DEGREE OF RELIABITY OF THE SIMPLIFIED

HANDBOOK ON UNDER CHASSIS PROBLEMS REPAIR

By

Deemar Arsing

John Michael Lagda

Jojo Belino

A Research Proposal Submitted to BVS-Colleges

In Fulfillment of the Requirements for

Bachelor in Technical-Vocational Teacher Education

December 2022
 CHAPTER I

Introduction

This study is conducted to determine the degree of reliability of the simplified handbook

on under-chassis problems repair. Nowadays, cars are the best partners when it comes to

travelling and transportation because less time is consumed. In order to prolong the lifespan of a

car, repair is needed when encountering problems. Repairing is not simple because in every

problem, there are proper steps that needs to be followed. To know these steps, a reliable

handbook is needed.

Background of the Study

Most car owners use their vehicles for work purposes like commuting from home to

workplace and for delivering goods and services. Over the past decades motor vehicles became

the primary mode of transportation in developing countries (Schoor et al., 2000). As time pass

by, mechanical failures will occur and may lead to road accident without having it repaired,

example of these are tires and brake failure. Data obtained from accident response units (ARU)

indicate that tires and brakes were the main contributors to mechanical failures resulting in

accidents in the Pretoria region (Gauteng Province). The roadside survey (potential mechanical

defect tests (PMDT)) indicated that 40% of the vehicles surveyed on the suburban road and 29%

of the vehicles surveyed on the highway had mechanical defects that contravened current road

and traffic regulations in South Africa and may, therefore, be at risk of causing an accident due

to a mechanical failure (Schoor et al., 2000). Road traffic accidents (RTAs) have turned out to be

a huge global public health and development problem (Hunde & Aged, 2015).

When travelling, driver and passengers’ safety depends on the condition of the vehicle so

maintaining the good condition of a vehicle is an essential role also to prolong the car’s lifespan.
Vehicle maintenance is one of the major concerns in road safety as it can prevent mishaps due to

defects in a car’s roadworthiness. Poor vehicle maintenance may not just pose dangers to the

owners/drivers and their passengers, but also to the safety of other road users as it could be a

primary reason for a road accident to occur. It is important to ensure that a car is well-maintained

in order to keep its roadworthiness as good as when it passed the quality inspection at the

assembly line. This is certainly far from ideal since all car components and the overall system

will be degraded over time due to use and many other factors. Preventive Maintenance (PM) is

conducted to keep car systems and components in working order, as well as to extend their lives

(Jawi et al., 2012).

One of the parts of vehicle that should be maintained is the under-chassis. Let us take a

look on what is chassis first.

Chassis is one of the important parts that used in automotive industry. This structure was

the bigger component in the any automobile vehicle, the vehicle shape dependent to this chassis.

Also known as the “backbone” of the vehicle, because all the major component of a vehicle are

place on it. The main function of the chassis is not only support the components and payload

mounted upon it including engine, body, passengers and luggage, but also to maintain the desired

relationship between the suspension and steering mechanism mounting points. The greater the

energy absorbed by the chassis on impact the lower the energy levels transmitted to a vehicles

occupants and surroundings, lowering the chances of injury. the chassis is subjected to stress,

bending moment and vibrations due to road roughness, weather and components that mounted on

it, When the truck travels along the road, Stress that acting on chassis is varies with the

displacement and each part on the car chassis. The major challenge in today’s ground vehicle

industry is to overcome the increasing demands for higher performance, lower weight in order to
satisfy fuel economy requirements, and longer life of components, all this at a reasonable cost

and in a short period of time also give new safety requirements (Agrwal & Razik, 2013).

The automotive chassis includes suspension, steering, and braking systems. The

suspension system allows the vehicle to travel over rough surfaces with a minimum of up-and-

down body movement.. The steering system allows the driver to control the direction of vehicle

travel. The brake system hold the vehicle stationary when applied (Crouse & Anglin, 1993).

Whenever performing a task, a handbook is very informative in order to have a good

output. The handbook guides readers through the field’s rich history, sorts out its component

constructs, and identifies knowledge gaps to be filled (Christenson et al., 2012).

REVIEW ON RELATED LITERATURE

UNDER CHASSIS

According to Crouse and Anglin (1993), the automotive chassis includes suspension, steering,

and braking systems.

SUSPENSION SYSTEM- the purpose is to support the weight of the vehicle, cushion bumps

and holes in the road, maintain traction between the tires and the road, and hold the wheels in

alignment allows the vehicle to travel over rough surfaces with a minimum of up-and-down body

movement.
COMPONENTS OF SUSPENSION SYSTEM

The suspension system components include springs and related parts that support the weight of

the vehicle body on the axles and wheels. The springs and shock absorbers are the two main

parts. The spring support the weight of the vehicle and its load and absorb road shocks. The

shock absorbers help control or dampen spring action.

TYPES OF SPRINGS

1. Coil Spring - is made of a length of round spring-steel rod wound into a coil. Some coil

springs are made from a tapered rod. This gives the spring a variable spring rate. As the spring is

compressed, its resistance to further compression increases.

2. Leaf Spring - two types of leaf springs are single-leaf and multileaf springs. These have

several flexible steel plates of graduated length, stacked and held together by clips. In operation,

the spring bends to absorb road shocks. The plates bend and slide on each other to permit this

action. Coil spring made from tapered rod. The rod is larger in diameter at the center of the coil.

3. Torsion Bar – is a straight rod of spring steel, rigidly fastened at one end to the vehicle frame

or body. The other end attaches to an upper or lower control arm. As the control arm swings up

and down in response to wheel movement, the torsion bar twists to provide spring action.

4. Air Spring – is a rubber cylinder or air bag filled with compressed air. A plastic piston on the

lower control arm moves up and down with the lower control arm. This causes the compressed

air to provide spring action. If the load in the vehicle changes, a valve at the top of the airbag

opens to add or release air. An air compressor connected to the valve keeps the air springs

inflated.
Sprung and Unsprung Weight - The total weight of the vehicle includes the sprung weight and

the unsprung weight. The sprung weight is the weight supported by springs. The unsprung

weight is the part not supported by the springs. This includes the weight of drive axles, axle

shafts, wheels, and tires.

Spring Rate – The softness or hardness of a spring is its spring rate. This is the load required to

move a spring a specified distance.

Controlling Spring Action – the ideal spring for automotive suspension absorbs road shock

rapidly and then returns to its normal position slowly. This is difficult to attain, however, a very

flexible or soft spring allows too much movement. A stiff or hard spring gives too rough a ride.

A medium-soft spring and a shock absorber produce a satisfactory ride. The shock absorber

prevents spring override. This is excessive and continued spring action after a bump or hole has

been passed.

Shock Absorbers – A shock absorber is a tubular hydraulic device placed near each wheel to

control or dampen spring oscillations. On end of the shock absorber attaches to the vehicle body

or frame. The other end attaches to a moving suspension part such as the axle housing or a

control arm. Movement of the spring then causes the shock absorber to lengthen and shorten.

Shock-Absorber Operation – It is basically an oil-filled cylinder or tube in which a piston moves

up and down. This forces the oil or hydraulic fluid in the cylinder to flow through small fluid

passages or orifices in the piston. The resulting fluid friction limits spring bounce.

Gas-Filled Shock Absorbers – There is some air above the fluid in the shock absorber. During

compression and rebound, the rapid movement of the fluid between the chambers can mix the air
with the fluid. Then the fluid foams or aerates. When the piston moves through air or foam, it

meets little resistance.

Other Types of Shock Absorber – various vehicles and suspension systems use different types of

shock absorbers. Some shock absorbers can adjust vehicle height. Others can be reset to change

vehicle ride and handling. Shock absorbers with additional capabilities include spring-assisted,

adjustable, and air.

1. Spring-Assisted Shock Absorbers – Separately-mounted shock absorbers are used with many

suspension systems. Some of these shock absorbers have a variable-rate coil spring or assist

spring attached between the piston rod and the tube. These spring-assisted shock absorbers

combine spring action with shock-absorber action. This helps maintain proper vehicle height

regardless of load.

2. Adjustable Shock Absorbers- Some shock absorbers are adjustable, either by hand or

electronically. It has three positions that can be selected to change the firmness of the shock

absorber action. Turning the upper dust tube one way produces a harder ride. Turning it the other

way produces a harder ride.

3. Air Shock Absorbers- Air shock absorbers have a rubber boot surrounding the shock absorber.

This forms a sealed air chamber which is filled compressed air. The compressed air increases the

load-carrying capacity of the vehicle while maintaining proper rear-end height. Some shock

absorbers are filled through an air valve by attaching a service-station air hose.

STEERING AND SUSPENSION DIAGNOSE AND SERVICE

The driver may bring the vehicle to the technicians because of a variety of steering and

suspension troubles. The technician can often determine the cause of the trouble by making a
road test and visual inspection. Some troubles are quickly located and repair. Others are more

difficult, sometimes an apparent steering problem is actually in the suspension system.

STEERING SYSTEM

The Steering System purpose the steering system controls the directional movements of the

vehicle. The steering system, in conjunction with the suspension system, provides control and

stability of the vehicle. The motion the operator makes at the steering wheel is transferred to the

front wheels. The basic function of the steering system is to allow the driver to steer the vehicle

safely and precisely. Beyond this, the steering system also provides a way to reduce driver effort

by making the act of steering the vehicle easier. Steering system, in automobiles, steering wheel,

gears, linkages, and other components used to control the direction of a vehicle motion. The

system contains a hydraulic booster, which operates when the engine is running and supplies

most of the necessary force when the driver turns the wheel.

MANUAL STEERING

The steering system has three major components. The steering wheel and steering shaft that

transmits the driver’s movement to the steering gear. The steering gear that increases the

mechanical advantage while changing the rotary motion of the steering wheel to linear motion.

The steering linkage that carries the linear motion to the steering arms.

TYPES OF STEERING GEAR

The two types of steering gear are widely used in automotive vehicles. These are the

recirculating ball steering gear and the rack and pinion steering gear. Both steering is made in

manual and power versions. A few vehicles have a worm and roller steering gear. It is similar to
the recirculating ball. Both use a pitman arm and the parallelogram steering linkage. The pitman

arm connects the steering gear output shaft to the steering linkage.

RECIRCULATING BALL STEERING GEAR

Trucks and large cars often have a recirculating ball steering gear. It has a sector gear on the

inner end of the output shaft. A sector gear is a section of gear teeth from a gearwheel. The

output shaft is called the sector shaft or pitman arm shaft. The teeth on the sector gear mesh with

the teeth of ball nut. It rides on the worm gear that connects to the end of the steering shaft. Balls

roll in grooves inside the ball nut and the worm. As the steering shaft rotates, the worm forces

the balls to roll into grooves. The balls as they roll forces the ball nut to move up or down the

worm. Movement of the ball nut forces the pitman arm to shaft to turn. This swings the pitman

arm which forces the steering linkage to pivot the wheels for steering. The balls are the only

contact between the worm and nut. This reduces friction, the recirculating balls because they

recirculate from one end of the ball nut to the other end during steering. As the balls reach the

end of the groove in the ball nut, they enter the return guides. The balls then travel back to the

other end of the ball nut.

RACK AND PINION STEERING GEAR

Most smaller and down-sized vehicles used a rack and pinion steering gear. It has a pinion gear

on the end of the steering shaft that meshes with a flat rack of gear teeth. Tie rods connect the

ends of the rack to the steering arms which turn the steering knuckles and wheel inward or

outward. The inner end of the tie rods has balls which fit into ball sockets on the ends of the rack.

This allows the outer ends of the tie rods to move up and down with the steering knuckles and

wheels. Flexible rubber boots or bellows protect the steering gear from dust and water. Many
steering systems have an intermediate steering shaft between the steering column and the

steering gear. The intermediate shaft has a universal joint at the upper end a flexible coupling at

the lower end. These helps prevent road shock and noise from passing up through the steering

column to the driver.

POWER STEERING GEAR

A vehicle with a power steering arm has an energy source that aids the driver in turning the

wheels for steering. Most automotive power steering systems are hydraulic A pump supplies

high pressure fluid when the driver turns the steering wheel. This provides most of the required

steering effort. Some cars have electronic power steering.

TYPES OF POWER STEERING

Most power steering system are basically a manual a manual steering system with a power

booster added. In a power recirculating ball steering gear, the booster is a power cylinder and

piston built into the steering gear. This is integral power steering because the power booster is

integral with steering gear. It is also having a built in power cylinder and piston. A linkage type

power steering can be attached to manual steering gear. The power cylinder connects between

the vehicle body or frame and the steering linkage to provide the power assist. All hydraulic

power steering system work in the same general way. The hydraulic pump pressurizes the fluid.

Steering effort applied to the steering wheel causes the control valve to open and close fluid

passages. These either admit pressurized fluid into the power cylinder or relieve the pressure.

The pressurized fluid causes the piston to move providing most of the streaming effort.
POWER STEERING COMPONENTS

The power steering hydraulic system includes a control valve assembly and a power cylinder. In

addition, the system has a hydraulic pump, fluid reservoir, and connecting hoses. The reservoir

may be attached to the pump or separately mounted. A filter may be located in the reservoir or

hose to remove dirt and particles from the fluid. Some power steering system also have a fluid

cooler.

1. Power steering pump- The pump usually mounts at the front of the engine and is driven by a

belt from the engine crankshaft pulley. The high pressure can produce high pressure up to 2000

psi in some system. The rotor turns in an oval cam ring inside the pump housing. As the rotor

turns, the area between the rotor, cam ring, and vanes increases and decreases in size.

2. Hoses and fittings- most power-steering systems have a pressure hose and returned hose. The

hoses and fittings provide the fluid path between the power-steering pump and the control valve.

they are made to take high pressure, temperature extremes, and continual stretching flexing. The

hoses also help reduce noise from pump pulsations.

3. Fluid cooler- some vehicles with air conditioning and high under-hood temperatures have

small power-steering-fluid cooler. It prevents excessive fluid temperature that could damage

seals, vanes and other parts. The fluid cooler may simply be a loop in the tubing or a small heat

ex-changer at the front of the vehicle. On some vehicles the remote mounted reservoir provides

the necessary fluid cooling.

4. Power steering fluid- several different hydraulic fluids are used as power steering fluid. Some

manufactures specify either type F or dexton automatic transmission fluid. Other manufacturers
use a special power steering fluid. It is made to take the temperature and pressures. Only the

fluid recommend by the vehicle manufacturer should be used in a power steering system.

5. Power- steering pressure switch- some vehicles have powered-steering switch in the pressure

line between the pump and the steering gear the switch signals the engine control module to

increase engine idle speed when the pump pressure or power steering load is high. The switch

position can be read through the diagnostic connector with a scan tool.

AUTOMOTIVE BRAKES

1. The service brakes- operated by a foot pedal, which slow or stop the vehicle

2. The parking brakes - operated by a foot pedal or hand lever, which hold the vehicle stationary

when applied. Most automotive brakes are hydraulic brakes. They operated hydraulically by

pressure applied through a liquid. the services of foundation brakes on many medium and heavy

duty trucks and buses are operated by air pressure. There are air brakes. Many boat and camping

trailers have electric brakes. All these braking systems depends on friction between moving parts

and stationary parts for their stopping force.

DRUM-BRAKES OPERATION

1. leading-trailing drum brake- the return or retracting springs hold both shoes against the wheel

cylinder at the top and against fixed anchor pins at the bottom. Depressing the brakes pedal

causes the wheel cylinder pistons to move top of the shoes outward against the drums. Friction

between the forward or leading shoe and the drum causes the leading shoe to try to rotate with
the drum. This self-energizing action of the leading shoe forces the bottom of the shoe against

the anchor pin. As a result, the leading shoe does most of the braking.

2. Duo-servo drum brake- the top of the shoe rest against a single anchor pin. The bottoms of the

shoes are linked together by a floating adjusting screw. The shoe toward the front of the vehicle

is the primary shoe. The shoe toward the front of the rear in the secondary shoe. The primary

normally has shorter lining than the secondary shoe. It is the self-energizing action both shoes

make total braking force greater than the amount supplied by the wheel cylinder. The secondary

shoe has longer lined because it provides about twice as much braking force as primary shoe.

The functions of each shoe change when braking with the vehicle moving in reverse.

Disc brakes

The disc brake has a metal disc or rotor instead of a drum. It uses a pair of flat lined shoes or

pads that are force against the rotating disc to produce braking. The pads are held in caliper that

straddles the disc. The caliper has one or more pistons with a seal and dust boot for each.

There are three types of disc brake;

1. Fixed-caliper disc brake- A caliper has pistons on both sides of the disc. Some use two

pistons, one on each side. Others use four pistons with two on each side. The caliper is

rigidly attached to steering knuckles or other stationary vehicle parts. Only the pistons

and pads move when the brakes are applied.

2. Floating-caliper disc brake-A typical floating caliper has only one piston, located in the

inboard side of the disc. The caliper moves or floats on rubber bushings on one or two

steel guide pins. The bushings allow the caliper to move slightly when the brakes are
 applied. Applying the brakes causes brake fluid to flow into the caliper. This pushes the

piston outward, so the inboard shoe is forced against the disc.

3. Sliding-caliper disc brake- it is similar to the floating caliper brake. Both calipers move

slightly when the brakes are applied. However, the sliding calipers slides on machined

surfaces on the steering knuckle adapter or anchor plate. No guide pins are used.

Complaint Possible Cause Check or Correction

Excessive pedal travel a. Excessive disc runout Refinish or replace disc

b. Air in hydraulic system Bleed brakes
c. Low brake fluid Fill, inspect repair, and bleed system
d. Bent shoe and lining or loose Inspect replace
insulators
e. Loose wheel bearing Adjust or replace
f. Damaged piston seal in caliper Replace
g. Power brake inoperative Repair or replace
h. Failure of one section of hydraulic
System Inspect and repair. Check brake
i. Caliper parking brake not adjusting warning light, if not on

Pedal pulsations a. Excessive disc runout (wobble) Refinish or replace disc

b. Disc out of parallel (uneven disc Refinish or replace disc
thickness) Adjust or replace
c. Loose wheel bearings Free, repair
Diagnose vibration
d. Tight caliper slides
e. Wheel-and-tire vibration
Excessive pedal force a. Power-brake defective Repair or replace
b. Brake fluid, oil, grease on lining Replace
c. Lining worn Replace
grabbing uneven braking d. Wrong lining e. Piston stuck in caliper Install correct lining
e. Failure of one section of hydraulic Service or replace caliper
system Inspect and repair. Check brake
warning light, if not on

Pulls to one side while a Brake fluid, oil, or grease on linings Replace
b. Seized caliper Service
braking c. Piston stuck in caliper d. Incorrect Service or replace caliper
tire pressure Adjust
e. Bent shoe Replace
f. Incorrect wheel alignment g. Broken Align
rear spring Replace
h. Restricted line or hose Repair or replace
i. Unmatched linings Replace
j. Loose caliper Tighten
k. k. Loose suspension parts Tighten
Brake noise Not detrimental, no action required.
A. Groan when a. Typical of many discs brakes Often eliminated when driver
slowly releasing increases or decreases brake pedal
brakes (creep force slightly Clinch shoe tabs to
groan) caliper, install new shoes install
B. Rattle at low a. Shoe loose on caliper correct bolts Remove rust or mud
speed from caliper; tighten caliper bolts
a. Mounting bolts too long
C. Scraping Adjust or replace
b. Disc rubbing caliper
D. Occasional squeal Inspect disc: replace lining
c. Loose wheel bearing
E. Frequent or Correct
d. Worn lining: wear sensor scraping on
F. Continuous Not detrimental, no action
disc
squeal required. Explain to driver that
e. Improper assembly
occasional squeal cannot always
a. Typical of many discs brakes
be eliminated
a. Shoe loose on caliper
Clinch shoe tabs to caliper
b. Worn or missing parts
Check for damaged or missing
c. Improper clearance on rear disc brakes
antirattle springs, antisqueal
d. Antisqueal compound to back of shoes
shims or insulators, or worn
e. Disc scored or improperly machined
caliper guide pins and bushings
f. Glazed linings
Check clearance between disc and
g. Rivets loose in shoe and lining
lining Refinish or replace disc
Remove and apply antisqueal
compound to back of shoes
 Sand linings; inspect disc
Replace shoes

a. Driver rides pedal Notify driver

b. Incorrect stoplight switch Adjust
adjustment Caliper piston not Service or replace
retracting Adjust
c. Speed-control switch improperly Adjust
adjusted Repair or replace
d. Incorrect parking-brake
adjustment Restricted pipes,
hoses or banjo bolts
Fluid leaking from a. Damaged or worn piston seal Repair
caliper b. Scores or corrosion on piston or Service caliper
in caliper bore
Front disc brakes grab a. Defective metering valve Replace
(rear drum brakes OK) b. Incorrect lining Replace
c improper surface finish on disc Refinish disc
No braking with pedal a. Piston pushed back in caliper Pump brake pedal; check shoe
fully depressed b. Leak in hydraulic system position
c. Damaged piston seal Repair
d. Air in hydraulic system Replace
e. Leak past primary cup in master Add fluid, bleed system Service or
cylinder replace master cylinder
Fluid level low in master a. Leaks Repair, add fluid, bleed system
cylinder b. Worn Linings Replace

Warning light comes on a. One section of hydraulic system has Check both sections: replace
while braking failed
b. Pressure-differential valve defective Replace
Caliper parking brake a. improper parking-brake cable adjustment Adjust
will not hold vehicle b Defective rear actuators Adjust, repair
c. Ineffective rear lining Inspect, replace
d. Defective parking brake pedal assembly Repair
Caliper parking brake a. Improper cable adjustment Adjust
will not release b. Vacuum-release system inoperative Repair
Complaint Possible cause Check or correction

1. Hard steering a. Power steering inoperative Refer to vehicle service manual

b. Low or uneven tire pressure Inflate to correct pressure
c. Friction in steering gear Lubricate, adjust or repair
d. Friction in steering linkage Lubricate, adjust or repair
e. Friction in ball joints Lubricate or repair
f. Excessive positive caster Align wheels
g. Body or frame bent or misaligned Straighten
h. Spring sag
Replace or adjust
2. Excessive play a. Looseness in steering gear Adjust, replace worn parts
b. Looseness in linkage Adjust, replace worn parts
steering c. Worn ball joints or steering knuckle parts Replace worn parts
d. Loose wheel bearing
Adjust

3. Wander a. Mismatched tires or uneven pressure Correct

b. Linkage binding
c. Steering gear binding Adjust, lubricate, replace worn p
d. Excessive toe out Adjust, lubricate, replace worn p
e. Looseness in linkage Align wheels
f. Looseness in steering gear Adjust, lubricate, replace worn p
g. Loose ball joints Adjust, lubricate, replace worn p
h. Loose leaf spring Replace
i. Unequal load in vehicle Tighten
j. Stabilizer bar ineffective Adjust load
Tighten or replace
4. Pulls to one side a. Uneven tire pressure Inflate to correct pressure
b. Uneven caster or camber Align wheels
c. Tight wheel bearings Adjust or replace
d. Uneven springs Tighten, replace defective parts
e. Uneven torsion bar adjustment Adjust
f. Brakes dragging
Adjust or repair
5. Pulls to one side a. Brakes grab Adjust, replace brake lining
b. Uneven tire pressure Inflate to correct pressure
while braking c. Incorrect or uneven caster Align wheels
d. Causes listed under item 4
6. Shimmy a. Uneven or low tire pressure Inflate to correct pressure
b. Loose linkage Adjust, replace worn parts
 c. Loose ball joints Replace
d. Looseness in steering gear Adjust, replace worn parts
e. Front springs too soft Replace tighten attachment
f. Incorrect or unequal camber Align wheels
g. Irregular tire tread Replace worn tires, match tread
h. Wheel imbalance Balance wheels
7. Tramp a. Wheel imbalance Balance wheels
b. Excessive wheel run out Remount tire, straighten or re
wheel
c. Shock absorber defective Replace
d. Causes listed under item 6

8. Steering a. Tire pressure low or uneven Inflate to correct pressure

b. Spring sagging Replace: adjust torsion bars
kickback c. Shock absorber defective Replace
d. Looseness in linkage Adjust, replace worn parts
e. Looseness in steering gear Adjust, replace worn parts

9. Poor returnability a. Friction in steering Adjust, lubricate or repair

b. Friction in suspension Adjust, lubricate or repair
c. Excessive negative caster Align wheels
d. Improper power steering operation Clean, repair
10. The squeal on a. Excessive speed Take curves at slower speed
b. Low or uneven tire pressure Inflate to correct pressure
turns c. Improper tire alignment Align wheels
d. Worn tires Clean, repair
11. Improper tire a. Wear at tread sides from underinflation Inflate to correct pressure
b. Wear at tread center from underinflation Inflate to correct pressure
wear c. Wear at one sides of tread from excessive Align wheels
camber
d.
12. Suspension a. Defective spring or shock absorber Replace
b. Rubber bumper missing Replace
toppings or c. Vehicle heavily load Install heavy duty shock absorbe
bottoming out

13. Excessive sway a. Loose stabilizer bar Tighten

b. Weak or sagging springs Repair or replace
turns c. Caster incorrect Align wheels
d. Defective shock absorber replace
14. Spring breakage a. Overloading Avoid overloading
b. Leaf spring with loose center U bolts Tighten
c. Defective shock absorber Replace
d. Tight spring shackle Loosen, replace
15. Improve a. Broken leaf spring Replace
b. Spring weak Replace
suspension height c. Defective shock absorber Replace

16. Noise and a. Loose, worn, or unlubricated Lubricate, tighten or repair

b. Loose, worn, or unlubricated spring or Lubricate, tighten or repair
vibration suspension part
c. Power steering defective Replace
d. Tight or dry shock absorber mounting Lubricate, install properly
bushings
17. Harshness or a. Excessive tire pressure Reduce to correct pressure
b. Defective shock absorber Replace
hard ride c. Bent struts Replace
d. Excessive friction in spring or suspension Lubricate, align parts

18. Leaks a. Steering gear seals worn damaged Replace

b. Power steering pump overfilled or Correct fluid level, repair
leaking Repair or replace
c. Leaking from power steering hose, lines,
or fittings
 Conceptual Framework
Input Process Output
Simplified Handbook  Survey Questions  Degree of
 Under Chassis Reliability
Problems

Figure 1. Paradigm of the Study

The conceptual framework shows the input, process, and output. The independent

variable is input while the output is the dependent variable. The researcher will conduct survey

questions to target respondents regarding the simplified handbook to answer the chosen research

problem.

Significance of the Study

This study aims to provide reliable information to those who needs it regarding the

chosen topic. In the future, other researchers may find it tough to discover what they really want

so this study can serve as a guide for them to produce new knowledge and information. For

drivers especially to those who lacks knowledge in automotive, this study will provide

information on which reliable handbook suits them in maintaining the good condition of their

vehicle. This study will also expand the body of knowledge of teachers in the field automotive.

The institution can also keep the findings of this study for future purposes.
 Scope and Delimitation

To determine the degree of reliability of the simplified handbook on under chassis problems, the

researchers will divide the chosen research topic into specific questions which are the content of

the simplified handbook and its acceptability and reliability for the survey questionnaires. The

target respondent are 15 individuals automechanics of a shop within La Trinidad, Benguet. This

research study may take 3-10 months for writing, proofreading, and editing to be finished.

Hypothesis of the Study

The degree of reliability of the simplified handbook on under chassis problems is very

important to determine which handbook is preferable for auto mechanics whether it is a “Do It

Yourself” handbook or not. If the researchers follow a specific action, the outcome will answer

the research problem. The independent variable is the simplified handbook which will be

processed to have the expected result which is the dependent variable degree of reliability.

Statement of the Problem

This study aims to determine degree of reliability of simplified handbook on under

chassis problems. Specifically, this study sought to answer the following questions:

1. What under chassis breakdowns could be compiled to come up with a simple and reliable

handbook?

2. What is the degree of reliability of the simplified handbook?

 CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

This chapter discuss about the research design of methodology used by the researcher.

This includes the population and locale of the study, data collection procedure, data collection

instrument and the treatment of data.

Research Design

This study will use quantitative approach for it is used for measuring which is the most

effective method for the researchers to measure the degree of acceptability and reliability of the

simplified handbook on under chassis problems and troubleshooting procedures. The researchers

will also use survey questionnaires to respondents to gather the needed data. In choosing

respondents, 15 individuals automechanics are the target population within La Trinidad, Benguet

by using simple random sampling. The respondents should also be at least have a higher position

in the job for they have enough knowledge and experience to evaluate the simplified handbook

in order for the researchers to have accurate and reliable results.

Population and Locale of the Study

The target respondent population are 15 individuals within La Trinidad, Benguet. The

respondents are those who works in shops that provides under chassis troubleshooting services

with at least high position in the job.

Data Collection Instrument

Survey questionnaire is the main tool of the study due to its convenience use. The survey
questionnaire contains questions in connection to the degree of acceptability and reliability of the

simplified handbook on under chassis problems and troubleshooting procedures. The survey

questions are divided into two parts wherein the first part are questions regarding the content of

the simplified handbook which are the common under chassis problems encountered by the

drivers and their troubleshooting procedures while the second part contains questions if the

simplified handbook is acceptable and reliable for troubleshooting under chassis problems.

Data Collection Procedure

The researcher will ask permission from the target respondents which are the local

automotive technicians to participate in answering the survey questionnaires for research

purposes. The researchers will show first the simplified handbook to the respondents and will be

given 15-20 minutes to read its content. The researchers will explain thoroughly how the

respondents will answer the following questions and will be given 15-20 minutes to answer the

survey questionnaire. After that, the researchers will give their deep thanks as appreciation for

participating in answering the survey questionnaires.

Treatment of Data

In the treatment of the data, the researcher will use the Spearman Rho. This will help the

researchers find the under chassis problems and troubleshooting procedures of the drivers to

device a more reliable and realistic handbook.

 BVS COLLEGES
Km. 5, Pico, La Trinidad, Benguet
Contact No.: (074) 422-4992/09228166612/09178295238/09088665299
Email address: bvscolleges@rocketmail.com

Dear Respondents,

Researcher’s Greetings!
We the researchers of Third Year College Students of BVS College Km5, Pico La Trinidad
Benguet who are enrolled in Automotive strand. We are requesting you for your cooperation to
answer the questionnaires for our research entitled “Degree of Acceptability and Reliability of
the Simplified Handbook on the Under chassis Problems and troubleshooting”. Your knowledge
ad response is sure to help us in achieving our goal.
Rest assures that all information that we would collect will be treated confidentially and will be
used for academic purposes only.
We are hoping that your positive response in this request will be valuable contribution for the
success of the study and will highly appreciate. Again, thank you for accepting our concerns.
God Bless You.

Respectfully Yours,

Belino, Jojo Lagda, John Michel Arsing, Dee Mar

Researcher Researcher Researcher

Noted By:

Montino, Analyn
Research Adviser
 Approved By:

INSTRUCTIONS
Please indicate your level of agreement or disagreement with each of these statements. Place an
"" mark in the box of your answer. The data furnished and the identity of the respondent will
be kept confidential.
Survey Questionnaire

A. What under chassis breakdowns and Strongly Agree Slightly Slightly Strongly
troubleshooting procedures could be compiled to come Agree Agree Disagree Disagree
up with a simple and reliable handbook? (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1. Should the simplified handbook contains all the
possible under chassis problems on the simplified
handbook?
2. Should the simplified handbook contains all the
troubleshooting procedures of every under-chassis
problem on the simplified handbook?
3. Should the simplified handbook only contains the
common under chassis problems?
4. Should the simplified handbook only contains the
common troubleshooting procedures?
5. Should the simplified handbook only contains the
uncommon under chassis problems?
6. Should the simplified handbook only contains the
uncommon troubleshooting procedures?
B. What is the degree of acceptability and reliability of Strongly Agree Slightly Slightly Strongly
the simplified handbook? Agree Agree Disagree Disagree
(5) (4) (3) (2) (1)
1. Is the simplified handbook contains what the drivers or
auto mechanics need for under chassis maintenance?
2. Is the simplified handbook contains proper
troubleshooting procedures?
3. Is the handbook reliable and acceptable?
References:
(Schoor et al., 2000)
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S000145750000083X
(Hunde & Aged, 2015)
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Belachew-Hunde/publication/
293012058_Statistical_Analysis_of_Road_Traffic_Car_Accident_in_Dire_Dawa_Administrativ
e_City_Eastern_Ethiopia/links/5ad861a7aca272fdaf803aac/Statistical-Analysis-of-Road-Traffic-
Car-Accident-in-Dire-Dawa-Administrative-City-Eastern-Ethiopia.pdf
(Jawi et al., 2012)
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Zulhaidi-Mohd-Jawi/publication/
281192490_Review_of_the_National_Automotive_Policy_on_Car_Maintenance_Issues_Malays
ia's_Automotive_Ecosystem_Explained/links/55da98b008ae9d659491f5db/Review-of-the-
National-Automotive-Policy-on-Car-Maintenance-Issues-Malaysias-Automotive-Ecosystem-
Explained.pdf
(Agrwal & Razik, 2013).
https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/32766677/29-libre.pdf?1391207375=&response-content-
disposition=inline%3B+filename
%3DFinite_Element_Analysis_of_Truck_Chassis.pdf&Expires=1671438029&Signature=ZHDm
Q-
xJjAG88Lca9bTx5VhiDnEFpeVmC56fEBRvAhwUhBNNp3~Ie4h67cvJecsp~R8B8HcXGQbM
dYtBQS0o0cHEKdanyplWXD8dhzURnb28LfiGQaKZyQn8L8H1UltfsmHUv5SUrbus~JzCrnv
wghZadN5YjV0GUt6HFU3ejTw5V8gS2xm-
KC2jNquBXP5DaYkAWe1wOSIGObTv8Zd4zsHrv16JrvZrI~XkancmrhTp8k1bh62h-
8mGRhVBu850XiLjh553LtJw4734MPE3ntj4LT2iKbzyUlD9jQRJnU9hztNCwQZLvgTKn3Mp
T3FjK3t04O5P1O1atvRu2fuYzg__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA
(Christenson et al., 2012)
https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7