Chemical Analysis of Heavy Metal Contamination in River Yamuna (In Special Reference To District Mathura U.p.)

Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies,
Online ISSN 2278-8808, SJIF 2021 = 7.380, www.srjis.com

PEER REVIEWED & REFEREED JOURNAL, NOV-DEC, 2022, VOL- 10/74
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION IN RIVER
YAMUNA (IN SPECIAL REFERENCE TO DISTRICT MATHURA U.P.)
Kaushal Kishor Singh1, Ph. D. & Yogendra Kumar Saraswat2, Ph. D.

1
Department of Chemistry; S V College ALIGARH, U.P.
E-mail: kksinghsvc@gmail.com
2
Department of Chemistry; B.S.A. College Mathura, U.P.
Paper Received On: 25 DECEMBER 2022

Peer Reviewed On: 31 DECEMBER 2022
Published On: 01 JANUARY 2023
Abstract
The heavy metals, which are toxic at low concentrations find their way into animals and humans
through air, drinking water and food; and, can reach higher concentrations which may become
poisonous due to bioaccumulation. Heavy metals concentration in Yamuna river water at Mathura
U.P., Cadmium (Cd) value was found to be ranged from ND to 0.052 mg/L. The mean concentration
of Arsenic (As) ranged from 0.007 to 0.103 mg/L. Lead (Pb) value varied from 0.009 to 0.130 mg/L.
Chromium (Cr) content in water ranged from 0.014 to 0.252 mg/L. The Nickel (Ni) concentration
ranged from 0.010 to 0.144 mg/L with the lower value obtained during the post-monsoon. Copper
(Cu) varied from 0.029 to 0.189 mg/L. The concentration of Zinc (Zn) in water varied from 3.733 to
20.788 mg/L. The results revealed that heavy metals except Copper (Cu) and Mercury (Hg) were
beyond the permissible limits as per Indian standard for drinking water.
Key-words: Heavy metals, Inorganic substances, Metalloid, Bioaccumulation
Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com
Objective: To assess Heavy Metals residues in water samples collected from river Yamuna
at Mathura City Uttar Pradesh.
Experimental:
Pollutants may include inorganic substances like metal, nonmetal, metalloid and organic
substances comprising compounds such as aromatic, aliphatic and polycyclic as well as
halogenated and non-halogenated substances including explosives and pesticides in river
water. The major pollutants of water bodies are heavy metals poorly treated and disposed into
the environment from industrial and municipal sewer waste discharges. The heavy metals,
which are toxic at low concentrations find their way into animals and humans through air,
Copyright © 2022, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

Dr. Kaushal Kishor Singh & Dr. Yogendra Kumar Saraswat 17893
Pg. (17892-17895)
drinking water and food; and, can reach higher concentrations which may become poisonous
due to bioaccumulation.
Water contamination, especially by heavy metals, is a serious ecological concern even at low
doses; they are non-biodegradable and have the ability to bioaccumulate via the food chain.
Other metals such as Fe, Cu and Zn are essential for life, however, they can be hazardous to
living-organisms if consumed taken at higher concentrations.Toxic metals may be classified
as heavy, regardless of their density or atomic mass and belong to a subset of elements
exhibiting metallic properties. Examples include transition metals, metalloids, lanthanides,
and actinides. Heavy metals can also be defined as common transition metals and include
copper, lead and zinc that can cause environmental contamination from sources such as
leaded petrol, leaching metal ions from soil into rivers and lakes and effluents from industrial
plants. The collected water samples were evaluated for parameters: (i) Physico-chemical
parameters like Color, pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Alkalinity, Heavy Metals (Lead,
Chromium, Arsenic, Cadmium, Nickel, Mercury, Copper, Iron, and Zinc), and Pesticide
residues.
Heavy metals analysis of water sample: Emission spectroscopy using ICP-MS is a fast,
specific and latest method for the assessment of metals concentration in water samples. After
proper digestion, dissolved metals are evaluated.
Apparatus: Inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometer. Reagents & Standards De-
ionized water, Hydrochloric acid, HCl, concentration (ultra-high-purity grade), Nitric acid
(HNO3), conc. (supra pure grade) Nitric acid (HNO3), 1+1: Add 500mL of conc. HNO3, to
400mL water and diluted to make 1L. Stock, standard, and other required solutions of multi-
elements stock solutions (1000 mg/L) (NIST traceable) Instrument optimization/tuning
solution: containing Be, Cd, Co, Cu, Ge, In, Rh, Sc, Tb, and Ti, (used for sensitivity and
stability check), Ba (for doubly-charged check), Ce (for oxide check), Mg (mass calibration
check), and lead (mass-calibration check). Prepared this solution in 2% nitric acid. This
standard-mix has all common elements required to optimize and tune many parameters
evaluated by ICP-MS. Standard calibration: A standard calibration at 5 points is
recommended, from 0 to 100 µg/L. Method blank: It was a reagent water analyzed closely as
a test sample. Zinc is essential micronutrients for all living organisms including humans and
it’s a component of proteins which are involved in DNA replication and translation, but it
also has the adverse effect such as vomiting, diarrhoea, blooded urine, icterus, liver, and
Pg. (17892-17895)
kidney abnormalities and anaemia. During the study, the mean concentration of in water
samples varied from 3.733 to 20.788 mg/L. Chemical reagents In this study, Certified
reference material (CRM) of individual heavy metal (Pb, Cd, Cr, As & Ni) and supra-pure
nitric acid (HNO3) of analytical grade were purchased from Merck. Working solution
standard was made by dissolving stock solution (1000 mL) in de-ionized distilled water.
Concentraation capacity (%) as given
HM= Heavy Metal
HM reduced (mg/L) x 100
Percentage of HM reduced= -----------------------------------------------
HM supplemented to the nutrient (mg/L)
Discussion and Results: Lately, heavy metal pollution, toxicity, and bioaccumulation have
become a global issue due to its impact on health of humans, invertebrates, and fish. Heavy
metals can also have long-lasting negative implications on aquatic life and as a causative
agent for disease. Heavy metals concentration in Yamuna river water at Mathura U.P.,
Cadmium (Cd) value was found to be ranged from ND to 0.057 mg/L. The mean
concentration of Arsenic (As) ranged from 0.009 to 0.121 mg/L. Lead (Pb) value varied from
0.009 to 0.130 mg/L. Chromium (Cr) content in water ranged from 0.017 to 0.285 mg/L. The
Nickel (Ni) concentration ranged from 0.019 to 0.184 mg/L with the lower value obtained
during the post-monsoon. Copper (Cu) varied from 0.039 to 0.198 mg/L. The concentration
of Zinc (Zn) in water varied from 3.75to 22.75mg/L. The results revealed that heavy metals
except Copper (Cu) and Mercury (Hg) were beyond the permissible limits as per Indian
standard for drinking water.
A number of pathological modification of organs and proper functioning of the central
nervous system have been attributed to Lead. Cadmium has also been found to be toxic to
cardiovascular, kidneys and bones whereas arsenic is carcinogenic to humans. The heavy
metal Mercury can exhibit neurotoxicity and teratogenicity, particularly in its organic form.
As a result, international nongovernmental institutions such as the Food and Agricultural
Organization (FAO) and the World Health Organization (WHO) have set maximum residual
limits of heavy metals in food and food products for testing their safety (Kumar Snoj 2017).
The levels of various heavy metals in water bodies and living things have become of
paramount importance in order to comprehend their toxicity effects (Satapathy and Panda,
2018); and in recent times, there has been a quantum interest on studies on pollution of
Pg. (17892-17895)
aquatic ecosystems with heavy metals and means of its estimation in human foods,
particularly, fish (Singh B. 2018).
Suggestion : Need to develop new genetically modified strain by using CRISPER Cas9
technology for more and rapid degradation of heavy metal waste.
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Banerjee, S. 2011. Arsenic accumulating and transforming bacteria isolated from contaminated soil
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Tripathi A., 2002. Bioremediation of toxic chromium from electroplating effluent by chromate-
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Gupta N. and Pandey P. 2017. Effect of physicochemical and biological parameters on the quality of
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Ecological Indicators, Vol.8(5)

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Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies,

Online ISSN 2278-8808, SJIF 2021 = 7.380, www.srjis.com

Kaushal Kishor Singh1, Ph. D. & Yogendra Kumar Saraswat2, Ph. D.

Paper Received On: 25 DECEMBER 2022

Scholarly Research Journal's is licensed Based on a work at www.srjis.com

Copyright © 2022, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

Copyright © 2022, Scholarly Research Journal for Interdisciplinary Studies

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