7–4=3
– 4 8 2 5 6
3 8 7 4 6

on
So, 87,002 – 48,256 = 38,746.

Example 8: Subtract 1,57,936 from 4,60,082.

ti
Solution: L TTh Th H T O

ca
9
5 10 10 7 12
4 6 0 0 8 2

du
– 1 5 7 9 3 6
3 0 2 1 4 6

E
So, 4,60,082 –1,57,936 = 3,02,146.

Subtraction: Input/Output a
To solve input/output problems, subtract the number given in the problem from each
iv
number in the input column and write the answer in the output column.
Example 9: Subtract 100. Solution:
V

Input Output Input Output
©

68,275 68,275 68,175

74,163 74,163 74,063
t

98,206 98,206 98,106

h

2,53,490 2,53,490 2,53,390

ig

5,06,318 5,06,318 5,06,218

yr

EXERCISE 4.2
op

1. Subtract the following numbers.

(a) TTh Th H T O (b) TTh Th H T O
C

4 2 3 1 7 5 0 7 0 2
– 1 0 6 2 5 – 1 3 8 5 4

41
 (c) L TTh Th H T O (d) L TTh Th H T O
6 8 7 0 0 3 7 0 0 6 1 0
– 2 9 9 4 6 5 – 3 9 1 7 8 4

on
2. Find the following differences.
(a) 50,871 – 23,692 (b) 64,012 – 35,794 (c) 3,45,726 – 1,80,313
(d) 9,04,750 – 4,36,927 (e) 2,78,005 – 82,796 (f ) 5,54,132 – 97,864

ti
3. Solve the following Input/Output problems.

ca
(a) Subtract 10. (b) Subtract 1000.
Input Output
Input Output

du
24,976 24,966 69,243
18,417 45,197

E
38,527 3,81,263
2,91,013 a 5,04,182 5,03,182
3,52,129 2,90,753
iv
V

4. Which of the two is correct? Give reasons.

(a) TTh Th H T O (b) TTh Th H T O
©

12 12 9 9
5 2 10 10 15 5 2 10 10 15
6 3 0 0 5 6 3 0 0 5
– 2 4 8 7 6 – 2 4 8 7 6
h t

3 8 2 3 9 3 8 1 2 9
ig

Checking Subtraction
yr

To check subtraction, add the difference of the two numbers to the subtrahend to get the
minuend.
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Example 10: Subtract 37,254 from 85,106 and check your answer.
Solution:  TTh Th H T O
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14 10
7 4 0 10
8 5 1 0 6 ← Minuend
– 3 7 2 5 4 ← Subtrahend
4 7 8 5 2 ← Difference 

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 Checking
TTh Th H T O
1 1 1
4 7 8 5 2 ← Difference
+ 3 7 2 5 4 ← Subtrahend
8 5 1 0 6 ← Minuend

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Example 11: Subtract 4,25,178 from 7,60,085 and check your answer.

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Solution:  L TTh Th H T O

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9
5 10 10 7 15
7 6 0 0 8 5 ← Minuend
– 4 2 5 1 7 8 ← Subtrahend

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3 3 4 9 0 7 ← Difference

Checking 

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L TTh Th H T O
1
7 ← Difference
3 1
3 1
4 9 0
a
8 ← Subtrahend
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+ 4 2 5 1 7
7 6 0 0 8 5 ← Minuend
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Finding the Missing Digits

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Let’s learn how to find missing digits in a problem on subtraction, with the help of an
example.
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Example 12: Find the missing digits.

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TTh Th H T O
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Remember
5 ? 6 ? 2 To find the missing digits,
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always start from ones and

– ? 5 ? 4 1
then move towards left.
3 2 3 4 ?
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Solution: TTh Th H T O
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5 Step 1: S ubtract the ones to get the missing

? 6 ? 2
digit of the difference.
– ? 5 ? 4 1
2–1=1
3 2 3 4 ?

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 TTh Th H T O
5 ? Step 2: To find the missing minuend in the
6 8 2
tens column, add the subtrahend to
– ? 5 ? 4 1
the difference.
3
2 3 4 1 4+4=8

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TTh Th H T O
5 ? Step 3: In the hundreds column, to find the
6 8 2

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missing subtrahend, subtract the
– ? 5 3 4 1
difference from the minuend.

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3
2 3 4 1 6–3=3

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TTh Th H T O
5 7 Step 4: In the thousands column, to find
6 8 2
the missing minuend, add the

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– ? 5 3 4 1
subtrahend to the difference.
3
2 3 4 1 5+2=7 a
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TTh Th H T O
5 7 Step 5: In the ten thousands column, to find
6 8 2
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the missing subtrahend, subtract the

– 2 5 3 4 1
difference from the minuend.
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3
2 3 4 1 5–3=2
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Example 13: Find the missing digits.

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L TTh Th H T O
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? 7 6 3 2 ?
– 4 5 ? 4 ? 0
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4 ? 8 ? 6 4
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Solution: L TTh Th H T O
15 12
Maths Fun
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6 5 2 12
8 7 6 3 2 4
– 4 5 7 4 6 0 How many times can you
subtract 10 from 100?
4 1 8 8 6 4

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 EXERCISE 4.3

1. Subtract and check your answer.

(a) TTh Th H T O Check

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5 8 7 6 3
– 2 4 5 3 1

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(b) TTh Th H T O Check
8 2 0 6 4

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– 4 7 9 8 3

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(c) L TTh Th H T O Check
a
9 6 4 7 3 1
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– 5 2 4 3 1 0
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T O Check
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(d) L TTh Th H
8 4 3 0 0 2
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– 6 5 9 7 4 8
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2. Find the following differences and check your answers.

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(a) 46,213 – 24,103 (b) 78,036 – 49,157 (c) 92,003 – 794

(d) 3,25,156 – 1,00,032 (e) 6,02,071 – 3,41,598 (f ) 5,08,906 – 9,984
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3. Find the missing digits.

(a) TTh Th H T O (b) L TTh Th H T O
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5 ? 1 3 ? ? 7 ? 8 ? 1
– ? 0 1 ? 4 – 4 ? 2 5 6 ?
3 2 ? 2 2 2 4 3 ? 3 0

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 (c) TTh Th H T O (d) L TTh Th H T O
7 6 4 0 3 9 1 5 0 8 4
– ? 8 ? 1 6 – ? 6 ? 4 2 ?
3 ? 8 ? ? 3 ? 0 ? ? 7

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Estimating Differences
To estimate the difference, round off the minuend and subtrahend to the nearest 10, 100,

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1,000, 10,000 and so on and then subtract the rounded off numbers.

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Example 14: Estimate the difference between 58,234 and 35,794 by rounding off the
numbers to the nearest 100. Check whether the estimated difference is correct
or not.

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Solution: Estimated Value Actual Value
TTh Th H T O TTh Th H T O

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7 12 11
5 8 2 0 0 7 1 13
5 8 2 3 4
– 3 5 8 0 0
a – 3 5 7 9 4
2 2 4 0 0
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2 2 4 4 0

The actual value 22,440 when rounded off to the nearest 100 is 22,400. So,
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the estimated value is correct.

Example 15: Estimate the difference between 7,45,236 and 4,63,815 by rounding off the
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numbers to the nearest 1,000. Check whether the estimated difference is

correct or not.
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Solution: Estimated Value Actual Value

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L TTh Th H T O L TTh Th H T O
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6 14 6 14 4 12
7 4 5 0 0 0 7 4 5 2 3 6
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– 4 6 4 0 0 0 – 4 6 3 8 1 5
2 8 1 0 0 0 2 8 1 4 2 1
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The actual value 2,81,421 when rounded off to the nearest 1,000 is 2,81,000.
So, the estimated value is correct.
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Solving Word Problems

Example 16: Tarun and Ravi have 21,618 coins. If Tarun has 15,025 coins, how many coins
does Ravi have?

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Solution: Total coins with Tarun and Ravi = 21,618
TTh Th H T O
Number of coins with Tarun = 15,025 1 11 5 11
2 1 6 1 8
Number of coins with Ravi = 21,618 – 15,025
= 6,593 – 1 5 0 2 5
So, Ravi has 6,593 coins. 0 6 5 9 3

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Example 17: The sum of two numbers is 3,54,370. If one number is 1,82,756, what is the
other number?

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Solution: Sum = 3,54,370 L TTh Th H T O
2 15 3 13 6 10
One number = 1,82,756 3 5 4 3 7 0

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Other number = Sum – Given number – 1 8 2 7 5 6
= 3,54,370 – 1,82,756
1 7 1 6 1 4

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= 1,71,614
So, the other number is 1,71,614.

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Framing Word Problems
For a given subtraction fact, we frame word problems in the same manner as we do for an
a
addition fact.
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Example 18: Frame two word problems for 8,750 – 2,375 = ?
Solution: 1. 8,750 jeans were manufactured in a factory. If 2,375 jeans were sold out,
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how many jeans were left?

2. Mr Jha deposited ` 8,750 in the bank. He withdrew ` 2,375 in January.
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How much money is left in his account?

Addition and Subtraction Together

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When a sum contains addition as well as subtraction, first add the numbers that do not have
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‘–’ sign in front of them and then add the numbers that have ‘–’ sign and find their difference.
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Example 19: 10,129 + 15,372 – 14,013 = ?

1 1
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Solution: 10129 Step 1: A

 dd the numbers that do not have a minus sign in
+15372 front of them.
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25501
9
4 10 11
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25501 Step 2: S ubtract the number that has a minus sign in front
–14013 of it from the sum.
11488
So, 10,129 + 15,372 – 14,013 = 11,488.

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 Example 20: 3,803 – 990 + 1,536 – 838 = ?
1
Solution: 3803 Step 1: A
 dd the numbers that do not have a minus sign in
+1536 front of them.
5339

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1
9 9 0 Step 2: A
 dd the numbers that have a minus sign in front of
+838 them.

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1828

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4 13
5 3 3 9 Step 3: Subtract the sum of step 2 from the sum of step 1.
–1828

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3511

So, 3,803 – 990 + 1,536 – 838 = 3,511.

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Example 21: 34,755 – 21,035 – 9,345 = ?
Solution: 3475 5
a
Step 1: Subtract the second number from the first one.
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–2103 5
1372 0
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0 13  6  11 10
1
13720 Step 2: Subtract the third number from their difference.
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–9345
4375
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So, 34,755 – 21,035 – 9,345 = 4,375.

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Alternatively,

1 1
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21035 Step 1: Add the numbers that have minus sign.

+9345
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30380

6 15
  3 4 7 5 5 Step 2: Subtract the sum in step 1 from 34,755.
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–30380
  04375

So, 34,755 – 21,035 – 9,345 = 4,375.

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 EXERCISE 4.4

1. Solve the following estimation.

(a) 47,213 – 23,106 (round off to the nearest 100)
(b) 85,326 – 46,173 (round off to the nearest 100)

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(c) 6,37,126 – 4,28,623 (round off to the nearest 1,000)
(d) 4,21,073 – 2,34,475 (round off to the nearest 1,000)

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2. The population of town A was 5,46,300. After a few years, 2,75,150 people moved from
town A to town B. What is the population of town A now?

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3. A wholesale dealer had 7,25,370 pens. He supplied 5,77,850 pens to shopkeepers. How
many pens is he left with?

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4. The sum of two numbers is 2,05,618. If one number is 96,750, what is the other number?
5. Find the number which when added to 87,325 gives the sum as 1,25,734.
6. What number should be subtracted from 6,82,357 to get 4,96,576?

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(Hint: Here the minuend and difference are given.)
7. What number is 36,851 less than 87,625?
a

(Hint: Here the subtrahend and minuend are given.)
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8. Frame one word problem for each of the following. Then solve to find the answer.
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(a) 23,915 – 12,640 = ? (b) 8,750 – 2,375 = ?

(c) 1,50,720 – 82,625 = ? (d) 17,345 – 12,598 = ?
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9. Solve the following sums.

(a) 36,129 + 25,421 – 22,970 (b) 75,364 + 82,915 – 47,698 – 20,521
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(c) 3,45,290 – 1,06,234 + 45,781 (d) 1,59,121 – 93,421 – 45,603

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LET’S EVALUATE
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1. Subtract the following numbers.

(a) TTh Th H T O (b) L TTh Th H T O
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5 6 3 8 4 4 2 5 6 1 7
– 2 8 9 7 5 – 2 8 0 5 9 2

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 2. Find the following differences and check your answer.
(a) 45,068 – 32,126 (b) 76,182 – 49,327
(c) 2,18,753 – 95,034 (d) 3,92,005 – 2,18,672
3. Find the missing digits.
(a) TTh Th H T O (b) L TTh Th H T O

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8 ? 7 ? 6 5 3 4 0 ? 8
– ? 9 ? 7 4 – ? 6 ? 1 8 4

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2 2 8 7 ? 2 ? 6 ? 1 ?

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4. Find the difference between 6,37,248 and 4,92,731 using the estimation method by
rounding off to the nearest 1,000. Compare the actual value and the estimated

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value.
5. 2,79,846 students from various schools registered themselves for a drawing competition.

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Only 1,50,375 students participated in the competition. How many students did not
participate?
a
6. Frame a word problem for the following. Then solve to find the answer.
(a) 3,41,642 – 43,938 = ? (b) 2,79,859 – 1,32,450 = ?
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(c) 6,54,120 – 45,128 = ? (d) 7,00,563 – 5,99,000 = ?
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7. Solve the following sums.

(a) 23,185 – 19,200 + 7,82,374 – 6,07,521
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(b) 1,37,300 + 75,921 – 94,375

(c) 17,256 – 61,703 – 1,26,365 + 2,00,000
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(d) 1,23,548 – 36,249 – 513

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VALUES AND LIFE SKILLS

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1. Sunita had ` 1,60,475 in her account. She purchased jewellery for ` 85,650. How much
money is left in her account? Do you think students should wear any form of jewellery
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to school?
2. Amita saved her salary and collected ` 80,000 in her bank. She gave ` 32,920 to her
brother to pay his fees. How much money is she left with? Is Amita a good sister?
Justify your answer.

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 SCRATCH YOUR BRAIN

1. Write the number given in the oval as a difference of two numbers.

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5,520 – 1,000

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4,520

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2. Find and write the subtrahend and the minuend from the big box for the given
differences. a
(a) 453 621 250 174 (b) 1,326 1,285 926 945
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– = 447 – = 400
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(c) 3,125 2,143 3,146 2,125 (d) 2,846 3,127 1,982 4,000

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– = 1,003 – = 864
3. Radhika had ` 2,45,325 in her account. She withdrew ` 50,000 on Monday. Next day,
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she deposited ` 95,750 and withdrew ` 1,25,500 on Wednesday. How much money is
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there in her account now?

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4. Kishore had 70,250 marbles. He gave 21,375 marbles to his friend Amit and purchased
1,575 more marbles. How many marbles does Kishore have now?
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5. Look at the given figures and answer the following questions.

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Arushi Saina Rohit Aditya Jaspreet Sunil

150 cm 165 cm 187 cm 158 cm 175 cm 192 cm

51
 (a) Which student is the tallest?
(b) What is the total height of all the girls?
(c) Find the difference between the total height of the boys and the total height of
the girls.
(d) What is the total height of students whose names start with the letter A?

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(e) Find the difference between the total height of students whose names start with
the letter A and the total height of the remaining students.

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GROUP ACTIVITY

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To reinforce the concept of forming the smallest and the greatest 5-digit numbers and
understand subtraction of 5-digit numbers
Things We Need: White sheets of paper and a pencil

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How To Do:
1. Divide the class into groups of 5.
a
2. Every child of each group will write a digit of his/her own choice. So, each group will
iv
have 5 digits.
3. From the digits obtained, each group will form the greatest and the smallest 5-digit
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numbers and find the difference between them.

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Greatest 5-digit Smallest 5-digit

Digits obtained Difference
number number
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4. The teacher will give points to each group on the basis of their answer. The group
with maximum points will be the winner.
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 ASSESSMENT SHEET 1

I. Choose the correct answer.

1. Three million fifty-four thousand one hundred seven is written as:
(a) 3,54,107 (b) 3,054,107 (c) 30,54,107 (d) 30,054,107

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2. The predecessor of 6,08,300 is:
(a) 6,08,299 (b) 6,08,329 (c) 6,07,300 (d) 6,07,299

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3. The Roman numeral for 99 is:
(a) CXIX (b) XCXI (c) XCIX (d) CXXI

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4. The Hindu-Arabic numeral for DCXCIV is:
(a) 686 (b) 696 (c) 684 (d) 694

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5. The estimated sum of 15,264; 7,427 and 9,382 when the numbers are rounded to
the nearest 1,000 is:

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(a) 34,000 (b) 33,000 (c) 32,000 (d) 31,000
6. The number which is subtracted from another number is called:
a
(a) minuend (b) subtrahend (c) difference (d) none of these
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7. The value of 96,042 + 2,875 – 74,987 is:
(a) 23,930 (b) 24,120 (c) 23,030 (d) 24,030
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8. The sum of two numbers is 18,260. If one number is 9,384, the other number is:
(a) 8,976 (b) 8,876 (c) 8,886 (d) 8,986
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II. Solve and answer.

1. 6,00,000 + 80,000 + 200 + 4 = ___________
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2. The successor of 58,69,899 is ___________.

h

3. Arrange in ascending order:

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3,26,597; 3,25,795; 3,25,597; 3,26,795  _____________________________________

4. The sum of the largest 6-digit number and the largest 5-digit number is
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____________.
5. 6,92,178 + 3,05,294 – 5,88,976 = _____________
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6. 9,76,259 – 9,76,258 = ___________

7. The value of CDLXV – CCCXXIV is ___________.
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8. The Roman numeral for MDCCXLIII is ___________.

9. What should be subtracted from 30,49,800 to get 5,39,200?  _______________
10. 6,07,08,234 – 6,07,08,234 + 6,07,08,234 = ___________

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C
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a
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